Racism in the Arab world
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| + | '''Racism in the Arab world''' covers an array of forms of intolerance against non-Muslim groups as well as Black, Hispanic and Asian groups that ''are'' Muslim; minorities such as [[Africans]], [[Latin Americans]], [[Europeans]] (especially [[Eastern Europe]]ans), Aramaic and Coptic Christians, and [[South Asians]] in Arab countries of the [[MENA|Middle East and North Africa]]. | ||
| - | Traditionally, [[Jews]] in the [[Muslim world]] were considered to be [[People of the Book]] and were given ''[[dhimmi]]'' status. They were afforded relative security against persecution provided they did not contest the inferior social and legal status imposed on them. Such protection was missing for non-Christians in most of Europe until the institutionalisation of equality after the [[French Revolution]]. | + | The previously forbidden topics of race and racism in the [[Arab world]] have been explored more since the rise of foreign, private and independent media. In one example, [[Al-Jazeera]]'s critical coverage of the [[Darfur crisis]] led to the arrest and conviction of its Khartoum bureau chief.<ref>''Middle East report'': Issues 234-235; Issues 237-241 , Middle East Research & Information Project, 2005, p. 54, p 32</ref> |
| - | Antisemitism in the Arab world has increased greatly in modern times, for many reasons: the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; European influence, brought about by Western [[imperialism]] and [[Arab Christians]]; [[Nazi propaganda]]; resentment over Jewish nationalism (see [[Zionism]]); and the rise of Arab nationalism. | + | ==See also== |
| - | + | * [[Antisemitism in the Arab world]] | |
| - | While there were antisemitic incidents in the early twentieth century, antisemitism increased dramatically as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the state of Israel, and [[Israel]]i victories during the wars of [[Suez Crisis#Invasion|1956]] and [[Six day war|1967]] were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents - primarily Egypt, Syria and Iraq. However, by the mid 1970s the vast majority of Jews had [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|left Arab and Muslim countries]], moving primarily to Israel, France and the United States. The reasons for the exodus are varied and disputed. | + | * [[Three Whom God Should Not Have Created: Persians, Jews, and Flies]] |
| - | + | * [[Racism by country]] | |
| - | By the 1980s, according to Bernard Lewis, the volume of antisemitic literature published in the Arab world, and the authority of its sponsors, seemed to suggest that classical antisemitism had become an essential part of Arab intellectual life, considerably more than in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France, and to a degree that has been compared to [[Nazi Germany]]. | + | * [[Racism in the Middle East]] |
| - | + | * [[Racism in Asia]] | |
| - | The rise of [[political Islam]] during the 1980s and afterwards provided a new mutation of [[Islamic antisemitism]], giving the hatred of Jews a religious component. | + | * [[Racism in Mauritania]] |
| - | + | ||
| - | In their 2008 report on contemporary Arab-Muslim antisemitism, the Israeli [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]] dates the beginning of this phenomenon to the spread of classic European [[Christian antisemitism]] into the Arab world starting in the late 19th century. In 2014 the [[Anti-Defamation League]] published a global survey of worldwide antisemitic attitudes, reporting that in the Middle East, 74% of adults agreed with a majority of the survey's eleven antisemitic propositions, including that "Jews have too much power in international financial markets" and that "Jews are responsible for most of the world's wars." | + | |
| - | == Pre-state antisemitism == | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | While antisemitism has increased in the wake of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], there were [[pogrom]]s against Jews prior to the foundation of Israel, including [[Nazism|Nazi]]-inspired pogroms in [[Algeria]] in the 1930s, and attacks on the Jews of [[Iraq]] and [[Libya]] in the 1940s. In 1941, 180 Jews were murdered and 700 were injured in the anti-Jewish riots known as the [[Farhud]]. Four hundred Jews were injured in violent demonstrations in Egypt in 1945 and Jewish property was vandalized and looted. In Libya, 130 Jews were killed and 266 injured. In December 1947, 13 Jews were killed in Damascus, including 8 children, and 26 were injured. In Aleppo, rioting resulted in dozens of Jewish casualties, damage to 150 Jewish homes, and the torching of 5 schools and 10 synagogues. In Yemen, 97 Jews were murdered and 120 injured. | + | |
| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | *[[Dhimmi]] | + | |
| - | *[[Covenant of Umar I]] | + | |
| - | *[[Pact of Umar II]] | + | |
| - | *[[Jizya]] | + | |
| - | *[[Mellah]] | + | |
| - | *[[Qutbism]] | + | |
| - | *[[Racism in the Arab world]] | + | |
| - | *[[Islam and antisemitism]] | + | |
| - | *[[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands]] | + | |
| - | *[[Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Contemporary imprints of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'']] | + | |
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Revision as of 21:48, 3 June 2018
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Racism in the Arab world covers an array of forms of intolerance against non-Muslim groups as well as Black, Hispanic and Asian groups that are Muslim; minorities such as Africans, Latin Americans, Europeans (especially Eastern Europeans), Aramaic and Coptic Christians, and South Asians in Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa.
The previously forbidden topics of race and racism in the Arab world have been explored more since the rise of foreign, private and independent media. In one example, Al-Jazeera's critical coverage of the Darfur crisis led to the arrest and conviction of its Khartoum bureau chief.<ref>Middle East report: Issues 234-235; Issues 237-241 , Middle East Research & Information Project, 2005, p. 54, p 32</ref>
See also
- Antisemitism in the Arab world
- Three Whom God Should Not Have Created: Persians, Jews, and Flies
- Racism by country
- Racism in the Middle East
- Racism in Asia
- Racism in Mauritania
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