Théophile Gautier  

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Revision as of 21:45, 13 May 2011
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

← Previous diff
Revision as of 22:06, 21 August 2019
Jahsonic (Talk | contribs)

Next diff →
Line 1: Line 1:
 +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +"[[everything useful is ugly]]" --[[Théophile Gautier]]
 +|}
{{Template}} {{Template}}
'''Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier''' (August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a [[French writer]] best known today for his novel ''[[Mademoiselle de Maupin (novel)|Mademoiselle de Maupin]]'' (1835), the novella ''[[La Morte amoureuse]]'' (1836) and his [[Théophile Gautier's preface to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal|preface]] to the 1868 edition of [[Baudelaire]]'s ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''. '''Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier''' (August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a [[French writer]] best known today for his novel ''[[Mademoiselle de Maupin (novel)|Mademoiselle de Maupin]]'' (1835), the novella ''[[La Morte amoureuse]]'' (1836) and his [[Théophile Gautier's preface to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal|preface]] to the 1868 edition of [[Baudelaire]]'s ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.
Line 4: Line 8:
While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as [[Parnassian poets|Parnassianism]], [[Symbolism]], [[decadent movement|Decadence]] and [[Modernism]]. He was widely esteemed by writers as diverse as [[Baudelaire]], the [[Goncourt brothers]], [[Flaubert]] and [[Oscar Wilde]]. While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as [[Parnassian poets|Parnassianism]], [[Symbolism]], [[decadent movement|Decadence]] and [[Modernism]]. He was widely esteemed by writers as diverse as [[Baudelaire]], the [[Goncourt brothers]], [[Flaubert]] and [[Oscar Wilde]].
-He is said to have coined the phrase [[art for art's sake]] (famously saying that "[[everything useful is ugly]]"), was a member of the [[Bouzingo]], a defender of the nascent [[decadent movement]] ([[Théophile Gautier's preface to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal|the 1868 preface to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal]]) and a member of the [[Club des Hashischins]]. +He was a member of the [[Bouzingo]], a defender of the nascent [[decadent movement]] ([[Théophile Gautier's preface to the third edition of Les Fleurs du mal|the 1868 preface to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal]]), [[proselytizer]] of the [[art for art's sake]] doctrine (famously saying that "[[everything useful is ugly]]") and a member of the [[Club des Hashischins]].
==Life and times== ==Life and times==
Line 14: Line 18:
In the aftermath of the [[July Revolution|1830 Revolution]], Gautier’s family experienced hardship and were forced to move to the outskirts of [[Paris]]. Deciding to experiment with his own independence and freedom, Gautier chose to stay with friends in the Doyenné district of Paris, living a rather pleasant bohemian life. In the aftermath of the [[July Revolution|1830 Revolution]], Gautier’s family experienced hardship and were forced to move to the outskirts of [[Paris]]. Deciding to experiment with his own independence and freedom, Gautier chose to stay with friends in the Doyenné district of Paris, living a rather pleasant bohemian life.
-Towards the end of 1830, Gautier began to frequent meetings of ''[[Le Petit Cénacle]]'', a group of artists who met in the studio of Jehan Du Seigneur. The group was a more irresponsible version of Hugo’s ''Cénacle''. The group, which consisted of such artists as [[Gérard de Nerval]], [[Alexandre Dumas, père]], [[Petrus Borel]], Alphonse Brot, Joseph Bouchardy and Philothée O’Neddy. ''Le Petit Cénacle'' soon gained a reputation of extravagance and eccentricity, but also as a unique refuge from society.+Towards the end of 1830, Gautier began to frequent meetings of ''[[Le Petit Cénacle]]'', a group of artists who met in the studio of [[Jehan Du Seigneur]]. The group was a more irresponsible version of Hugo’s ''[[Cénacle]]''. The group, which consisted of such artists as [[Gérard de Nerval]], [[Alexandre Dumas, père]], [[Petrus Borel]], Alphonse Brot, Joseph Bouchardy and Philothée O’Neddy. ''Le Petit Cénacle'' soon gained a reputation of extravagance and eccentricity, but also as a unique refuge from society.
