Sigmund Freud  

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Revision as of 11:40, 23 December 2014
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

← Previous diff
Revision as of 12:28, 20 October 2019
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

Next diff →
Line 1: Line 1:
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" | | style="text-align: left;" |
 +"[[Last night I dreamed about Freud. What does that mean?]]" --[[Stanisław Jerzy Lec]]
 +<hr>
"[[They don't realize that we are bringing them the plague ]]" "[[They don't realize that we are bringing them the plague ]]"
<hr> <hr>
-"Dismembered limbs, a severed head, a hand cut off at the wrist, feet which dance by themselves" [[The Uncanny (Freud)|[...]]]"+"Dismembered limbs, a severed head, a hand cut off at the wrist, feet which dance by themselves" [[The Uncanny (Freud)|[...]]]", Freud, "The Uncanny"
<hr> <hr>
-“Humanity has in the course of time had to endure from the hands of science two great outrages upon its naive self-love. The first was when it realized that our earth was not the center of the universe, but only a tiny speck in a world-system of a magnitude hardly conceivable; this is associated in our minds with the name of [[Copernicus]], although [[Alexandrian school|Alexandrian]] doctrines taught something very similar. The second was when biological research robbed man of his peculiar privilege of having been specially created, and relegated him to a descent from the animal world, implying an ineradicable animal nature in him: this transvaluation has been accomplished in our own time upon the instigation of [[Charles Darwin]], [[Alfred Russel Wallace|Wallace]], and their predecessors, and not without the most violent opposition from their contemporaries. But man's craving for grandiosity is now suffering the third and most bitter blow from present-day psychological research which is endeavoring to prove to the ego of each one of us that he is not even master in his own house, but that he must remain content with the veriest scraps of information about what is going on unconsciously in his own mind. We [[psycho-analyst]]s were neither the first nor the only ones to propose to mankind that they should look inward; but it appears to be our lot to advocate it most insistently and to support it by empirical evidence which touches every man closely.”--''[[Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]]''[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22The+second+was+when+biological+research+robbed%22&num=50&es_sm=93&biw=1366&bih=639&source=lnt&tbs=cdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F1900%2Ccd_max%3A12%2F31%2F1950&tbm=bks], tr. probably [[Joan Riviere]]+“[[Humanity]] has in the course of time had to endure from the hands of [[science]] two great outrages upon its naive self-love. The first was when it realized that our earth was not the center of the universe, but only a tiny speck in a world-system of a magnitude hardly conceivable; this is associated in our minds with the name of [[Nicolaus Copernicus |Copernicus]], although [[Alexandrian school|Alexandrian]] doctrines taught something very similar. The second was when biological research robbed man of his peculiar privilege of having been specially created, and relegated him to a descent from the animal world, implying an ineradicable [[animal nature]] in him.”--''[[Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis]]'' (1915-1917) by Freud[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22The+second+was+when+biological+research+robbed%22&num=50&es_sm=93&biw=1366&bih=639&source=lnt&tbs=cdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F1900%2Ccd_max%3A12%2F31%2F1950&tbm=bks], tr. probably [[Joan Riviere]]
|} |}
[[Image:What's on a Man's Mind.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[What's on a man's mind]]'' is an [[anonymous]] [[caricature]] of [[Sigmund Freud]] which summarizes his philosophy of the [[male libido]], as "man thinks about sex ''all'' the time." ]] [[Image:What's on a Man's Mind.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[What's on a man's mind]]'' is an [[anonymous]] [[caricature]] of [[Sigmund Freud]] which summarizes his philosophy of the [[male libido]], as "man thinks about sex ''all'' the time." ]]
