Psychological adaptation
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| - | '''Evolutionary psychology''' is a [[theoretical]] approach to [[psychology]] that attempts to explain [[Mind|mental]] and psychological [[Trait theory|trait]]s—such as [[memory]], [[perception]], or [[language]]—as [[adaptation]]s, i.e., as the functional products of [[natural selection]]. The purpose of this approach is to bring an [[adaptationist]] way of thinking about biological mechanisms such as the immune system into the field of psychology, and to approach [[Psychological adaptation|psychological mechanisms]] in a similar way. In short, evolutionary psychology is focused on how [[evolution]] has shaped the [[mind]] and [[behavior]]. Though applicable to any [[organism]] with a [[nervous system]], most research in evolutionary psychology focuses on humans. Closely related fields are [[human behavioral ecology]], [[dual inheritance theory]], and [[sociobiology]]. | + | A '''psychological adaptation''', also called an Evolved psychological mechanism or '''EPM''', is an aspect of a human or other animal's psychology that is the result of [[evolution]]ary pressures. It could serve a specific purpose, have served a purpose in the past (see [[vestigiality]]), or be a side-effect of another EPM (see [[spandrel (biology)]]). [[Evolutionary psychology]] proposes that the human psychology mostly comprises psychological adaptations, in opposition to [[tabula rasa|blank slate]] models of human psychology such as the [[standard social science model]] popular throughout most of the twentieth century. |
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| + | Evolutionary psychologist, [[David Buss]], lays out six properties of evolved psychological mechanisms (EPM's): | ||
| + | # An EPM exists in the form that it does because it solved a specific problem of survival or [[reproduction]] recurrently over evolutionary history. | ||
| + | # An EPM is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information | ||
| + | # The input of an EPM tells an organism the particular [[adaptation|adaptive]] problem it is facing | ||
| + | # The input of an EPM is transformed through [[decision theory|decision rules]] into output | ||
| + | # The output of an EPM can be [[physiological]] activity, information to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behaviors | ||
| + | # The output of an EPM is directed toward the solution to a specific adaptive problem | ||
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| + | Further important properties include the following: | ||
| + | * EPM's provide nonarbitrary criteria, (i.e. adaptive function) for "carving the mind at its joints," (i.e. evolved structure). | ||
| + | * EPM's tend to aid in solving specific adaptive problems, (e.g. food selection, mate selection, intrasexual competition, etc.) | ||
| + | * EPM's are believed to be numerous, which contributes to human behavioral flexibility. An analogy would be like a carpenter who, instead of having one tool that does everything, has many tools, each with a specific function for a specific task, (e.g. a hammer for pounding nails, a saw for cutting wood, etc.) | ||
| + | * Some EPM's are ''domain-specific'', (i.e. evolved to solve specific, recurrent adaptive problems), while others are ''domain-general'', (i.e. evolved to aid the individual in dealing with novelty in the environment). | ||
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| + | The least controversial EPMs are those commonly known as [[instinct]]s, including interpreting [[stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] vision and [[breastfeeding|suckling]] a mother's breast. | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | <div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3"> | ||
| + | * [[Adaptive bias]] | ||
| + | * [[Cognitive module]] | ||
| + | * [[Dual inheritance theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Evolutionary developmental psychology]] | ||
| + | * [[Evolutionary psychology]] | ||
| + | * [[Human behavioral ecology]] | ||
| + | * [[Instinct]] | ||
| + | * [[Modularity of mind]] | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | |||
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A psychological adaptation, also called an Evolved psychological mechanism or EPM, is an aspect of a human or other animal's psychology that is the result of evolutionary pressures. It could serve a specific purpose, have served a purpose in the past (see vestigiality), or be a side-effect of another EPM (see spandrel (biology)). Evolutionary psychology proposes that the human psychology mostly comprises psychological adaptations, in opposition to blank slate models of human psychology such as the standard social science model popular throughout most of the twentieth century.
Evolutionary psychologist, David Buss, lays out six properties of evolved psychological mechanisms (EPM's):
- An EPM exists in the form that it does because it solved a specific problem of survival or reproduction recurrently over evolutionary history.
- An EPM is designed to take in only a narrow slice of information
- The input of an EPM tells an organism the particular adaptive problem it is facing
- The input of an EPM is transformed through decision rules into output
- The output of an EPM can be physiological activity, information to other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behaviors
- The output of an EPM is directed toward the solution to a specific adaptive problem
Further important properties include the following:
- EPM's provide nonarbitrary criteria, (i.e. adaptive function) for "carving the mind at its joints," (i.e. evolved structure).
- EPM's tend to aid in solving specific adaptive problems, (e.g. food selection, mate selection, intrasexual competition, etc.)
- EPM's are believed to be numerous, which contributes to human behavioral flexibility. An analogy would be like a carpenter who, instead of having one tool that does everything, has many tools, each with a specific function for a specific task, (e.g. a hammer for pounding nails, a saw for cutting wood, etc.)
- Some EPM's are domain-specific, (i.e. evolved to solve specific, recurrent adaptive problems), while others are domain-general, (i.e. evolved to aid the individual in dealing with novelty in the environment).
The least controversial EPMs are those commonly known as instincts, including interpreting stereoscopic vision and suckling a mother's breast.
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See also
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