-Gautier began writing poetry as early as 1826 but the majority of his life was spent as a contributor to various journals, mainly for ''La Presse'', which also gave him the opportunity for foreign travel and meeting many influential contacts in high society and in the world of the arts. Throughout his life, Gautier was well-traveled, taking trips to [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Russia]], [[Egypt]] and [[Algeria]]. Gautier’s many travels inspired many of his writings including ''Voyage en Espagne'' (1843), ''Trésors d’Art de la Russie'' (1858), and ''Voyage en Russie'' (1867). Gautier's travel literature is considered by many as being some of the best from the nineteenth century, often written in a more personal style, it provides a window into Gautier's own tastes in art and culture. +Gautier began writing poetry as early as 1826 but the majority of his life was spent as a contributor to various journals, mainly for ''[[La Presse]]'', which also gave him the opportunity for foreign travel and meeting many influential contacts in high society and in the world of the arts. Throughout his life, Gautier was well-traveled, taking trips to [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Russia]], [[Egypt]] and [[Algeria]]. Gautier’s many travels inspired many of his writings including ''[[Voyage en Espagne]]'' (1843), ''Trésors d’Art de la Russie'' (1858), and ''Voyage en Russie'' (1867). Gautier's travel literature is considered by many as being some of the best from the nineteenth century, often written in a more personal style, it provides a window into Gautier's own tastes in art and culture.
Gautier was an a celebrated ''abandonee'' of the Romantic Ballet, writing several scenarios, the most famous of which is ''Giselle'', whose first interpreter, the ballerina [[Carlotta Grisi]], was the great love of his life. She could not return his affection, so he married her sister, the singer Ernestina. He was also a great lover of cats. Gautier was an a celebrated ''abandonee'' of the Romantic Ballet, writing several scenarios, the most famous of which is ''Giselle'', whose first interpreter, the ballerina [[Carlotta Grisi]], was the great love of his life. She could not return his affection, so he married her sister, the singer Ernestina. He was also a great lover of cats.
-Absorbed in his work after the 1848 Revolution, Gautier wrote almost one hundred articles, equivalent to four solid books, within nine months in 1848. Gautier experienced a prominent time in his life when the original romantics such as Hugo, [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], [[Alfred de Vigny]] and [[Alfred de Musset]] were no longer actively participating in the literary world. His prestige was confirmed by his role as director of ''Revue de Paris'' from 1851-1856. During this time, Gautier left ''La Presse'' and became a journalist for ''Le Moniteur universel'', finding the burden of regular journalism quite unbearable and "humiliating." Nevertheless, Gautier acquired the editorship of influential review ''L’Artiste'' in 1856. It is through this review that Gautier publicizes ''[[Art for art's sake]]'' doctrines through many editorials. +Absorbed in his work after the 1848 Revolution, Gautier wrote almost one hundred articles, equivalent to four solid books, within nine months in 1848. Gautier experienced a prominent time in his life when the original romantics such as Hugo, [[François-René de Chateaubriand]], [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], [[Alfred de Vigny]] and [[Alfred de Musset]] were no longer actively participating in the literary world. His prestige was confirmed by his role as director of ''[[Revue de Paris]]'' from 1851-1856. During this time, Gautier left ''[[La Presse]]'' and became a journalist for ''[[Le Moniteur universel]]'', finding the burden of regular journalism quite unbearable and "humiliating." Nevertheless, Gautier acquired the editorship of influential review ''[[L'Artiste]]'' in 1856. It is through this review that Gautier publicizes ''[[Art for art's sake]]'' doctrines through many editorials.