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-'''Sigmund Freud''' (born '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud''') [[May 6]] [[1856]] &ndash; [[September 23]] [[1939]]; was an [[Austria]]n [[neurology|neurologist]] and [[psychiatrist]] who co-founded the [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic school]] of [[psychology]]. Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[Psychological repression|repression]]; his redefinition of [[sexual desire]] as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic techniques, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of [[dream]]s as sources of insight into unconscious desires.+'''Sigmund Freud''' (born '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud'''; May 6 1856 September 23 1939) was an [[Austria]]n [[neurology|neurologist]] and [[psychiatrist]] who co-founded the [[psychoanalysis|psychoanalytic school]] of [[psychology]]. Freud is best known for his theories of the [[unconscious mind]], especially involving the mechanism of [[Psychological repression|repression]]; his redefinition of [[sexual desire]] as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic techniques, especially his understanding of [[transference]] in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of [[dream]]s as sources of insight into unconscious desires.
He is commonly referred to as "[[List of people known as father or mother of something|the father of psychoanalysis]]" and his work has been highly influential-—popularizing such notions as the unconscious, [[defence mechanism|defense mechanism]]s, [[Freudian slips]], [[dream symbolism]] and other [[Freudian concept|concepts]] — while also making a long-lasting impact on fields as diverse as [[literature]] (Kafka), [[film]], [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[feminist]] theories, [[literary criticism]], [[philosophy]], and [[psychology]]. However, his theories remain controversial and widely disputed. Outside of psychoanalysis he is well-known for his essay on ''[[The Uncanny (Freud)|The Uncanny]]''. He is commonly referred to as "[[List of people known as father or mother of something|the father of psychoanalysis]]" and his work has been highly influential-—popularizing such notions as the unconscious, [[defence mechanism|defense mechanism]]s, [[Freudian slips]], [[dream symbolism]] and other [[Freudian concept|concepts]] — while also making a long-lasting impact on fields as diverse as [[literature]] (Kafka), [[film]], [[Marxism|Marxist]] and [[feminist]] theories, [[literary criticism]], [[philosophy]], and [[psychology]]. However, his theories remain controversial and widely disputed. Outside of psychoanalysis he is well-known for his essay on ''[[The Uncanny (Freud)|The Uncanny]]''.
Line 21: Line 23:
Freud also believed that the [[libido]] developed in individuals by changing its object, a process codified by the concept of [[sublimation (psychology)|sublimation]]. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development&mdash;first in the [[oral stage]] (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the [[anal stage]] (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the [[phallic stage]]. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the [[Oedipus Complex]]) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature. (The term '[[Electra complex]]' is sometimes used to refer to such a fixation on the father, although Freud did not advocate its use.) The repressive or dormant [[The Latency Phase (6-12 years of age)|latency stage]] of psychosexual development preceded the sexually mature [[genital stage]] of psychosexual development. Freud also believed that the [[libido]] developed in individuals by changing its object, a process codified by the concept of [[sublimation (psychology)|sublimation]]. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development&mdash;first in the [[oral stage]] (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the [[anal stage]] (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the [[phallic stage]]. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the [[Oedipus Complex]]) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature. (The term '[[Electra complex]]' is sometimes used to refer to such a fixation on the father, although Freud did not advocate its use.) The repressive or dormant [[The Latency Phase (6-12 years of age)|latency stage]] of psychosexual development preceded the sexually mature [[genital stage]] of psychosexual development.
-Freud's views have sometimes been called [[phallocentric]]. This is because, for Freud, the unconscious desires the phallus (penis). Males are afraid of losing their masculinity, symbolized by the phallus, to another male. Females always desire to have a phallus - an unfulfillable desire. Thus boys resent their fathers (fear of castration) and girls desire theirs.+Freud's views have sometimes been called [[phallocentric]]. This is because, for Freud, the unconscious desires the phallus (penis). Males are afraid of losing their masculinity, symbolized by the phallus, to another male. Females always desire to have a phallus - an unfulfillable desire. Thus boys [[resent]] their fathers (fear of castration) and girls desire theirs.
