Shaped canvas
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| - | :''[[The Painter of Modern Life]]'' | ||
| - | '''Painting''', meant literally, is the practice of applying [[color]] to a [[surface]]. However, when used in the context of the [[visual arts]], the term "painting" means the use of this activity in combination with [[drawing]], [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]] and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. | ||
| - | Painting is used as a mode of representing, documenting and expressing all the varied intents and subjects that are as numerous as there are practitioners of the craft. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a [[still life]] or [[landscape art|landscape painting]]), [[Photography|photographic]], [[Abstract art|abstract]], be loaded with narrative content, [[symbolism]], emotion or be [[Politics|political]] in nature. A large portion of the history of painting is dominated by [[Spirituality|spiritual]] motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting [[Mythology|mythological]] figures on pottery to [[Bible|biblical]] scenes to [[History of erotic depictions|depictions of the human body]] itself as a spiritual subject. | + | '''Shaped canvases''' are [[paintings]] that depart from the normal flat, rectangular configuration. Canvases may be shaped by altering their contours, while retaining their flatness. An ancient, traditional example is the ''[[Tondo (art)|tondo]]'', a painting on a round canvas: [[Raphael]], as well as some other Renaissance painters, sometimes chose this format for [[Madonna (art)|madonna]] paintings. Alternatively, canvases may be altered by losing their flatness and assuming a three dimensional surface. Or, they can do both. That is, they can assume shapes other than rectangles, and also have surface features that are three dimensional. Arguably, changing the surface configuration of the painting transforms it into a sculpture. But shaped canvases are generally considered paintings. |
| - | ==History== | + | |
| - | :''[[History of painting]]'' | + | |
| - | The oldest known paintings are at the [[Grotte Chauvet]] in [[France]], claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using [[red ochre]] and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. However the earliest evidence of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in [[Arnhem Land]], in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40 000 years old. [http://www.aboriginalartonline.com/art/rockage.php] There are examples of [[cave painting]]s all over the world—in [[India]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[China]], [[Australia]], etc. | + | |
| - | In Western cultures [[oil painting]] and [[watercolor]] painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media with equally rich and complex traditions. | + | Apart from any aesthetic considerations, there are technical matters, having to do with the very nature of canvas as a material, that tend to support the flat rectangle as the norm for paintings on canvas. (See [[#Departing from the rectangular|Departing from the rectangular]] below.) |
| - | The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In 1829, the first [[photograph]] was produced. From the mid to late 19th century, [[photography|photographic]] processes improved and, as it became more widespread, painting lost much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. There began a series of art movements into the 20th century where the [[Renaissance]] view of the world was steadily eroded, through [[Impressionism]], [[Post-Impressionism]], [[Fauvism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Cubism]] and [[Dada]]ism. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time. | + | In the literature of art history and criticism, the term ''shaped canvas'' is particularly associated with certain works created mostly in New York after about 1960, during a period when a great variety and quantity of such works were produced. According to the commentary at a [[Rutgers University]] exhibition site, "... the first significant art historical attention paid to shaped canvases occurred in the 1960s...." |
| - | [[Modern Art|Modern]] and [[Contemporary Art]] has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of [[concept]]; this led some to say in the 1960s that painting, as a serious art form, is dead. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century belies the premature declarations of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of [[Cultural pluralism|pluralism]], there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Important works of art continue to be made in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments, the marketplace being left to judge merit. | + | ==See also== |
| + | *[[Strainer bar]] | ||
| + | *[[Park Place Gallery]] | ||
| - | Among the continuing and current directions in painting at the beginning of the 21st century are [[Monochrome painting]], [[Hard-edge painting]], [[Geometric abstraction]], [[Appropriation (art)|Appropriation]], [[Hyperrealism]], [[Photorealism]], [[Expressionism]], [[Minimalism]], [[Lyrical Abstraction]], [[Pop Art]], [[Op Art]], [[Abstract Expressionism]], [[Color Field painting]], [[Neo-expressionism]], [[Collage]], [[Intermedia]] painting, [[Assemblage]] painting, [[Computer art]] painting, [[Postmodern]] painting, [[Neo-Dada]] painting, [[Shaped canvas]] painting, environmental [[mural painting]], traditional [[figure]] painting, [[Landscape painting]], [[Portrait painting]], and [[paint-on-glass animation]]. | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | *[[Art]] | ||
| - | *[[History of painting]] | ||
| - | *[[Image]] | ||
| - | *[[Landscape]] | ||
| - | *[[List of painters]] | ||
| - | *[[Oil painting]] | ||
| - | *[[Painting within a painting]] | ||
| - | *[[Perspective]] | ||
| - | *[[Portrait painting]] | ||
| - | *[[Watercolor painting]] | ||
| - | *[[Western painting]] | ||
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Shaped canvases are paintings that depart from the normal flat, rectangular configuration. Canvases may be shaped by altering their contours, while retaining their flatness. An ancient, traditional example is the tondo, a painting on a round canvas: Raphael, as well as some other Renaissance painters, sometimes chose this format for madonna paintings. Alternatively, canvases may be altered by losing their flatness and assuming a three dimensional surface. Or, they can do both. That is, they can assume shapes other than rectangles, and also have surface features that are three dimensional. Arguably, changing the surface configuration of the painting transforms it into a sculpture. But shaped canvases are generally considered paintings.
Apart from any aesthetic considerations, there are technical matters, having to do with the very nature of canvas as a material, that tend to support the flat rectangle as the norm for paintings on canvas. (See Departing from the rectangular below.)
In the literature of art history and criticism, the term shaped canvas is particularly associated with certain works created mostly in New York after about 1960, during a period when a great variety and quantity of such works were produced. According to the commentary at a Rutgers University exhibition site, "... the first significant art historical attention paid to shaped canvases occurred in the 1960s...."
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Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Shaped canvas" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
