Personal pronoun
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| - | '''Id''', '''ego''' and '''super-ego''' are the three parts of the [[psychic apparatus]] defined in [[Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud's]] [[Ego psychology|structural model]] of the psyche; they are the three theoretical constructs in terms of whose activity and interaction mental life is described. According to this model of the psyche, the '''id''' is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the '''ego''' is the organised, realistic part; and the '''super-ego''' plays the critical and moralising role. | ||
| - | :"The ego is not sharply separated from the id; its lower portion merges into it. . . . But the repressed merges into the id as well, and is merely a part of it. The repressed is only cut off sharply from the ego by the resistances of repression; it can communicate with the ego through the id." --Sigmund Freud, 1923 | + | *'''He''' shook '''her'''* hand. |
| + | *Why do '''you''' always rely on '''me''' to do your homework for '''you'''? | ||
| + | *'''They''' tried to run away from the hunter, but '''he''' set '''his'''* dogs after '''them'''. | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | <nowiki>*</nowiki>"[[Possessive adjectives]]" like ''her'' and ''his'' are often seen as pronouns as well, at least informally. | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | '''Personal pronouns''' are [[pronoun]]s used as substitutes for proper or common [[noun]]s. All known human languages have personal pronouns. | ||
| - | In [[psychodynamics]], the '''Id, Ego, and Super-Ego''' are the divisions of the [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]] according to psychoanalyst [[Sigmund Freud]]'s "structural theory." In [[1923]], Freud introduced new terms to describe the division between the [[conscious]] and [[unconscious]]: '[[id]],' '[[ego]],' and '[[super-ego]].' He thought these terms offered a more compelling description of the dynamic relations between the [[conscious]] and the [[Unconscious_mind|unconscious]]. The “id” (fully unconscious) contains the [[Motivation|drives]] and those things repressed by consciousness; the “ego” (mostly conscious) deals with external reality; and the “super ego” (partly conscious) is the conscience or the internal moral judge ([http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/freud/ex/73a.html The Freud Exhibit: L.O.C.]). | + | ==References== |
| + | * Gaynesford, M. de ''I: The Meaning of the First Person Term'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. | ||
| - | ==Translation== | + | ==See also== |
| + | *[[Pronoun game]] | ||
| + | *[[Grammatical person]] | ||
| + | *[[Dummy pronoun]] | ||
| + | *[[Deixis]] | ||
| + | *[[Gender-neutral pronoun]] | ||
| + | *[[Gender-specific pronoun]] | ||
| + | *[[Gender neutral language]] | ||
| + | *[[Generic antecedents]] | ||
| + | *[[Grammatical gender]] | ||
| + | *[[Inclusive and exclusive we]] | ||
| - | The terms "id," "ego," and "super-ego" are not Freud's own. They are latinisations by his translator [[James Strachey]]. Freud himself wrote of "'''das Es'''," "'''das Ich'''," and "'''das Über-Ich'''"—respectively, "the It," "the I," and the "Over-I" (or "Upper-I"); thus to the German reader, Freud's original terms are more or less self-explanatory. Freud borrowed the term "das Es" from [[Georg Groddeck]], a German physician to whose unconventional ideas Freud was much attracted (Groddeck's translators render the term in English as "the It"). The word ''ego'' is taken directly from [[Latin]], where it is the [[nominative]] of the first person singular [[personal pronoun]] and is translated as "I myself" to express emphasis. | ||
| - | Figures like [[Bruno Bettelheim]] have criticized the way 'the English translations impeded students' efforts to gain a true understanding of Freud' by substituting the formalised language of the [[Basil Bernstein|elaborated code]] for the homely immediacy of Freud's own language. | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==Notable appearances in popular culture== | ||
| - | *In the classic 1956 movie [[Forbidden Planet]], the destructive forces at large on the planet Altair IV are finally revealed to be "monsters from the id" -- destructive psychological urges unleashed upon the outside world through the operation of the Krells' 'mind-materialisation machine'. The example is of significance because of the unusual degree of insight it demonstrates: the creature eventually revealed follows classical psychological theory in being literally a dream-like 'condensation' of different animal parts. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forbidden_Planet_Id_Monster1.JPG|plaster cast of its footprint], for example, reveals a feline pad combined with an avian claw. As a crew member observes: "Anywhere in the galaxy this is a nightmare". | ||
| - | |||
| - | == See also == | ||
| - | *''[[The Ego and the Id]]'' | ||
| - | |||
| - | '''People:''' | ||
| - | * [[Karl Abraham|Abraham, Karl]] | ||
| - | * [[Alfred Adler|Adler, Alfred]] | ||
| - | * [[Victor Cerda|Cerda, Victor]] | ||
| - | * [[Sándor Ferenczi|Ferenczi, Sándor]] | ||
| - | * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud, Sigmund]] | ||
| - | * [[Ernest Jones|Jones, Ernest]] | ||
| - | * [[Carl Jung|Jung, Carl]] | ||
| - | * [[Melanie Klein|Klein, Melanie]] | ||
| - | * [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan, Jacques]] | ||
| - | * [[Jean Laplanche|Laplanche, Jean]] | ||
| - | * [[Jane Loevinger|Loevinger, Jane]] | ||
| - | * [[Otto Rank|Rank, Otto]] | ||
| - | * [[Wilhelm Reich|Reich, Wilhelm]] | ||
| - | * [[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek, Slavoj]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | '''Related topics:''' | ||
| - | * [[Ahamkara|Ahaṃkāra]] | ||
| - | * [[Alter ego]] | ||
| - | * [[Collective unconscious]] | ||
| - | * [[Consciousness]] | ||
| - | * [[Defence mechanism]] | ||
| - | * [[The Ego and the Id]] | ||
| - | * [[Egolessness]] | ||
| - | * [[Existentialism]] | ||
| - | * [[Ho'oponopono]] | ||
| - | * [[Individual]] | ||
| - | * [[Instinct]] | ||
| - | * [[Interpassivity]] | ||
| - | * [[Mind]] | ||
| - | * [[Nafs]] | ||
| - | * [[Personhood]] | ||
| - | * [[Psychoanalysis]] | ||
| - | * [[Psychodynamics]] | ||
| - | * [[Reductionism]] | ||
| - | * [[Self (psychology)]] | ||
| - | * [[Shoulder angel]] | ||
| - | * [[Transactional analysis]] | ||
| - | * [[Unconscious mind]] | ||
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Revision as of 22:48, 20 February 2011
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Featured: |
- He shook her* hand.
- Why do you always rely on me to do your homework for you?
- They tried to run away from the hunter, but he set his* dogs after them.
*"Possessive adjectives" like her and his are often seen as pronouns as well, at least informally. }} Personal pronouns are pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common nouns. All known human languages have personal pronouns.
References
- Gaynesford, M. de I: The Meaning of the First Person Term, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
See also
- Pronoun game
- Grammatical person
- Dummy pronoun
- Deixis
- Gender-neutral pronoun
- Gender-specific pronoun
- Gender neutral language
- Generic antecedents
- Grammatical gender
- Inclusive and exclusive we
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Personal pronoun" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