Line 54: Line 56:
* ''[[An Outline of Psycho-Analysis]]'' (''Abriß der Psychoanalyse'', 1940) * ''[[An Outline of Psycho-Analysis]]'' (''Abriß der Psychoanalyse'', 1940)
-==== Veröffentlichungen <small>(Auswahl)</small> ====+==== Bibliography ====
-* 1887 Studie ''[[Über Coca]]'' ([http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/data/lit29488 Digitalisat])+* 1884 [[Ueber Coca]]
-* 1893 ''Über den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene'' zusammen mit Breuer.+* 1885 [[Über die Allgemeinwirkung des Cocains]]
-* 1895 ''Entwurf einer Psychologie'' (Manuskript; gemeinsam mit Josef Breuer)+* 1885 [[Gutachten über das Parke Cocain]]
-* 1895 ''Studien über [[Hysterie]]''.+* 1885 [[Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Cocawirkung]]
-* 1896 ''Zur Ätiologie der Hysterie'' (Aufsatz; erste Verwendung des Begriffes „Psychoanalyse“)+* 1887 [[Bemerkungen über Cocainsucht und Cocainfurcht]]
-* 1900 ''Die Traumdeutung''+* 1891 [[Zur Auffassung der Aphasien]]
-* 1904 ''[[Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens]]''+* 1893 [[Über den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene (mit Josef Breuer)]]
-* 1905 ''[[Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie]]'' (vgl. dazu den Artikel [[Infantile Sexualität nach Freud]])+* 1895 [[Über die Berechtigung, von der Neurasthenie einen bestimmten Symptomenkomplex als "Angstneurose" abzutrennen]]
-* 1908 ''[[Die „kulturelle“ Sexualmoral und die moderne Nervosität.]]''+* 1894 [[Die Abwehr-Neuropsychosen. Versuch einer psychologischen Theorie.]]
-* 1910 ''Über Psychoanalyse''+* 1895 [[Entwurf einer Psychologie]]
-* 1910 ''Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci''+* 1895 [[Studien über Hysterie]] (mit Josef Breuer)
-* 1913 ''[[Totem und Tabu]]''+* 1896 [[Zur Ätiologie der Hysterie]]
-* 1914 ''Zur Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung''+* 1898 [[Die Sexualität in der Ätiologie der Neurosen]]
-* 1915 ''Zeitgemäßes über Krieg und Tod''+* 1899 [[Eine erfüllte Traumahnung]]
-* 1916 ''Trauer und Melancholie''+* 1899 [[Über Deckerinnerungen]]
-* 1917 ''Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse''+* 1900 [[Die Traumdeutung]]
-* 1919 ''[[Das Unheimliche]]'' +* 1901 [[Über den Traum]]
-* 1920 ''[[Jenseits des Lustprinzips]]'' ([http://www.archive.org/details/jenseitsdeslust00freugoog Digitalisat 2. Aufl.])+* 1904 [[Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens]]
-* 1921 ''[[Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse]]'' ([http://www.archive.org/details/massenpsycholog00freugoog Digitalisat])+* 1905 [[Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten]]
-* 1923 ''[[Das Ich und das Es]]''+* 1905 [[Bruchstück einer Hysterie-Analyse (Dora)]]
-* 1925 ''[[Selbstdarstellung]]''+* 1905 [[Psychopathische Personen auf der Bühne]]
-* 1927 ''[[Die Zukunft einer Illusion]]''+* 1905 [[Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie]]
-* 1930 ''[[Das Unbehagen in der Kultur]]''+* 1906 [[Meine Ansichten über die Rolle der Sexualität in der Ätiologie der Neurosen]]
-* 1933 ''Warum Krieg?'' (Briefwechsel mit Albert Einstein)+* 1907 [[Zwangshandlungen und Religionsübungen]]
-* 1933 ''Neue Folge der Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse''+* 1907 [[Der Wahn und die Träume in W. Jensens "Gradiva"]]
-* 1937 ''Die endliche und die unendliche Analyse''+* 1907 [[Zur sexuellen Aufklärung der Kinder]]
-* 1939 ''[[Der Mann Moses und die monotheistische Religion]]'' ([http://www.archive.org/details/DerMannMosesUndDieMonotheistischeReligion_520 Digitalisat])+* 1908 [[Charakter und Analerotik]]
 +* 1908 [[Über infantile Sexualtheorien]]
 +* 1908 [[Die „kulturelle“ Sexualmoral und die moderne Nervosität]]
 +* 1908 [[Der Dichter und das Phantasieren]]
 +* 1908 [[Hysterische Phantasien und ihre Beziehung zur Bisexualität]]
 +* 1909 [[Der Familienroman der Neurotiker]]
 +* 1909 [[Allgemeines über den Hysterischen Anfall]]
 +* 1909 [[Analyse der Phobie eines fünfjährigen Knaben (Kleiner Hans)]]
 +* 1909 [[Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose (Rattenmann)]]
 +* 1910 [[Über Psychoanalyse. Fünf Vorlesungen.]]
 +* 1910 [[Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci]]
 +* 1910 [[Über den Gegensinn der Urworte]]
 +* 1910 [[Die Zukünfitgen Chancen der psychoanalytischen Therapie]]
 +* 1910 [[Über "wilde" Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1910 [[Die psychogene Sehstörung in psychoanalytischer Auffassung ]]
 +* 1910 [[Über einen besonderen Typus der Objektwahl beim Manne]]
