Pope Paul VI
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| - | [[Image:Index Librorum Prohibitorum.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' ("[[banned books|List of Prohibited Books]]") is a list of publications which the [[Catholic|Catholic Church]] [[censorship|censored]] for being a [[danger]] to itself and the faith of its members. Almost every modern [[Western culture|Western]] philosopher was, or is, included on the list — even those that believed in [[God]], such as [[Descartes]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[George Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]], [[Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais|Lamennais]] and [[Gioberti]]. That some [[Atheism|atheist]]s, such as [[Schopenhauer]] and [[Nietzsche]], are not included is due to the general (Tridentine) rule that [[Heresy|heretical]] works (i.e., works that contradict Catholic dogma) are [[ipso facto]] forbidden. Some important works are absent simply because nobody bothered to [[Denunciation|denounce]] them.]] | ||
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| - | The '''''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''''' ("[[banned books|List of Prohibited Books]]") is a list of publications which the [[Catholic|Catholic Church]] [[censorship|censored]] for being a [[danger]] to itself and the faith of its members. The various [[edition]]s also contain the rules of the [[Church]] relating to the reading, selling and censorship of books. The aim of the list was to prevent the reading of [[immoral]] books or works containing [[theology|theological]] errors and to prevent the [[corruption]] of the faithful. The list was not simply a reactive work. Catholic [[author]]s had the possibility to defend their writings and could prepare a new edition with the necessary corrections or elisions either to avoid or to limit a [[Ban (law)|ban]]. Pre-publication censorship was encouraged. | ||
| - | ==The History== | ||
| - | The first list of that kind was not published in [[Rome]], but in the [[Netherlands]] ([[1529]]). [[Venice]] and [[Paris]] followed this example ([[1543]] and [[1551]]). The first Roman ''Index'' was the work of [[Pope Paul IV]] ([[1557]], [[1559]]). The work of the [[Censorship|censor]]s was considered too severe and, after the [[Council of Trent]] had remodeled the church [[legislation]] on the prohibition of books, [[Pope Pius IV]] promulgated in [[1564]] the so called ''Tridentine Index'', the basis of all later lists until [[Pope Leo XIII]], in [[1897]], published his ''Index Leonianus''. The very first lists were the work of the [[Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition]] of the Roman Catholic Church (the [[Holy Office]], later the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]]). | ||
| - | In [[1571]] a special [[congregation (Roman Curia)|congregation]] was erected, the ''Sacred Congregation of the Index'', which had the specific task to investigate those writings that were denounced in [[Rome]] as being not exempt of errors, to update the list of Pope Pius IV regularly and also to make lists of corrections in case a writing was not in itself [[Damnation#Religious|damnable]] but only in need of correction and put on the list with a mitigating clause (e.g., ''donec corrigatur'' (forbidden if not corrected) or ''donec expurgetur'' (forbidden if not purged)). This sometimes resulted in very long lists of corrections, published in the ''[[Index Expurgatorius]]''. Prohibitions made by other congregations (mostly the Holy Office) were simply passed on to the Congregation of the Index, where the final [[decree]]s were drafted and made public, after approval of the [[Pope]] (who always had the possibility to condemn an author personally—only a few examples, such as [[Lamennais]] and [[George Hermes|Hermes]]). The Congregation of the Index was abolished in [[1917]], when the rules on the reading of books were again reelaborated in the new ''Codex Iuris Canonici''. From that date on the Holy Office (again) took care of the index. | + | '''Pope Paul VI''' ({{lang-la|Paulus PP. VI}}; {{lang-it|Paolo VI}}), born '''Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini''' (26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[monarch|Sovereign]] of [[Vatican City]] from 1963 to 1978. Succeeding [[Pope John XXIII]], who had convened the [[Second Vatican Council]], he decided to continue it. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, which resulted in a number of historic meetings and agreements. |
| - | The Index was regularly updated until the [[1948]] edition. This 32nd edition contained 4,000 titles censored for various reasons: [[heresy]], moral deficiency, [[sexual]] explicitness, and so on. Among the notable [[writer]]s on the list were [[Desiderius Erasmus]], [[Edward Gibbon]], [[Giordano Bruno]], [[Laurence Sterne]], [[Voltaire]], [[Daniel Defoe]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], as well as the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Sexology|sexologist]] [[Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde]], author of the [[sex manual]] ''The Perfect Marriage''. A complete list of the authors and writings present in the subsequent editions of the index are listed in J. Martinez de Bujanda, ''Index librorum prohibitorum, 1600-1966'', [[Geneva]], [[2002]]. Almost every modern [[Western culture|Western]] philosopher was, or is, included on the list — even those that believed in [[God]], such as [[Descartes]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[George Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]], [[Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais|Lamennais]] and [[Gioberti]]. That some [[Atheism|atheist]]s, such as [[Schopenhauer]] and [[Nietzsche]], are not included is due to the general (Tridentine) rule that [[Heresy|heretical]] works (i.e., works that contradict Catholic dogma) are [[ipso facto]] forbidden. Some important works are absent simply because nobody bothered to [[Denunciation|denounce]] them. | ||
