Public
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
| Revision as of 12:49, 24 February 2013 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) ← Previous diff |
Revision as of 12:51, 24 February 2013 Jahsonic (Talk | contribs) Next diff → |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| [[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Pollice Verso]]'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1872, is the immediate source of the "[[thumbs down]]" [[gesture]] in [[popular culture]]. It is owned by [[Phoenix Art Museum]].]] | [[Image:Jean-Leon Gerome Pollice Verso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Pollice Verso]]'' by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1872, is the immediate source of the "[[thumbs down]]" [[gesture]] in [[popular culture]]. It is owned by [[Phoenix Art Museum]].]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | '''Public''' is of or pertaining to the people; belonging to the people; relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or community; opposed to [[Private sector|private]]; as, the public treasury, a road or lake. Public is also defined as the people of a nation not affiliated with the government of that nation. | ||
| - | Public also refers to the general body of mankind, or of a nation, state, or community; ''the people'', indefinitely; as, ''the public''; also, a particular body or aggregation of people; as, ''an author's public''. "public Network" means a network that is regulated as a [[common carrier]]. | + | In [[public relations]] and [[communication science]], '''publics''' are groups of individual people, and '''the public''' (a.k.a. '''the general public''') is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the [[sociology|sociological]] concept of the Öffentlichkeit or [[public sphere]]. The concept of a public has also been defined in [[political science]], [[psychology]], [[marketing]], and [[advertising]]. In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field. Although it has definitions in the theory of the field that have been formulated from the early 20th century onwards, it has suffered in more recent years from being blurred, as a result of conflation of the idea of a public with the notions of audience, market segment, community, constituency, and stakeholder. |
| - | Aggens (1983), in the paper titled "Identifying different levels of public interest in participation" states: "''There is no single public, but different levels of public based on differing levels of interest and ability''". | + | The name "public" originates with the [[Latin language|Latin]] "[[wikt:populus#Latin|populus]]" or "[[wikt:poplicus#Latin|poplicus]]", and in general denotes some mass population ("the people") in association with some matter of common interest. So in political science and history, a public is a population of individuals in association with civic affairs, or affairs of office or state. In social psychology, marketing, and public relations, a public has a more situational definition. [[John Dewey]] defined a public as a group of people who, in facing a similar problem, recognize it and organize themselves to address it. Dewey's definition of a public is thus situational: people organized about a situation. Built upon this situational definition of a public is the [[situational theory of publics]] by [[James E. Grunig]] , which talks of ''nonpublics'' (who have no problem), ''latent publics'' (who have a problem), ''aware publics'' (who recognize that they have a problem), and ''active publics'' (who do something about their problem). |
| - | ==Selected bibliography== | + | In public relations and communication theory, a public is distinct from a [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholder]] or a [[market]]. A public is a subset of the set of stakeholders for an organization, that comprises those people concerned with a specific issue. Whilst a market has an exchange relationship with an organization, and is usually a passive entity that is created by the organization, a public does not necessarily have an exchange relationship, and is both self-creating and self-organizing. Publics are targeted by public relations efforts. In this, ''target publics'' are those publics whose involvement is necessary for achieving organization goals; ''intervening publics'' are opinion formers and mediators, who pass information to the target publics; and ''influentials'' are publics that the target publics turn to for consultation, whose value judgements are influential upon how a target public will judge any public relations material. |
| - | # [[John Dewey|Dewey, John]]. ''Public & Its Problems'', Swallow Press, June 1954, ISBN 0-8040-0254-1. | + | |
| - | # [[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas, Jürgen]]. ''[[The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society]]'', (Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought), The MIT Press; Reprint edition, August 28, 1991, ISBN 0-262-58108-6. | + | |
| - | # [[Jürgen Habermas|Habermas, Jürgen]]. ''[[The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 2: Lifeword and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason]],'' Thomas McCarthy (Translator), Beacon Press; Reprint edition, 1987, ISBN 0-8070-1401-X. | + | |
| - | # [[Alastair Hannay|Hannay, Alastair]]. ''On the Public'', Routledge; 1 edition, July 13, 2005, ISBN 0-415-32792-X. | + | |