 +* 1911 [[Die Handhabung der Traumdeutung in der Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1911 [[Träume im Folkore (mit D.E. Oppenheim)]]
 +* 1911 [[Formulierungen über die zwei Prinzipien des psychischen Geschehens]]
 +* 1911 [[Psychoanalytische Bemerkungen über einen autobiographisch beschriebenen Fall von Paranoia (Dementia Paranoides)]]
 +* 1912 [[Über die allgemeinste Erniedrigung des Liebeslebens]]
 +* 1912 [[Ratschläge für den Arzt bei der psychoanalytischen Behandlung]]
 +* 1912 [[Über neurotische Erkrankungstypen]]
 +* 1912 [[Zur Dynamik der Übertragung]]
 +* 1912 [[Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff des Unbewussten in der Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1913 [[Totem und Tabu|Totem und Tabu: Einige Übereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden und der Neurotiker]]
 +* 1913 [[Ein Traum als Beweismittel]]
 +* 1913 [[Das Motiv der Kästchenwahl]]
 +* 1913 [[Zwei Kinderlügen]]
 +* 1913 [[Märchenstoffe in Träumen]]
 +* 1913 [[Zur Einleitung der Behandlung (Weitere Ratschläge zur Technik der Psychoanalyse 1)]]
 +* 1913 [[Die Disposition zur Zwangsneurose. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Neurosenwahl.]]
 +* 1914 [[Erinnern, Wiederholen, Durcharbeiten (Weitere Ratschläge zur Technik der Psychoanalyse 2)]]
 +* 1914 [[Zur Einführung des Narzißmus]]
 +* 1914 [[Der Moses des Michelangelo]]
 +* 1914 [[Zur Geschichte der psychoanalytischen Bewegung]]
 +* 1915 [[Bemerkung über die Übertragungsliebe (Weitere Ratschläge zur Technik der Psychoanalyse 3)]]
 +* 1915 [[Zeitgemäßes über Krieg und Tod]]
 +* 1915 [[Triebe und Triebschicksale]]
 +* 1915 [[Die Verdrängung]]
 +* 1915 [[Das Unbewusste]]
 +* 1915 [[Mitteilung eines der psychoanalytischen Theorie widersprechenden Falles von Paranoia]]
 +* 1915 [[Einige Charaktertypen aus der psychoanalytischen Arbeit]]
 +* 1916 [[Vergänglichkeit]]
 +* 1917 [[Eine Kindheitserinnerung aus "Dichtung und Wahrheit"]]
 +* 1917 [[Vorlesungen zu Einführung in die Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1917 [[Trauer und Melancholie]]
 +* 1917 [[Eine Schwierigkeit der Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1917 [[Über Triebumsetzungen, insbesondere der Analerotik]]
 +* 1917 [[Metapsychologische Ergänzung zur Traumlehre]]
 +* 1918 [[Aus der Geschichte einer infantilen Neurose (Wolfsmann)]]
 +* 1918 [[Das Taboo der Virginität]]
 +* 1918 [[Wege der psychoanalytischen Therapie]]
 +* 1918 [[Zur Psychoanalyse der Kriegsneurosen]]
 +* 1919 [["Ein Kind wird geschlagen". Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Entstehung sexueller Perversionen]]
 +* 1919 [[Das Unheimliche]]
 +* 1920 [[Über die Psychogenese eines Falles von weiblicher Homosexualität]]
 +* 1920 [[Jenseits des Lustprinzips]]
 +* 1921 [[Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse]]
 +* 1922 [[Das Medusenhaupt]]
 +* 1922 [[Traum und Telepathie]]
 +* 1922 [[Über einige neurotische Mechanismen bei Eifersucht, Paranoia und Homosexualität]]
 +* 1923 [[Das Ich und das Es]]
 +* 1923 [[Eine Teufelsneurose im siebzehnten Jahrhundert]]
 +* 1923 [[Die infantile Genitalorganisation]]
 +* 1924 [[Neurose und Psychose]]
 +* 1924 [[Der Realitätsverlust bei Neurose und Psychose]]
 +* 1924 [[Das ökonomische Problem des Masochismus]]
 +* 1924 [[Der Untergang des Ödipuskomplexes]]
 +* 1925 [[Die Widerstände gegen die Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1925 [[Notiz über den "Wunderblock"]]
 +* 1925 [[Selbstdarstellung]]
 +* 1925 [[Die Verneinung]]
 +* 1925 [[Einige psychischen Folgen des anatomischen Geschlechtsunterschieds]]
 +* 1926 [[Hemmung, Symptom und Angst]]
 +* 1926 [[Die Frage der Laieanalyse]]
 +* 1927 [[Die Zukunft einer Illusion]]
 +* 1927 [[Der Humor]]
 +* 1927 [[Fetischismus]]
 +* 1928 [[Dostojewski und die Vatertötung]]
 +* 1930 [[Das Unbehagen in der Kultur]]
 +* 1931 [[Über libidinöse Typen]]
 +* 1931 [[Über die weibliche Sexualität]]
 +* 1932 [[Zur Gewinnung des Feuers]]
 +* 1932 [[Meine Berührung mit Josef Popper-Lynkeus]]
 +* 1933 [[Neue Folge der Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1933 [[Warum Krieg? (mit Albert Einstein)]]
 +* 1936 [[Erinnerungsstörung auf der Akropolis]]
 +* 1937 [[Die endliche und die unendliche Analyse]]
 +* 1937 [[Konstruktionen in der Analyse]]
 +* 1938 [[Abriß der Psychoanalyse]]
 +* 1938 [[Die Ichspaltung im Abwehrvorgang]]
 +* 1939 [[Der Mann Moses und die monotheistische Religion]]
== See also == == See also ==
Line 97: Line 191:
* [[Psychosexual development]] * [[Psychosexual development]]
* [[Signorelli parapraxis]] * [[Signorelli parapraxis]]
- +*[[Sigmund Freud bibliography]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}
[[Category:Canon]] [[Category:Canon]]