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| - | Many actions of the congregations were of a definite [[political]] content. In [[1926]], the ''[[Action Française]]'' magazine, espousing [[right-wing politics|far-right]] French causes, was put on the ''Index''. [[Alfred Rosenberg]]’s ''Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts'' (The Myth of the Twentieth Century) and his ''An die Dunkelmänner unserer Zeit: eine Antwort auf die Angriffe gegen den "Mythus des 20. Jahrhundert"'' (Regarding The Dark Men of Our Time: an Answer to the Problems against the "Myth of the Twentieth Century"), were condemned by decrees of [[February 7]], [[1934]] and of [[July 17]], [[1935]] respectively. [[Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)|Ernst Bergmann]]'s ''Die deutsche Nationalkirche'' (The German National Church) and his ''Die natürliche Geistlehre'' (Natural Spirit Teachings), by decrees of [[February 7]] [[1934]] and [[November 17]], [[1937]]. [[Hitler]]'s ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' was not placed on the Index, however, as censors continually postponed and eventually terminated its examination [http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/article_1070798.php/Vatican_opens_up_secrets_of_Index_of_Forbidden_Books?page=1] [http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/article_1070798.php/Vatican_opens_up_secrets_of_Index_of_Forbidden_Books?page=2]. | ||
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| - | The ''Index'''s effects were felt throughout much of the Catholic world. From [[Quebec]] to [[Poland]] it was, for many years, very difficult to find copies of banned works, especially outside of major [[City|cities]]. The ''Index'' as an official list having force of law was abolished in [[1966]] under [[Pope Paul VI]], following the end of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and largely due to practical considerations. However, the ''moral [[obligation]]'' of not circulating or reading those writings which endanger [[faith]] and morals, was reaffirmed in 1966 - Notification by Congregation for Doctrine of Faith: "This Congregation for Doctrine of Faith (...) says that its index keeps its moral value (...) in the sense that it is asking to the conscience of the faithful (...) to be on guard against the written materials that can put the faith and good conduct in danger" - Signed Alfredo card. Ottaviani, June 14th 1966). | ||
| - | ==Some notable writers on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum== | ||
| - | *[[Joseph Addison]] | ||
| - | *[[Francis Bacon]] | ||
| - | *[[Honoré de Balzac]] | ||
| - | *[[Simone de Beauvoir]] | ||
| - | *[[George Berkeley]] | ||
| - | *[[Giordano Bruno]] | ||
| - | *[[John Calvin]] | ||
| - | *[[Giacomo Casanova]] | ||
| - | *[[Auguste Comte]] | ||
| - | *[[Nicolaus Copernicus]] | ||
| - | *[[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] | ||
| - | *[[Erasmus Darwin]] | ||
| - | *[[Daniel Defoe]] | ||
| - | *[[René Descartes]] | ||
| - | *[[Denis Diderot]] | ||
| - | *[[Alexandre Dumas, père]] | ||
| - | *[[Alexandre Dumas, fils]] | ||
| - | *[[Desiderius Erasmus]] | ||
| - | *[[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]]| | ||
| - | *[[Gustave Flaubert]] | ||
| - | *[[Anatole France]] | ||
| - | *[[Frederick II of Prussia]] | ||
| - | *[[Galileo Galilei]] | ||
| - | *[[Edward Gibbon]] | ||
| - | *[[André Gide]] | ||
| - | *[[Vincenzo Gioberti]] | ||
| - | *[[Graham Greene]] | ||
| - | *[[Heinrich Heine]] | ||
| - | *[[Thomas Hobbes]] | ||
| - | *[[Victor Hugo]] | ||
| - | *[[David Hume]] | ||
| - | *[[Cornelius Jansen]] | ||
| - | *[[Immanuel Kant]] | ||
| - | *[[Nikos Kazantzakis]] | ||
| - | *[[Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais]] | ||
| - | *[[Pierre Larousse]] | ||
| - | *[[Gregorio Leti]] | ||
| - | *[[John Locke]] | ||
| - | *[[Martin Luther]] | ||
| - | *[[Niccolò Machiavelli]] | ||
| - | *[[Maurice Maeterlinck]] | ||
| - | *[[Maimonides]] | ||
| - | *[[Nicolas Malebranche]] | ||
| - | *[[Karl Marx]] | ||
| - | *[[Jules Michelet]] | ||
| - | *[[John Stuart Mill]], ''[[Principles of Political Economy]]'' (placed on Index in 1856) | ||
| - | *[[John Milton]] | ||
| - | *[[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu]] | ||
| - | *[[Blaise Pascal]] | ||
| - | *[[François Rabelais]] | ||
| - | *[[Ernest Renan]] | ||
| - | *[[Samuel Richardson]] | ||
| - | *[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] | ||
| - | *[[George Sand]] | ||
| - | *[[Jean-Paul Sartre]] | ||
| - | *[[Baruch de Spinoza]] | ||
| - | *[[Laurence Sterne]] | ||
| - | *[[Emanuel Swedenborg]] | ||
| - | *[[Jonathan Swift]] | ||
| - | *[[Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde]] | ||
| - | *[[Voltaire]] | ||
| - | *[[Gerard Walschap]] | ||
| - | *[[Émile Zola]] | ||
| - | *[[Huldrych Zwingli]] | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Banned books]] | ||
| - | * [[Censorship]] | ||
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Pope Paul VI (Template:Lang-la; Template:Lang-it), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he decided to continue it. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, which resulted in a number of historic meetings and agreements.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Pope Paul VI" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