| - | # [[Soren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard, Soren]]. ''A Literary Review'' (Penguin Classics), Alastair Hannay (Translator), Penguin Classics, March 26, 2002, ISBN 0-14-044801-2. | + | |
| - | # [[Walter Lippmann|Lippmann, Walter]]. ''The Phantom Public'' (Library of Conservative Thought), Transaction Publishers; Reprint edition, January 1, 1993, ISBN 1-56000-677-3. | + | |
| - | # [[Leon H. Mayhew|Mayhew, Leon H.]]. ''The New Public: Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence'', (Cambridge Cultural Social Studies), Cambridge University Press, September 28, 1997, ISBN 0-521-48493-6. | + | |
| - | # [[Richard Sennett|Sennett, Richard]]. ''The Fall of Public Man'' W. W. Norton & Company; Reissue edition, June 1992, ISBN 0-393-30879-0. | + | |
| + | Public relations theory perspectives on publics are situational, per Dewey and Grunig; mass, where a public is simply viewed as a population of individuals; agenda-building, where a public is viewed as a condition of political involvement that is not transitory; and "homo narrans", where a public is (in the words of Gabriel M. Vasquez, assistant Professor in the School of Communication at the [[University of Houston]]) a collection of "individuals that develop a group consciousness around a problematic situation and act to solve the problematic situation." | ||
| + | |||
| + | One non-situational concept of a public is that of Kirk Hallahan, professor at [[Colorado State University]], who defines a public as "a group of people who relate to an organization, who demonstrate varying degrees of activity—passivity, and who might (or might not) interact with others concerning their relationship with the organization". | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 12:51, 24 February 2013
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
In public relations and communication science, publics are groups of individual people, and the public (a.k.a. the general public) is the totality of such groupings. This is a different concept to the sociological concept of the Öffentlichkeit or public sphere. The concept of a public has also been defined in political science, psychology, marketing, and advertising. In public relations and communication science, it is one of the more ambiguous concepts in the field. Although it has definitions in the theory of the field that have been formulated from the early 20th century onwards, it has suffered in more recent years from being blurred, as a result of conflation of the idea of a public with the notions of audience, market segment, community, constituency, and stakeholder.
The name "public" originates with the Latin "populus" or "poplicus", and in general denotes some mass population ("the people") in association with some matter of common interest. So in political science and history, a public is a population of individuals in association with civic affairs, or affairs of office or state. In social psychology, marketing, and public relations, a public has a more situational definition. John Dewey defined a public as a group of people who, in facing a similar problem, recognize it and organize themselves to address it. Dewey's definition of a public is thus situational: people organized about a situation. Built upon this situational definition of a public is the situational theory of publics by James E. Grunig , which talks of nonpublics (who have no problem), latent publics (who have a problem), aware publics (who recognize that they have a problem), and active publics (who do something about their problem).
In public relations and communication theory, a public is distinct from a stakeholder or a market. A public is a subset of the set of stakeholders for an organization, that comprises those people concerned with a specific issue. Whilst a market has an exchange relationship with an organization, and is usually a passive entity that is created by the organization, a public does not necessarily have an exchange relationship, and is both self-creating and self-organizing. Publics are targeted by public relations efforts. In this, target publics are those publics whose involvement is necessary for achieving organization goals; intervening publics are opinion formers and mediators, who pass information to the target publics; and influentials are publics that the target publics turn to for consultation, whose value judgements are influential upon how a target public will judge any public relations material.
Public relations theory perspectives on publics are situational, per Dewey and Grunig; mass, where a public is simply viewed as a population of individuals; agenda-building, where a public is viewed as a condition of political involvement that is not transitory; and "homo narrans", where a public is (in the words of Gabriel M. Vasquez, assistant Professor in the School of Communication at the University of Houston) a collection of "individuals that develop a group consciousness around a problematic situation and act to solve the problematic situation."
One non-situational concept of a public is that of Kirk Hallahan, professor at Colorado State University, who defines a public as "a group of people who relate to an organization, who demonstrate varying degrees of activity—passivity, and who might (or might not) interact with others concerning their relationship with the organization".