The 1860s were years of assured literary fame for Gautier. Although he was rejected by the [[French Academy]] three times (1867, 1868, 1869), [[Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve]], the most influential critic of the day, set the seal of approval on the poet by devoting no less than three major articles to a review of Gautier’s entire published work in 1863. In 1865, Gautier was admitted into the prestigious salon of Princess [[Mathilde Bonaparte]], cousin of [[Napoleon II]] and niece to [[Bonaparte]]. The Princess offered Gautier a sinecure as her librarian in 1868, a position which gave him access to the court of Napoleon III. The 1860s were years of assured literary fame for Gautier. Although he was rejected by the [[French Academy]] three times (1867, 1868, 1869), [[Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve]], the most influential critic of the day, set the seal of approval on the poet by devoting no less than three major articles to a review of Gautier’s entire published work in 1863. In 1865, Gautier was admitted into the prestigious salon of Princess [[Mathilde Bonaparte]], cousin of [[Napoleon II]] and niece to [[Bonaparte]]. The Princess offered Gautier a sinecure as her librarian in 1868, a position which gave him access to the court of Napoleon III.
Line 66: Line 70:
<blockquote> <blockquote>
-'''''Poésies (1830)'''''+'''''[[Poésies (Théophile Gautier)|Poésies (1830)]]'''''
''Poésies'', published in 1830, is a collection of forty-two poems that Gautier composed at the age of 18. However, as the publication took place during the [[July Revolution]], no copies were sold and it was eventually withdrawn. In 1832, the poems were reissued along with twenty new ones under the name Albertus. Another publication was released in 1845 that included revisions of some of the poems. The most significant aspect of these early poems is that they are written in a wide variety of verse forums. These poems show that Gautier attempts to imitate other more establish Romantic poets such as [[Sainte-Beuve]], [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], and Hugo, eventually finding his own way by becoming a critic of Romantic excesses. ''Poésies'', published in 1830, is a collection of forty-two poems that Gautier composed at the age of 18. However, as the publication took place during the [[July Revolution]], no copies were sold and it was eventually withdrawn. In 1832, the poems were reissued along with twenty new ones under the name Albertus. Another publication was released in 1845 that included revisions of some of the poems. The most significant aspect of these early poems is that they are written in a wide variety of verse forums. These poems show that Gautier attempts to imitate other more establish Romantic poets such as [[Sainte-Beuve]], [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], and Hugo, eventually finding his own way by becoming a critic of Romantic excesses.
</blockquote> </blockquote>
<blockquote> <blockquote>
-'''''Albertus (1831)'''''+'''''[[Albertus]] (1831)'''''
''Albertus'', published in 1832, is a long narrative poem of one hundred and twenty-two stanzas, each consisting of twelve lines of alexandrine (twelve-syllable) verse, except for the last line of each stanza, which is octosyllabic. ''Albertus'', published in 1832, is a long narrative poem of one hundred and twenty-two stanzas, each consisting of twelve lines of alexandrine (twelve-syllable) verse, except for the last line of each stanza, which is octosyllabic.
Line 78: Line 82:
<blockquote> <blockquote>
-'''''[[Les Jeunes-France]] (1833)'''''+'''''[[Les Jeunes-France: romans goguenards (Théophile Gautier) |Les Jeunes-France]] (1833)'''''
''Les Jeunes-France: romans goguenards'' (“The Jeunes-France: Tales Told with Tongue in Cheek), published in 1833, was a satire of Romanticism. In 1831, the newspaper ''Le Figaro'' featured a number of works by the young generation of Romantic artists and published them in the ''Jeunes-France''. ''Les Jeunes-France: romans goguenards'' (“The Jeunes-France: Tales Told with Tongue in Cheek), published in 1833, was a satire of Romanticism. In 1831, the newspaper ''Le Figaro'' featured a number of works by the young generation of Romantic artists and published them in the ''Jeunes-France''.
</blockquote> </blockquote>
Line 102: Line 106:
'''''Dernières Poésies (1872)''''' '''''Dernières Poésies (1872)'''''
''Dernières Poésies'' is a collection of poems that range from earlier pieces to unfinished fragments composed shortly before Gautier’s death. This collection is dominated by numerous sonnets dedicated to many of Gautier’s friends. ''Dernières Poésies'' is a collection of poems that range from earlier pieces to unfinished fragments composed shortly before Gautier’s death. This collection is dominated by numerous sonnets dedicated to many of Gautier’s friends.
