Narreme  

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-:''[[The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations]], [[The Seven Basic Plots]], [[plot]] ''+'''Narreme''' is the basic unit of [[narrative structure]]. According to [[Helmut Bonheim]] (2000), the concept of ''narreme'' was developed three decades ago by [[Eugene Dorfman]] and expanded by [[Henri Wittmann]], The narreme is to [[narratology]] what the [[morpheme]] is to [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and the [[phoneme]] to [[phonology]]. The narreme, however, has yet to be persuasively defined in practice. In [[Interpretative_phenomenological_analysis|interpretative]] narratology constrained in a framework of [[Principles and parameters]], narration is the projection of a narreme N<sup>0</sup>, the abstract head of a narrative macrostructure where N<sup>n</sup> dominates immediately N<sup>n-1</sup> (Wittmann 1995).
-In principle, "'''narratology'''" refers to any systematic study of [[narrative]]. It is an anglicisation of the French word ''narratologie'', coined by [[Tzvetan Todorov]] in his ''[[Grammar of the Decameron]]'' (1969), and has been retrospectively applied to many studies that were described otherwise by their authors. Although a lineage stretching back to [[Aristotle]]'s ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' may be traced, modern narratology is most typically said to begin with the [[Russian Formalists]], and in particular with [[Vladimir Propp]]'s ''[[Morphology of the Folktale]]'' (1928).+
-Due to the origins of the term, it has a strong association with the [[Structuralism|structuralist]] quest for a system of formal description that can usefully be applied to any narrative (the analogy being with the [[Formal grammar|grammars]] by reference to which [[sentence (linguistics)|sentences]] are [[Parsing|parsed]] in some forms of [[linguistics]]). This aim has not, however, characterised all work that is today described as narratological, [[Percy Lubbock]]'s groundbreaking work on [[Point of view (literature)|point of view]], ''[[The Craft of Fiction]]'' (1921), being a case in point. [[Jonathan Culler]] argues that the many strands of (what he regards as) narratology are all united by a recognition "that the theory of narrative requires a distinction between... 'story' - a sequence of actions or events, conceived as independent of their manifestation in discourse - and... 'discourse', the discursive presentation or narration of events", but admits that this is only implicit in the work of many of the authors he is grouping together in this way. The distinction was originally proposed by the [[Russian Formalists]], who used the terms ''fabula'' and ''sjuzhet'', but a succession of other pairs has preserved what is essentially the same dichotomy (e.g., ''histoire''/''discours'', ''histoire''/''récit'', ''story''/''plot''). +==Bibliography==
 +*Bonheim, Helmut. 2000. "Shakespeare's narremes." In: ''Shakespeare Survey 53: Sakespeare and narrative''. Edited by Peter Holland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-11.[http://assets.cambridge.org/97805210/23979/excerpt/9780521023979_excerpt.pdf]
 +*Dorfman, Eugène. 1969. ''The narreme in the medieval romance epic: An introduction to narrative structures''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
 +*Schärfe, Henrik. 2004. ''CANA: A study in computer-aided narrative analysis''. Aalborg University, Dept. of Communication: Ph.D. dissertation.
 +*Tusseau, Jean-Pierre & Henri Wittmann. 1975. "Règles de narration dans les chansons de geste et le roman courtois". ''Folia linguistica'' 7.401-12.[http://homepage.mac.com/noula/ling/1975e-narremesOF.pdf]
 +*Wittmann, Henri. 1974. "Topics in the theory of narrative algorithms." Travaux linguistiques de l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières 3.1.[http://homepage.mac.com/noula/ling/1974b-topics%20.pdf]
 +*Wittmann, Henri. 1975. "Théorie des narrèmes et algorithmes narratifs". ''Poetics'' 4:1.19-28.[http://homepage.mac.com/noula/ling/1975a-theonarreme.pdf]
 +*Wittmann, Henri. 1995. "La structure de base de la syntaxe narrative dans les contes et légendes du créole haïtien." ''Poétiques et imaginaires: francopolyphonie littéraire des Amériques''. Edited by Pierre Laurette & Hans-George Ruprecht. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 207-218.[http://homepage.mac.com/noula/ling/1995b-narr.pdf]
-To a certain extent, the designation of work as narratological or otherwise may have more to do with the university department in which it takes place than with any specific theoretical position. Although a narratological approach can be taken to any narrative at all, and the classic studies (for example, Propp's) were often of non-literary narratives, the term "narratology" is most likely to be encountered within the disciplines of [[literary theory]] and [[literary criticism]]: examples of systematic narrative study that would not typically be described as narratological would include [[sociolinguistics|sociolinguistic]] studies of oral storytelling, such as those of [[William Labov]], and studies in [[conversation analysis]] or [[discourse analysis]] that deal with narratives arising in the course of spontaneous verbal interaction. 
==See also== ==See also==
 +* [[Narratology]]
* [[Narrative]] * [[Narrative]]
-* [[Narreme]] as the basic unit of structural narratology 
* [[Narrative structure]] * [[Narrative structure]]
* [[Narrative design]] * [[Narrative design]]
-* [[Post-structuralist narrative theory]] 
-* [[Suspense]] 
- 
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Narreme is the basic unit of narrative structure. According to Helmut Bonheim (2000), the concept of narreme was developed three decades ago by Eugene Dorfman and expanded by Henri Wittmann, The narreme is to narratology what the morpheme is to morphology and the phoneme to phonology. The narreme, however, has yet to be persuasively defined in practice. In interpretative narratology constrained in a framework of Principles and parameters, narration is the projection of a narreme N0, the abstract head of a narrative macrostructure where Nn dominates immediately Nn-1 (Wittmann 1995).

Bibliography

  • Bonheim, Helmut. 2000. "Shakespeare's narremes." In: Shakespeare Survey 53: Sakespeare and narrative. Edited by Peter Holland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-11.[1]
  • Dorfman, Eugène. 1969. The narreme in the medieval romance epic: An introduction to narrative structures. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Schärfe, Henrik. 2004. CANA: A study in computer-aided narrative analysis. Aalborg University, Dept. of Communication: Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Tusseau, Jean-Pierre & Henri Wittmann. 1975. "Règles de narration dans les chansons de geste et le roman courtois". Folia linguistica 7.401-12.[2]
  • Wittmann, Henri. 1974. "Topics in the theory of narrative algorithms." Travaux linguistiques de l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières 3.1.[3]
  • Wittmann, Henri. 1975. "Théorie des narrèmes et algorithmes narratifs". Poetics 4:1.19-28.[4]
  • Wittmann, Henri. 1995. "La structure de base de la syntaxe narrative dans les contes et légendes du créole haïtien." Poétiques et imaginaires: francopolyphonie littéraire des Amériques. Edited by Pierre Laurette & Hans-George Ruprecht. Paris: L'Harmattan, pp. 207-218.[5]

See also




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