Revision as of 12:28, 20 October 2019

"Last night I dreamed about Freud. What does that mean?" --Stanisław Jerzy Lec


"They don't realize that we are bringing them the plague "


"Dismembered limbs, a severed head, a hand cut off at the wrist, feet which dance by themselves" [...]", Freud, "The Uncanny"


Humanity has in the course of time had to endure from the hands of science two great outrages upon its naive self-love. The first was when it realized that our earth was not the center of the universe, but only a tiny speck in a world-system of a magnitude hardly conceivable; this is associated in our minds with the name of Copernicus, although Alexandrian doctrines taught something very similar. The second was when biological research robbed man of his peculiar privilege of having been specially created, and relegated him to a descent from the animal world, implying an ineradicable animal nature in him.”--Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1915-1917) by Freud[1], tr. probably Joan Riviere

Image:What's on a Man's Mind.jpg
What's on a man's mind is an anonymous caricature of Sigmund Freud which summarizes his philosophy of the male libido, as "man thinks about sex all the time."

Related e

Wikipedia
Wiktionary
Shop


Featured:

Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; May 6 1856 – September 23 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who co-founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind, especially involving the mechanism of repression; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic techniques, especially his understanding of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires.

He is commonly referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis" and his work has been highly influential-—popularizing such notions as the unconscious, defense mechanisms, Freudian slips, dream symbolism and other concepts — while also making a long-lasting impact on fields as diverse as literature (Kafka), film, Marxist and feminist theories, literary criticism, philosophy, and psychology. However, his theories remain controversial and widely disputed. Outside of psychoanalysis he is well-known for his essay on The Uncanny.

Contents

Psychosexual development

psychosexual development

Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and thus turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. "I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood," Freud said. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification (cf. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality). He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire incest and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. He also turned to anthropological studies of totemism and argued that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict.

Freud originally posited childhood sexual abuse as a general explanation for the origin of neuroses, but he abandoned this so-called "seduction theory" as insufficiently explanatory. He noted finding many cases in which apparent memories of childhood sexual abuse were based more on imagination than on real events. During the late 1890s Freud, who never abandoned his belief in the sexual etiology of neuroses, began to emphasize fantasies built around the Oedipus complex as the primary cause of hysteria and other neurotic symptoms. Despite this change in his explanatory model, Freud always recognized that some neurotics had in fact been sexually abused by their fathers. He explicitly discussed several patients whom he knew to have been abused.

Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process codified by the concept of sublimation. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development—first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the Oedipus Complex) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature. (The term 'Electra complex' is sometimes used to refer to such a fixation on the father, although Freud did not advocate its use.) The repressive or dormant latency stage of psychosexual development preceded the sexually mature genital stage of psychosexual development.

Freud's views have sometimes been called phallocentric. This is because, for Freud, the unconscious desires the phallus (penis). Males are afraid of losing their masculinity, symbolized by the phallus, to another male. Females always desire to have a phallus - an unfulfillable desire. Thus boys resent their fathers (fear of castration) and girls desire theirs.


Major works by Freud

Freud bibliography

Bibliography

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Sigmund Freud" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

Personal tools