 +</blockquote>
 +
 +<blockquote>
 +'''''[[Poésies libertines]]'''''[http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Po%C3%A9sies_libertines] is a collection of [[erotic poetry]], published in [[1873]].
</blockquote> </blockquote>
Line 108: Line 116:
Between the years 1839 and 1850, Gautier wrote all or part of nine different plays: Between the years 1839 and 1850, Gautier wrote all or part of nine different plays:
-* '''''Un Voyage en Espagne''''' (1843)+* '''''[[Un Voyage en Espagne]]''''' (1843)
* '''''La Juive de Constantine''''' (1846) — text unavailable * '''''La Juive de Constantine''''' (1846) — text unavailable
* '''''Regardez mais ne touchez pas''''' (1847) — written less by Gautier than his collaborators * '''''Regardez mais ne touchez pas''''' (1847) — written less by Gautier than his collaborators
Line 154: Line 162:
'''''La Morte amoureuse''''' (1836) '''''La Morte amoureuse''''' (1836)
:See ''[[La Morte amoureuse]]'' :See ''[[La Morte amoureuse]]''
 +
 +===Correspondence===
 +''[[Lettres à la Présidente]]'' (1890)
 +== Œuvres ==
 +
 +* [[1831 en littérature|1831]] : ''La Cafetière'' (nouvelle)
 +* [[1832 en littérature|1832]] : ''Albertus'', ''Laquelle des deux, histoire perplexe'', '' Nid de rossignols''.
 +* [[1833 en littérature|1833]] : ''Les Jeunes-France''.
 +* [[1835 en littérature|1835]] : ''[[Mademoiselle de Maupin (roman)|Mademoiselle de Maupin]]''.
 +* [[1836 en littérature|1836]] : ''[[La Morte amoureuse]]''.
 +* [[1837 en littérature|1837]] : ''[[La Chaîne d'or]]'' (nouvelle), ''[[Fortunio (Gautier)|Fortunio]]''.
 +* [[1838 en littérature|1838]] : ''La Comédie de la Mort et poésies diverses'', ''Une nuit de Cléopâtre'' (nouvelle).
 +* [[1839 en littérature|1839]] : ''Une Larme du Diable'', ''Le Tricorne Enchanté'' et ''Pierrot Posthume'', '' [[La toison d'or]]''.
 +* [[1840 en littérature|1840]] : ''Tra los montes''.
 +* [[1841 en littérature|1841]] : ''[[Giselle, ou les Wilis]]'' (ballet).
 +* [[1843 en littérature|1843]] : ''[[Le Voyage en Espagne]]'', ''[[La Péri (Burgmüller)|La Péri]]'' (ballet).
 +* [[1845 en littérature|1845]] : ''España'', '' L'Oreiller d'une jeune fille''.
 +* [[1846 en littérature|1846]] : '' Les Roués innocents'', '' Le Pavillon sur l'eau''.
 +* [[1847 en littérature|1847]] : '' Militona''.
 +* [[1851 en littérature|1851]] : ''[[Pâquerette (ballet)|Pâquerette]]'' (ballet).
 +* [[1852 en littérature|1852]] : ''[[Émaux et Camées]]'' (poèmes parnassiens).
 +* [[1858 en littérature|1858]] : ''[[Le Roman de la momie]]'', roman historique, texte intégral, Librio, {{ISBN|978-2-07-030627-5}}.
 +* [[1859 en littérature|1859]] : ''[[Honoré de Balzac]]'' (biographie).
 +* [[1863 en littérature|1863]] : ''[[Le Capitaine Fracasse]]'', roman historique.
 +* [[1866 en littérature|1866]] : ''Voyage en Russie''.
 +* [[1868 en littérature|1868]] : ''Rapport sur les progrès de la poésie'' [[s:Rapport sur les progrès de la poésie|Texte sur wikisource]].
 +* [[1869 en littérature|1869]] : ''Ménagerie intime''.
 +* [[1870 en littérature|1870]] : ''La Nature chez elle''.
 +* 1880 :'' Tableaux à la plume''.
 +* 1903 : ''Souvenirs de théâtre, d'art et de critique'', [[Éditions Fasquelle|Eugène Fasquelle]]. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k204313w.image.r=Willis.f1.langFR Texte sur Gallica]
 +* 1911 : ''La Musique'', coll. « [[Gervais Charpentier#Naissance de la collection moderne|Bibliothèque-Charpentier]] », Eugène Fasquelle ; recueil d'articles publiés à l'occasion de représentations d'œuvres de [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]] (1866), [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] (1849-1852), [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] (1864), [[Gaspare Spontini|Spontini]] (1854), [[Étienne Nicolas Méhul|Méhul]] (1851), [[Giacomo Meyerbeer|Meyerbeer]] (1854), [[Jacques Fromental Halévy|Halévy]] (1852), [[Daniel-François-Esprit Auber|Auber]] (1850 et 1851), [[Adolphe Adam]] (1849, 1850 et 1853), [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]] (1852), [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]] (1854), [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]] (1839-1854-1869 et 1870), [[Félicien David]] (1848 et 1851), [[Charles Gounod|Gounod]] (1854), [[Ambroise Thomas]] (1850 et 1853), [[François Bazin]] (1849), [[Victor Massé]] (1853), [[Louis Niedermeyer|Niedermeyer]] (1844 et 1853), [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] (1849) et [[Richard Wagner]] (1857 et 1869).
