Protestantism
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| The '''Protestant work ethic''', sometimes called the '''Puritan work ethic''', is a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] value emphasizing the necessity of constant [[labor]] in a person's calling as a sign of personal [[salvation]]. [[Protestantism|Protestants]] beginning with [[Martin Luther]] had reconceptualised work as a duty in the world for the benefit of the individual and society as a whole. The [[Catholicism|Catholic]] idea of [[Divine grace|good works]] was transformed into an obligation to work diligently as a sign of grace. | The '''Protestant work ethic''', sometimes called the '''Puritan work ethic''', is a [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] value emphasizing the necessity of constant [[labor]] in a person's calling as a sign of personal [[salvation]]. [[Protestantism|Protestants]] beginning with [[Martin Luther]] had reconceptualised work as a duty in the world for the benefit of the individual and society as a whole. The [[Catholicism|Catholic]] idea of [[Divine grace|good works]] was transformed into an obligation to work diligently as a sign of grace. | ||
| + | ==Founders: the first Protestant major reformers and theologians== | ||
| + | <!--(in alphabetical order by century.)--> | ||
| + | ;Twelfth century | ||
| + | * [[Peter Waldo]], French reformer, founder of the earliest Protestant church, the [[Waldensians]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;Fourteenth century | ||
| + | *[[John Wycliffe]], English reformer, the "Morning Star of the Reformation". | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;Fifteenth century | ||
| + | *[[Jan Hus]], Catholic Priest and Professor, father of an early Protestant church (Moravianism), Czech reformist/dissident; burned to death in [[Constance]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1415 by Roman Catholic Church authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After the devastation of the Hussite Wars some of his followers founded the [[Unitas Fratrum]] in 1457, "Unity of Brethren", which was renewed under the leadership of Count [[Zinzendorf]] in [[Herrnhut]], [[Saxony]] in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the [[30 Years War]] and [[Counter Reformation]]. Today it is usually referred to in English as the [[Moravian Church]], in [[German language|German]] the [[Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ;Sixteenth century | ||
| + | *[[Jacobus Arminius]], Dutch theologian, founder of school of thought known as [[Arminianism]]. | ||
| + | *[[Heinrich Bullinger]], successor of [[Zwingli]], leading reformed theologian. | ||
| + | *[[John Calvin]], French theologian, [[Protestant Reformation|Reformer]] and resident of [[Geneva, Switzerland]], he founded the school of theology known as Calvinism. | ||
| + | *[[Balthasar Hubmaier]], influential Anabaptist theologian, author of numerous works during his five years of ministry, tortured at Zwingli's behest, and executed in Vienna. | ||
| + | *[[John Knox]], Scottish Calvinist reformer. | ||
| + | *[[Abaomas Kulvietis]], jurs and a professor at Königsberg Albertina University, as well as a Reformer of the Lithuanian church. | ||
| + | *[[Martin Luther]], church reformer, Father of Protestantism, theological works guided those now known as [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]]. | ||
| + | *[[Philipp Melanchthon]], early Lutheran leader. | ||
| + | *[[Menno Simons]], founder of [[Mennonitism]]. | ||
| + | *[[John Smyth (1570-1612)|John Smyth]], early [[Baptist]] leader. | ||
| + | *[[Huldrych Zwingli]], founder of Swiss reformed tradition. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 23:58, 9 July 2009
Illustration: The image breakers, c.1566 –1568 by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder
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- The Protestant (rather than the Roman Catholic or Orthodox) Christian religion.
- Collectively, the Protestant churches or the Protestants.
Contents |
Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its centralization of political power. While Italy was dominated by independent city-states, countries in central and western Europe began emerging as nation-states. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and external conflicts between various Protestant groups and the Roman Catholic Church.
Protestant work ethic
The Protestant work ethic, sometimes called the Puritan work ethic, is a Calvinist value emphasizing the necessity of constant labor in a person's calling as a sign of personal salvation. Protestants beginning with Martin Luther had reconceptualised work as a duty in the world for the benefit of the individual and society as a whole. The Catholic idea of good works was transformed into an obligation to work diligently as a sign of grace.
Founders: the first Protestant major reformers and theologians
- Twelfth century
- Peter Waldo, French reformer, founder of the earliest Protestant church, the Waldensians
- Fourteenth century
- John Wycliffe, English reformer, the "Morning Star of the Reformation".
- Fifteenth century
- Jan Hus, Catholic Priest and Professor, father of an early Protestant church (Moravianism), Czech reformist/dissident; burned to death in Constance, Holy Roman Empire in 1415 by Roman Catholic Church authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After the devastation of the Hussite Wars some of his followers founded the Unitas Fratrum in 1457, "Unity of Brethren", which was renewed under the leadership of Count Zinzendorf in Herrnhut, Saxony in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the 30 Years War and Counter Reformation. Today it is usually referred to in English as the Moravian Church, in German the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine.
- Sixteenth century
- Jacobus Arminius, Dutch theologian, founder of school of thought known as Arminianism.
- Heinrich Bullinger, successor of Zwingli, leading reformed theologian.
- John Calvin, French theologian, Reformer and resident of Geneva, Switzerland, he founded the school of theology known as Calvinism.
- Balthasar Hubmaier, influential Anabaptist theologian, author of numerous works during his five years of ministry, tortured at Zwingli's behest, and executed in Vienna.
- John Knox, Scottish Calvinist reformer.
- Abaomas Kulvietis, jurs and a professor at Königsberg Albertina University, as well as a Reformer of the Lithuanian church.
- Martin Luther, church reformer, Father of Protestantism, theological works guided those now known as Lutherans.
- Philipp Melanchthon, early Lutheran leader.
- Menno Simons, founder of Mennonitism.
- John Smyth, early Baptist leader.
- Huldrych Zwingli, founder of Swiss reformed tradition.
See also
See also
- Anti-Catholicism
- Anti-Protestantism
- Black Legend
- Christian eschatology
- Christian Flag
- Christian timeline for Renaissance & Reformation
- History of Protestantism
- List of Protestant churches
- Protestant Reformation
- Protestant work ethic
- Islam and Protestantism
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Protestantism" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
