Netherlands  

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[[Windmill]]s, [[tulip]]s, [[Clog (shoe)|wooden shoe]]s, and [[Delftware]] pottery are among the items associated with the Netherlands. [[Windmill]]s, [[tulip]]s, [[Clog (shoe)|wooden shoe]]s, and [[Delftware]] pottery are among the items associated with the Netherlands.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{PAGENAMEE}}] [Apr 2007] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{PAGENAMEE}}] [Apr 2007]
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 +== The Dutch underground press ==
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 +The '''Dutch underground press''' was part of the resistance to [[Netherlands_in_World_War_II|German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II]].
 +
 +After the occupation of the Netherlands in May 1940, the Germans quickly took control over the existing Dutch press and enforced censorship and publication of Nazi [[propaganda]]. Independent Dutch citizens organized themselves into publishing their own illegal papers. These papers were cherished by the population, and were better trusted than the official papers (even though one might argue that they were equally slanted). Issues were distributed and passed on, even though there were heavy penalties (including the [[death penalty]]) for those involved with illegal anti-Nazi publications.
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 +Some of today's main paper and magazine titles (''Trouw'', ''Het Parool'', ''Vrij Nederland'') originate from this period.
 +
 +A collection is maintained in The [[British Library]].

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The Netherlands have had many well-known painters. The 17th century, when the Dutch republic was prosperous, was the age of the "Dutch Masters", such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century were Vincent van Gogh and Piet Mondriaan. M.C. Escher is a well-known graphics artist. Willem de Kooning was born and trained in Rotterdam, although he is considered to have reached acclaim as an American artist. Han van Meegeren was an infamous Dutch art forger.

The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spinoza, and all of Descartes' major work was done there. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (16291695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan and invented the pendulum clock.

In the Dutch Golden Age, literature flourished as well, with Joost van den Vondel and P.C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the bad treatment of the natives in Dutch colonies. Important 20th century authors include Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard (van het) Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Anne Frank's Diary of a Young Girl was published after she died in the Holocaust and translated from Dutch to all major languages.

Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China.

Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, and Delftware pottery are among the items associated with the Netherlands. [1] [Apr 2007]


The Dutch underground press

The Dutch underground press was part of the resistance to German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II.

After the occupation of the Netherlands in May 1940, the Germans quickly took control over the existing Dutch press and enforced censorship and publication of Nazi propaganda. Independent Dutch citizens organized themselves into publishing their own illegal papers. These papers were cherished by the population, and were better trusted than the official papers (even though one might argue that they were equally slanted). Issues were distributed and passed on, even though there were heavy penalties (including the death penalty) for those involved with illegal anti-Nazi publications.

Some of today's main paper and magazine titles (Trouw, Het Parool, Vrij Nederland) originate from this period.

A collection is maintained in The British Library.

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