 +
 +=== Poésie ===
 +* ''Poésies'' (1830), son premier livre, refondu dans le volume ''Albertus ou L'Ame et le pêché'' (1833).
 +* ''La Comédie de la mort'' (1838).
 +* ''Espagna'', qui paraît dans le volume des ''Poésies complètes'' de 1845.
 +* ''Émaux et camées'' (1852), qui reparaît, à chaque fois augmenté, en 1853, 1858, 1863 et, enfin, en 1872 dans une édition définitive.
 +
 +Les poésies complètes de Gautier, hormis ''Émaux et camées'', sont parues en 1875-1876. Les poésies de circonstance et les poésies « légères » ont paru à part dans le volume ''Poésies de Théophile Gautier qui ne figureront pas dans ses œuvres'' (1873).
 +
 +=== Ballet et théâtre ===
 +
 +Théophile Gautier est l'auteur de certains des plus célèbres ballets du répertoire. Par contre, son théâtre est une partie mineure de son œuvre.
 +
 +* ''Une larme du diable'', mystère (1839).
 +* ''Giselle, ou Les Wilis'', ballet (1841) ; <small>[[s:Giselle|texte sur wikisource]]</small>
 +* ''Un voyage en Espagne'', vaudeville (1843).
 +* ''La Péri'', ballet (1845) ; <small>[[s:La Péri (Gautier)| argument sur wikisource]]</small>
 +* ''Le tricorne enchanté'' (1845).
 +* ''La Juive de Constantine'' (1846).
 +* ''Regardez mais ne touchez pas'' (1847).
 +* ''Le Selam'' (1850).
 +* ''Paquerette'', ballet (1851).
 +* ''Gemma'', ballet (1854) ; <small>[[s:Gemma|livret sur wikisource]]</small>
 +* ''Sacountala'', ballet (1858).
 +* ''La Femme de Diomède'' (1860).
 +
 +Deux recueils sont parus en 1855 (''Théâtre de poche'') et 1872 (''Théâtre. Mystères, comédies et ballets''), mais ils ne sont pas complets. Un théâtre complet de Gautier a été édité il y a peu, certaines pièces ayant donc attendu un siècle et demi avant d'être rééditées.
 +
 +=== Récits de voyages ===
 +
 +* ''Tra los montes'', devenu ''[[Le Voyage en Espagne]]'' (1843).
 +* ''Zigzags'' (1845), devenu, augmenté, ''Caprices et zigzags'' (1852).
 +* ''Italia'' (1852), plus ou moins inachevé.
 +* ''Constantinople'' (1853).
 +* ''Quand on voyage'' (1865), recueil d'articles.
 +* ''Loin de Paris'' (1865), recueil d'articles.
 +* ''Voyage en Russie'' (1867).
 +* ''L'Orient'' (1877), posthume.
 +* ''Les Vacances du lundi'' (1884), recueil d'articles, posthume.
 +
 +=== Critique d'art, critique littéraire ===
 +
 +* ''Les Grotesques'' (1843).
 +* ''Salon de 1847''.
 +* ''Les Beaux-Arts en Europe'' (1855).
 +* ''L'Art moderne'' (1856).
 +* ''Histoire de l'art dramatique en France depuis vingt-cinq ans'' (1858).
 +* ''Honoré de Balzac'' (1858).
 +* ''Abécédaire du salon de 1861''.
 +* ''Rapport sur le progrès des Lettres'' (1868).
 +* ''[[Histoire du Romantisme]]'', sa dernière œuvre, inachevée (1874).
 +* ''[[Portraits contemporains]]'' (1874), posthume.
 +* ''[[Portraits et souvenirs littéraires]]'' (1875), posthume.
 +* ''Le Musée du Louvre'', préface de Marie-Hélène Girard, coéd. Musée du Louvre et Citadelles (Mazenod), Paris, 2011, {{ISBN|978-2-8508-8343-9}}, posthume.
 +Gautier a, en outre, préfacé de nombreuses œuvres littéraires, parmi lesquelles ''Le Rêve et la vie'' de Nerval (en 1855) et la troisième édition des ''Fleurs du mal'' (1868) de Baudelaire. [Mention de deuxième édition (1869) sur la couverture et la page de titre, mais c'est bien de ''1868 '' qu'il faut dater cette édition].
 +
 +=== Principales œuvres diverses ===
 +
 +* ''De la Mode'' (1858).
 +* ''Les Vosges'' (1860).
 +* ''Dessins de Victor Hugo'' (1863).
 +* ''Ménagerie intime'' (1869).
 +* ''La nature chez elle'' (1870).
 +* ''Tableaux de siège'' (1871).
 +
 +=== Contes et nouvelles ===
 +
 +Gautier a écrit une trentaine de contes et nouvelles, pour la plupart de nature fantastique.
 +
 +Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues dans ''Les Jeunes-France'' en 1833 :
 +* ''Sous la table''
 +* [[1832 en littérature|1832]] : ''[[Onuphrius ou les Vexations fantastiques d'un admirateur d'Hoffmann]]''
 +* ''Daniel Jovard''
 +* ''Celle-ci et celle-là''
 +* ''Elias Wilmanstadius''
 +* ''Le bol de punch''
 +
 +Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues dans ''Une Larme du diable'' en 1839 :
 +* ''[[La Chaîne d'or|La Chaîne d'or ou L'Amant partagé]]''
 +* ''[[Omphale (nouvelle)|Omphale. Histoire rococo]]''
 +* ''Le Petit Chien de la marquise''
