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-[[Image:Dethomas Poster - Montmartre 1896.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Montmartre]] [[1896]], poster by [[Maxime Dethomas]]]] 
[[Image:Paris at the 1900 World Fair.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Paris]] at the [[1900]] [[World's Fair]]: [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]]]] [[Image:Paris at the 1900 World Fair.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Paris]] at the [[1900]] [[World's Fair]]: [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]]]]
 +[[Image:Stryge by Meryon.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''[[Stryge]]'' ([[1853]]) is a print by [[French etcher]] [[Charles Méryon]] depicting one of the [[Chimera (architecture)|chimera]] of the ''[[Galerie des chimères]]'' of the [[Notre Dame de Paris]] cathedral.]]
 +[[Image:A Paris street - set design for Act II of La bohème by Adolf Hohenstein.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[Paris street]] - [[set design]] for Act II of Puccini's [[La bohème]] by [[Adolfo Hohenstein]].]]
 +[[Image:Dethomas Poster - Montmartre 1896.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Montmartre]] [[1896]], poster by [[Maxime Dethomas]]]]
[[Image:Eiffel tower transparent GIF.gif|thumb|right|200px|[[Eiffel Tower]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]]] [[Image:Eiffel tower transparent GIF.gif|thumb|right|200px|[[Eiffel Tower]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
[[Paris]] is the capital of [[France]]. It is a leading global cultural center and is renowned for its defining [[neo-classical]] architecture as well as its unrivaled influence in [[fashion]] and [[the arts]]. Nicknamed "the City of Light" or "Gay Paree" since the [[Nineteenth century Paris|19th century]], Paris has a reputation as a "[[romantic city]]". [[Paris]] is the capital of [[France]]. It is a leading global cultural center and is renowned for its defining [[neo-classical]] architecture as well as its unrivaled influence in [[fashion]] and [[the arts]]. Nicknamed "the City of Light" or "Gay Paree" since the [[Nineteenth century Paris|19th century]], Paris has a reputation as a "[[romantic city]]".
-[[Walter Benjamin]] called [[Paris]] "[[Nineteenth century Paris|the capital of the 19th century]]". Indeed, Paris was the birthplace of [[modern art]] and from the 1860s to the 1940s it was also the [[art capital]] of the world. 
-== Shopping ==+==Nineteenth century Paris==
-[[Un Regard Moderne]], the best library in the entire multiverse.+:''[[Nineteenth century Paris]]''
 +[[Walter Benjamin]] called [[Paris]] "[[Nineteenth century Paris|the capital of the 19th century]]". Indeed, Paris was the birthplace of [[modern art]] and from the [[1860s]] ruled as cultural capital of the world until well into the [[20th century]].
-== Related ==+The [[Industrial Revolution]], the [[French Second Empire]], and the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' brought [[19th century]] [[Paris]] the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under [[Napoleon III]] and his assistant [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]], who [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|leveled entire districts]] of narrow-winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris.
-[[Artistic Montparnasse]] - [[France]] - [[Baron Haussmann]] - [[Paris, May 1968 revolt]] - [[Paris Commune]] - [[Centre Pompidou]] - [[Notre Dame cathedral]] - [[La Vie Parisienne]] - [[Montmartre]] - [[Arcueil]]+
-==Nineteenth century Paris==+[[Cholera]] epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris — the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000. Paris also suffered greatly from the [[Siege of Paris|siege]] ending the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870-1871), and the ensuing civil war [[Commune of Paris]] (1871) killed thousands and sent many of Paris's administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames.
-:main [[Nineteenth century Paris]]+ 
-*[[Haussmann's renovation of Paris]]+Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous [[Universal Exposition]]s of the late [[nineteenth century]]. The [[Eiffel Tower]] was built for the French Revolution centennial [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]], as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark. The first line of the [[Paris Métro]] opened for the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]] and was an attraction in itself for visitors from the world over. Paris's World's Fair years also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.
