Scholarly method  

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-In [[philology]], a '''commentary''' is a line-by-line or even word-by-word explication usually attached to an [[edition]] of a text in the same or an accompanying volume. It may draw on [[methodology|methodologies]] of [[close reading]] and [[literary criticism]], but its primary purpose is to elucidate the language of the text and the specific culture that produced it, both of which may be foreign to the reader. Such a commentary usually takes the form of [[footnote|footnotes]], [[footnote|endnotes]], or separate text cross-referenced by line, paragraph or page.+'''Scholarly method''' or '''scholarship''' — is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the [[world]] as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public.
-Means of providing commentary on the language of the text include notes on [[textual criticism]], [[syntax]] and [[semantics]], and the analysis of [[rhetoric]], literary [[trope (linguistics)|tropes]], and [[stylistics (linguistics)|style]]. The aim is to remove, lessen or point out [[linguistics|linguistic]] obstacles to reading and understanding the text.+==Methods==
 +[[Scholasticism]] originally started to reconcile the [[philosophy]] of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. Scholasticism is not a philosophy or theology in itself but a tool and method for learning which places emphasis on [[dialectical reasoning]]. The primary purpose of scholasticism is to find the answer to a question or to resolve a contradiction. It is most well-known for its application in medieval theology, but was eventually applied to classical philosophy and many other fields of study.
-If a text is historical, or is produced within a culture assumed to be of limited familiarity to a reader, a broader range of issues may require elucidation. These include, but are by no means limited to, biographical data pertaining to the author, historical events, customs and laws, technical terminology and facts of daily life, religious beliefs and philosophical perspectives, literary allusions, geographical settings, and cross-references to related passages in the same work, other works by the author, or sources used by the author.+The [[historical method]] comprises the techniques and guidelines by which [[historian]]s use [[primary source]]s and other evidence to research and then to [[historiography|write history]]. The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the [[philosophy of history]], as a question of [[epistemology]]. History guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, require [[external criticism]], internal criticism, and [[Thesis, antithesis, synthesis|synthesis]].
-Some commentaries from [[Classical Antiquity]] or the [[Middle Ages]] (more strictly referred to as [[scholium|scholia]]) are a valuable source of information otherwise unknown, including references to works that are now lost. [[Jerome]] provides a list of several commentaries that were in use during his days as a student in the 350s A.D. One of the most used of the ancient scholia today is that of [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] on [[Virgil|Vergil]]’s ''[[Aeneid]]'', written in the 4th century.+The [[empirical method]] is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a [[theory]] or derive a conclusion in [[science]]. It is part of the [[scientific method]], but is often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with other methods. The empirical method is not sharply defined and is often contrasted with the precision of experiments, where data are derived from the systematic manipulation of variables. The [[experimental method]] investigates [[causality|causal]] relationships among [[variable (mathematics)|variables]]. An experiment is a cornerstone of the [[empiricism|empirical]] approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both [[natural science]]s and [[social science]]s. An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate [[theory|theoretical]] assumptions.
-The production of commentaries began to flourish in the 16th century as part of the [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] project to recover the texts of antiquity, with its related boom in publishing. In the modern era, a commentary differs from an annotated edition aimed at students or the casual reader in that it attempts to address an exhaustive range of [[scholarly method|scholarly questions]], many of which may be of concern or interest primarily to specialists. The commentator may take a position on variant readings of the text or on a point of scholarly dispute, but arguments are usually succinct, a paragraph or less than a page in length.+The [[scientific method]] refers to a body of techniques for investigating [[phenomenon|phenomena]], acquiring new [[knowledge]], or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of [[inquiry]] must be based on gathering [[observable]], [[empirical]] and [[Measure|measurable]] [[evidence]] subject to specific principles of [[reasoning]]. A scientific method consists of the collection of [[data]] through [[observation]] and [[experiment]]ation, and the formulation and testing of [[hypotheses]].
==See also== ==See also==
-* [[Exegesis]]+ 
-* [[Scholia]]+*[[Academia]]
-* [[Philology]]+*[[Academic authorship]]
-* [[Textual criticism]]+*[[Academic publishing]]
-* [[Literary criticism]]+*[[Historical revisionism]]
 +*[[Manual of style]]
 +*[[Open access (publishing)]]
 +*[[Professor]]
 +*[[Rigour]]
 +*[[Self-archiving]]
 +*[[Source criticism]]
 +*[[Urtext edition]]
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Scholarly method or scholarship — is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public.

Methods

Scholasticism originally started to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. Scholasticism is not a philosophy or theology in itself but a tool and method for learning which places emphasis on dialectical reasoning. The primary purpose of scholasticism is to find the answer to a question or to resolve a contradiction. It is most well-known for its application in medieval theology, but was eventually applied to classical philosophy and many other fields of study.

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the philosophy of history, as a question of epistemology. History guidelines commonly used by historians in their work, require external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis.

The empirical method is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a theory or derive a conclusion in science. It is part of the scientific method, but is often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with other methods. The empirical method is not sharply defined and is often contrasted with the precision of experiments, where data are derived from the systematic manipulation of variables. The experimental method investigates causal relationships among variables. An experiment is a cornerstone of the empirical approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both natural sciences and social sciences. An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate theoretical assumptions.

The scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

See also




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