 +* ''Le Nid de rossignols''
 +* ''[[La Morte amoureuse]]''
 +* ''Une Nuit de Cléopâtre''
 +
 +Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues pour la première fois dans le recueil ''Nouvelles'' en 1845 :
 +* ''[[La Toison d'or]]''
 +* ''[[Le Roi Candaule]]''
 +
 +Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues pour la première fois dans ''La Peau de tigre'' en 1852 :
 +* ''La Mille et deuxième nuit''
 +* ''Le Pavillon sur l'eau''
 +* ''Deux acteurs pour un rôle''
 +* ''L'Oreiller d'une jeune fille''
 +* ''Le Berger''
 +* ''Le Pied de momie''
 +* ''Angela'', autre titre pour ''La Cafetière''
 +* ''La maison de mon oncle'', autre titre pour ''L'âme de la maison''
 +* ''L'Enfant aux souliers de pain''
 +* ''La Pipe d'opium''
 +
 +Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues dans le recueil ''Romans et contes'' de 1863 :
 +* ''Le Chevalier double''
 +* ''Le Club des haschichins''
 +
 +Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues pour la première fois dans une seconde édition de ''La Peau de tigre'' en 1866 :
 +* ''Une Visite nocturne''
 +* ''La Fausse conversion''
 +* ''Feuillets de l'album d'un jeune rapin''
 +
 +Une dernière nouvelle est parue à titre posthume en 1881 :
 +* ''Mademoiselle Dafné''
 +
 +=== Romans ===
 +
 +Gautier a écrit douze romans, tous publiés de son vivant :
 +
 +* ''Mademoiselle de Maupin. Double amour'' (1835).
 +* ''L'Eldorado'', devenu, très vite, ''Fortunio'' (1837-1838).
 +* ''Militona'' (1847).
 +* ''Les Roués innocents'' (1847).
 +* ''Jean et Jeannette'' (1848).
 +* ''Les Deux étoiles'' (1848), devenu ''[[Partie carrée (Théophile Gautier)|Partie carrée]]'' (1851), et, enfin, ''La Belle Jenny'' (1865).
 +* ''Arria Marcella, souvenir de Pompéi'' (1852), en réalité une longue nouvelle.
 +* ''[[Avatar (short story)|Avatar]]'' (1857).
 +* ''Jettatura'' (1857).
 +* ''[[Le Roman de la momie]]'' (1858).
 +* ''[[Le Capitaine Fracasse]]'' (1863).
 +* ''Spirite'' (1866).
 +
 +En outre, Th. Gautier est l'un des quatre auteurs du roman par lettres ''La Croix de Berny'' (1845).
 +
 +=== Curiosa (érotique) ===
 +
 +* ''[[Lettre à la Présidente]]'' (1850, publié en 1890)
==In fiction== ==In fiction==
-Two poems from "Emaux et camées" -- "Sur les lagunes" and the second of two titled "Etudes de Mains" -- are featured in Oscar Wilde's ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]''. Dorian reads them out of the book shortly after Basil Halward's murder.+Two poems from "[[Emaux et camées]]" -- "Sur les lagunes" and the second of two titled "[[Etudes de Mains]]" -- are featured in Oscar Wilde's ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]''. Dorian reads them out of the book shortly after Basil Halward's murder.
In the [[steampunk]] 1990 novel ''[[The Difference Engine]]'' by [[William Gibson (novelist)|William Gibson]] and [[Bruce Sterling]], Gautier is a [[clackers (disambiguation)|clacker]], a "hacker" of steam-powered computers capable of forging identities and sabotaging the Imperial Engines. In the [[steampunk]] 1990 novel ''[[The Difference Engine]]'' by [[William Gibson (novelist)|William Gibson]] and [[Bruce Sterling]], Gautier is a [[clackers (disambiguation)|clacker]], a "hacker" of steam-powered computers capable of forging identities and sabotaging the Imperial Engines.
Line 173: Line 347:
* '''1839''': ''Une Larme du diable'' * '''1839''': ''Une Larme du diable''
* '''1841''': Premiere of the ballet, "Giselle" * '''1841''': Premiere of the ballet, "Giselle"
-* '''1843''': ''Voyage en Espagne'' | Premiere of ballet, "La Péri"+* '''1843''': ''[[Voyage en Espagne]]'' | Premiere of ballet, "La Péri"
* '''1845''': ''Poésies''(complete) | First performance of comedy "Le Tricorne enchanté" * '''1845''': ''Poésies''(complete) | First performance of comedy "Le Tricorne enchanté"
* '''1847''': First performance of comedy "Pierrot posthume" * '''1847''': First performance of comedy "Pierrot posthume"
Line 196: Line 370:
*Richardson, Joanna. ''Théophile Gautier: His Life and Times''. Max Reinhardt: London, 1958. *Richardson, Joanna. ''Théophile Gautier: His Life and Times''. Max Reinhardt: London, 1958.
*Tennant, Phillip Ernest. ''Théophile Gautier''. The Athalone Press: London, 1975. ISBN 0485122049. *Tennant, Phillip Ernest. ''Théophile Gautier''. The Athalone Press: London, 1975. ISBN 0485122049.
 +==See also==
 +*[[Théophile Gautier (Little French Masterpieces)]]
 +*[[Gautier on drugs]]
{{GFDL}} {{GFDL}}

