Opioid
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | '''Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford''' (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011), better known as '''Betty Ford''', was the wife of former [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Gerald Ford]] and served as the [[First Lady of the United States]] from 1974 to 1977. | ||
| - | In 1978, the Ford family staged an [[intervention (counseling)|intervention]] and forced her to confront her alcoholism and an addiction to [[opioid]] [[analgesic]]s that had been prescribed in the early 1960s for a pinched nerve. "I liked alcohol," she wrote in her 1987 memoir. "It made me feel warm. And I loved pills. They took away my tension and my pain". In 1982, after her recovery, she established the [[Betty Ford Center]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California|Rancho Mirago]], [[California]], for the treatment of chemical dependency. She co-authored with [[Chris Chase]] a 1987 book about her treatment, ''Betty: A Glad Awakening''. In 2003, Ford produced another book, ''Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery''. | + | An '''opioid''' is a psychoactive chemical that works by binding to [[opioid receptor]]s, which are found principally in the [[central nervous system|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system]] and the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. The receptors in these organ systems mediate both the beneficial effects and the [[adverse effect|side effects]] of opioids. |
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| + | Opioids are among the world's oldest known [[drug]]s; the use of the [[opium poppy]] for its therapeutic benefits predates recorded history. The [[analgesic]] (painkiller) effects of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. The side effects of opioids include [[sedation]], [[respiratory depression]], [[constipation]], and a strong sense of [[euphoria]]. Opioids can cause cough suppression, which can be both an indication for opioid administration or an unintended side effect. [[Opioid dependence]] can develop with ongoing administration, leading to a [[Opioid dependence#Symptoms of withdrawal|withdrawal syndrome]] with abrupt discontinuation. Opioids are well known for their ability to produce a feeling of euphoria, motivating some to [[Recreational drug use|recreationally use]] opioids. | ||
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| + | Although the term ''[[opiate]]'' is often used as a synonym for ''opioid'', the term ''opiate'' is properly limited to the natural [[alkaloid]]s found in the resin of the [[opium poppy]] ''(Papaver somniferum)''. In some definitions, the semi-synthetic substances that are directly derived from the opium poppy are considered to be opiates as well, while in other classification systems these substances are simply referred to as semi-synthetic opioids. | ||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Froehde reagent]] | ||
| + | * [[Equianalgesic|Opiate comparison]] | ||
| - | In 2005, Ford relinquished her chairmanship of the center's board of directors to her daughter, Susan. She had held the top post at the center since its founding. Gerald Ford good-naturedly joked about how Betty had been Chairman of the Board while he had only been a President. | ||
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An opioid is a psychoactive chemical that works by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. The receptors in these organ systems mediate both the beneficial effects and the side effects of opioids.
Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs; the use of the opium poppy for its therapeutic benefits predates recorded history. The analgesic (painkiller) effects of opioids are due to decreased perception of pain, decreased reaction to pain as well as increased pain tolerance. The side effects of opioids include sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and a strong sense of euphoria. Opioids can cause cough suppression, which can be both an indication for opioid administration or an unintended side effect. Opioid dependence can develop with ongoing administration, leading to a withdrawal syndrome with abrupt discontinuation. Opioids are well known for their ability to produce a feeling of euphoria, motivating some to recreationally use opioids.
Although the term opiate is often used as a synonym for opioid, the term opiate is properly limited to the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). In some definitions, the semi-synthetic substances that are directly derived from the opium poppy are considered to be opiates as well, while in other classification systems these substances are simply referred to as semi-synthetic opioids.
See also
