Tax  

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-''[[The Jews, the World and Money, an Economic History of the Jewish People]]'' (2002) is a book by [[Jacques Attali]]. It is an [[economic history]] of the [[Jewish people]].+A '''tax''' (from the Latin ''[[taxo]]''; "rate") is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or [[Legal person|legal entity]]) by a [[State (polity)|state]] or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay, or evasion of or resistance to collection, is punishable by law. Taxes are also imposed by many [[administrative division]]s. Taxes consist of [[direct tax|direct]] or [[indirect tax]]es and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent.
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-From the [[usury]] article:+
- +
-As the Jews were [[ostracized]] from most professions by local rulers, the church and the [[guild]]s, they were pushed into marginal occupations considered socially inferior, such as [[tax]] and [[renting|rent]] collecting and moneylending. Natural tensions between creditors and debtors were added to social, political, religious, and economic strains. +
- +
-:...financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to non-Jews, the unpopularity — and so, of course, the pressure — would increase. Thus the Jews became an element in a vicious circle. The Christians, on the basis of the Biblical rulings, condemned interest-taking absolutely, and from 1179 those who practiced it were [[excommunication|excommunicated]]. Catholic autocrats frequently imposed the harshest financial burdens on the Jews. The Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favor, and became identified with the hated trade of moneylending. (Johnson, p. 174.)+
- +
-Peasants were forced to pay their taxes to Jews who were economically coerced into becoming the "front men" for the lords. The Jews would then be identified as the people taking their earnings. Meanwhile the peasants would remain loyal to the lords. +
 +== See also ==
 +* [[12 month rule]]
 +* [[Confiscation]]
 +* [[Ecotax ]]
 +* [[Government budget balance]]
 +* [[International taxation]]
 +* [[Google tax]]
 +* [[Model audit]]
 +* [[Pigovian taxes]]
 +* [[Price floor]]
 +* [[Revolutionary tax]]
 +* [[Tax competition]]
 +* [[Tax exporting]]
 +* [[Tax haven]]
 +* [[Tax resistance]]
 +* [[Tax shelter]]
 +* [[Taxpayer receipt]]
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A tax (from the Latin taxo; "rate") is a financial charge or other levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay, or evasion of or resistance to collection, is punishable by law. Taxes are also imposed by many administrative divisions. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent.

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Tax" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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