Revision as of 22:06, 21 August 2019

"everything useful is ugly" --Théophile Gautier

Related e

Wikipedia
Wiktionary
Shop


Featured:

Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier (August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a French writer best known today for his novel Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835), the novella La Morte amoureuse (1836) and his preface to the 1868 edition of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal.

While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and remains a point of reference for many subsequent literary traditions such as Parnassianism, Symbolism, Decadence and Modernism. He was widely esteemed by writers as diverse as Baudelaire, the Goncourt brothers, Flaubert and Oscar Wilde.

He was a member of the Bouzingo, a defender of the nascent decadent movement (the 1868 preface to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal), proselytizer of the art for art's sake doctrine (famously saying that "everything useful is ugly") and a member of the Club des Hashischins.

Contents

Life and times

Théophile Gautier was born on 30 August 1811 in Tarbes, capital of Hautes-Pyrénées département in southwestern France. His father, Pierre Gautier, was a fairly cultured minor government official and his mother was Antoinette-Adelaïde Concarde. The family moved to Paris in 1814, taking residence in the ancient Marais district.

Gautier’s education commenced at the prestigious Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris (alumni include Charles Baudelaire and Voltaire) where he attended for three months before being brought home due to illness. Although he completed the remainder of his education at Collège Charlemagne (alumni include Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve), Gautier’s most significant instruction came from his father, which prompted him to become a Latin scholar by age 18. While at school, Gautier befriended Gérard de Nerval and the two became lifelong friends. It is through Nerval that Gautier is introduced to Victor Hugo, a well-known, established leading dramatist and author of Hernani. Hugo became a major influence and is credited for giving Gautier, an aspiring painter at the time, an appetite for literature. It is at the legendary Hernani premiere that Gautier is remembered for wearing his infamous red vest.