-*[[Arcades Project]]+==Artistic Montparnasse==
-*[[History of subcultures in the 19th century]]+:''[[Artistic Montparnasse]]''
-*[[Montmartre]]+ 
-*[[Artistic Montparnasse|Montparnasse]]+Like its counterpart [[Montmartre]], [[Montparnasse]] became famous at the [[early 20th century|beginning of the 20th century]], referred to as the ''[[Années Folles]]'' (the Crazy Years), when it was the heart of intellectual and artistic life in Paris. Between [[1921]] and [[1924]], the number of [[Lost Generation|Americans in Paris]] swelled from 6,000 to 30,000. From 1910 to the start of [[World War II]], Paris' artistic circles migrated to Montparnasse, an alternative to the Montmartre district which had been the intellectual [[breeding ground]] for the previous generation of artists. The Paris of [[Émile Zola|Zola]], [[Manet]], [[Anatole France|France]], [[Degas]], [[Gabriel Fauré|Fauré]], a group that had assembled more on the basis of status affinity than actual artistic tastes, indulging in the refinements of [[Dandyism]], was at the opposite end of the economic, social, and political spectrum from the gritty, tough-talking, die-hard, emigrant artists that peopled Montmartre.
-*[[French art of the 19th century]]+==Haussmannization of Paris==
-*[[French literature of the 19th century]]+:''[[Haussmannization]]''
-*[[French culture]]+ 
-*[[Arcades Project|''The Arcades Project'' (1927 - 1940)]] +The '''Haussmann Renovations''', or ''Haussmannization'', of [[Paris]] was a work commissioned by [[Napoléon III]] and led by [[Georges Eugène Haussmann|Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], spanning from [[1852]] to [[1870]].
-*''[[The Mysteries of Paris]]'+ 
 +The project encompassed all aspects of [[urban planning]], both in the center of Paris and in the surrounding districts: streets and boulevards, regulations imposed on facades of buildings, public parks, sewers and water works, city facilities and public monuments.
 + 
 +The project was strongly criticized by some of its contemporaries, forgotten for a good part of the twentieth century, and then redeemed when post-war urban planning became discredited; however, it still has an influence on the everyday lives of Parisians. It established the foundation of what is today the popular representation of the French capital around the world, by changing the old Paris of dense and irregular medieval alleyways into a modern city with wide avenues and open spaces.
 + 
 +It also must be noted that the unsanitary quarters "cleaned" by Haussmann contained very few of the bourgeois class. Indeed, the parting of [[uprooting]] of established [[working class]] residential areas may have been another security measure, as a disrupted and scattered community will find it harder to unite and so will pose less of a threat. To modern ears this may sound odd, but the working classes were still known as "the dangerous classes" to Parisians, and the French in general, and the memories of the 1789 and 1848 revolutions where workers revolted against the state had left deep impressions on the Parisian psyche.
 + 
 +So was established a sort of "zonage" that still dominates the distribution of housing and activities in Paris and its nearest suburbs: from the centre to the west, offices and bourgeois quarters; from the east and outer rim, poorer housing and industry.
 + 
 +It should also be noted that when reports of the outbreak of the [[Paris Commune]] insurrection reached Haussmann he expressed his frustration at not having been able to carry out his reforms quickly enough to make such an insurrection futile.
== Further reading == == Further reading ==
*''[[The Secret Paris of the '30s]]'' (2001) - [[Brassai]], [[Richard Miller]] *''[[The Secret Paris of the '30s]]'' (2001) - [[Brassai]], [[Richard Miller]]
 +==See also==
 +
 +*[[Paris, May 1968 revolt]]
 +*[[Paris Commune]]
 +*[[Centre Pompidou]]
 +*[[Notre Dame cathedral]]
 +*[[La Vie Parisienne]]
 +*[[Un Regard Moderne]], book shop
 +
[[Category:city]] [[Category:city]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 09:35, 31 March 2020

Stryge (1853) is a print by French etcher Charles Méryon depicting one of the chimera of the Galerie des chimères of the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral.
Enlarge
Stryge (1853) is a print by French etcher Charles Méryon depicting one of the chimera of the Galerie des chimères of the Notre Dame de Paris cathedral.
A Paris street - set design for Act II of Puccini's La bohème by Adolfo Hohenstein.
Enlarge
A Paris street - set design for Act II of Puccini's La bohème by Adolfo Hohenstein.
Eiffel Tower in Paris, France

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Paris is the capital of France. It is a leading global cultural center and is renowned for its defining neo-classical architecture as well as its unrivaled influence in fashion and the arts. Nicknamed "the City of Light" or "Gay Paree" since the 19th century, Paris has a reputation as a "romantic city".


Contents

Nineteenth century Paris

Nineteenth century Paris

Walter Benjamin called Paris "the capital of the 19th century". Indeed, Paris was the birthplace of modern art and from the 1860s ruled as cultural capital of the world until well into the 20th century.

The Industrial Revolution, the French Second Empire, and the Belle Époque brought 19th century Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under Napoleon III and his assistant Haussmann, who leveled entire districts of narrow-winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris.

Cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris — the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000. Paris also suffered greatly from the siege ending the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and the ensuing civil war Commune of Paris (1871) killed thousands and sent many of Paris's administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames.

Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous Universal Expositions of the late nineteenth century. The Eiffel Tower was built for the French Revolution centennial 1889 Universal Exposition, as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark. The first line of the Paris Métro opened for the 1900 Universal Exposition and was an attraction in itself for visitors from the world over. Paris's World's Fair years also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.

Artistic Montparnasse

Artistic Montparnasse

Like its counterpart Montmartre, Montparnasse became famous at the beginning of the 20th century, referred to as the Années Folles (the Crazy Years), when it was the heart of intellectual and artistic life in Paris. Between 1921 and 1924, the number of Americans in Paris swelled from 6,000 to 30,000. From 1910 to the start of World War II, Paris' artistic circles migrated to Montparnasse, an alternative to the Montmartre district which had been the intellectual breeding ground for the previous generation of artists. The Paris of Zola, Manet, France, Degas, Fauré, a group that had assembled more on the basis of status affinity than actual artistic tastes, indulging in the refinements of Dandyism, was at the opposite end of the economic, social, and political spectrum from the gritty, tough-talking, die-hard, emigrant artists that peopled Montmartre.

Haussmannization of Paris

Haussmannization

The Haussmann Renovations, or Haussmannization, of Paris was a work commissioned by Napoléon III and led by Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, spanning from 1852 to 1870.

The project encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the center of Paris and in the surrounding districts: streets and boulevards, regulations imposed on facades of buildings, public parks, sewers and water works, city facilities and public monuments.

The project was strongly criticized by some of its contemporaries, forgotten for a good part of the twentieth century, and then redeemed when post-war urban planning became discredited; however, it still has an influence on the everyday lives of Parisians. It established the foundation of what is today the popular representation of the French capital around the world, by changing the old Paris of dense and irregular medieval alleyways into a modern city with wide avenues and open spaces.

It also must be noted that the unsanitary quarters "cleaned" by Haussmann contained very few of the bourgeois class. Indeed, the parting of uprooting of established working class residential areas may have been another security measure, as a disrupted and scattered community will find it harder to unite and so will pose less of a threat. To modern ears this may sound odd, but the working classes were still known as "the dangerous classes" to Parisians, and the French in general, and the memories of the 1789 and 1848 revolutions where workers revolted against the state had left deep impressions on the Parisian psyche.

So was established a sort of "zonage" that still dominates the distribution of housing and activities in Paris and its nearest suburbs: from the centre to the west, offices and bourgeois quarters; from the east and outer rim, poorer housing and industry.

It should also be noted that when reports of the outbreak of the Paris Commune insurrection reached Haussmann he expressed his frustration at not having been able to carry out his reforms quickly enough to make such an insurrection futile.

Further reading

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Paris" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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