In the aftermath of the 1830 Revolution, Gautier’s family experienced hardship and were forced to move to the outskirts of Paris. Deciding to experiment with his own independence and freedom, Gautier chose to stay with friends in the Doyenné district of Paris, living a rather pleasant bohemian life.

Towards the end of 1830, Gautier began to frequent meetings of Le Petit Cénacle, a group of artists who met in the studio of Jehan Du Seigneur. The group was a more irresponsible version of Hugo’s Cénacle. The group, which consisted of such artists as Gérard de Nerval, Alexandre Dumas, père, Petrus Borel, Alphonse Brot, Joseph Bouchardy and Philothée O’Neddy. Le Petit Cénacle soon gained a reputation of extravagance and eccentricity, but also as a unique refuge from society.

Gautier began writing poetry as early as 1826 but the majority of his life was spent as a contributor to various journals, mainly for La Presse, which also gave him the opportunity for foreign travel and meeting many influential contacts in high society and in the world of the arts. Throughout his life, Gautier was well-traveled, taking trips to Spain, Italy, Russia, Egypt and Algeria. Gautier’s many travels inspired many of his writings including Voyage en Espagne (1843), Trésors d’Art de la Russie (1858), and Voyage en Russie (1867). Gautier's travel literature is considered by many as being some of the best from the nineteenth century, often written in a more personal style, it provides a window into Gautier's own tastes in art and culture.

Gautier was an a celebrated abandonee of the Romantic Ballet, writing several scenarios, the most famous of which is Giselle, whose first interpreter, the ballerina Carlotta Grisi, was the great love of his life. She could not return his affection, so he married her sister, the singer Ernestina. He was also a great lover of cats.

Absorbed in his work after the 1848 Revolution, Gautier wrote almost one hundred articles, equivalent to four solid books, within nine months in 1848. Gautier experienced a prominent time in his life when the original romantics such as Hugo, François-René de Chateaubriand, Alphonse de Lamartine, Alfred de Vigny and Alfred de Musset were no longer actively participating in the literary world. His prestige was confirmed by his role as director of Revue de Paris from 1851-1856. During this time, Gautier left La Presse and became a journalist for Le Moniteur universel, finding the burden of regular journalism quite unbearable and "humiliating." Nevertheless, Gautier acquired the editorship of influential review L'Artiste in 1856. It is through this review that Gautier publicizes Art for art's sake doctrines through many editorials.

The 1860s were years of assured literary fame for Gautier. Although he was rejected by the French Academy three times (1867, 1868, 1869), Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve, the most influential critic of the day, set the seal of approval on the poet by devoting no less than three major articles to a review of Gautier’s entire published work in 1863. In 1865, Gautier was admitted into the prestigious salon of Princess Mathilde Bonaparte, cousin of Napoleon II and niece to Bonaparte. The Princess offered Gautier a sinecure as her librarian in 1868, a position which gave him access to the court of Napoleon III.

President of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts

Elected in 1862 chairman of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, he is surrounded by a committee composed with the most notorious painters : Eugène Delacroix, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Édouard Manet, Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse and Gustave Doré.

Franco-Prussian war

During the Franco-Prussian war, Gautier made his way back to Paris upon hearing of the Prussian advance on the capital. He remained with his family throughout the invasion and the aftermath of the Commune, eventually dying on October 23, 1872 due to a long-standing cardiac disease. Gautier was sixty-two years old. He was interred at the Cimetière de Montmartre in Paris.

Influences

Early in Gautier’s life, he befriended Gérard de Nerval, who influenced him greatly in his earlier poetry and also through which he was introduced to Victor Hugo. He shared in Hugo’s dissatisfaction with the theatrical outputs of the time and the use of the word “tragedy.” Gautier admired Honoré de Balzac for his contributions to the development of French Literature.

As Gautier started off as a painter before he was a writer, he found many artists to be influential in his view of art itself. Painters such as the French artist, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, who chose only to paint when inspired, and Spanish painters such as Murillo, Velasquez and Ribera.

Gautier was influenced greatly by his friends as well, paying tribute to them in his writings. In fact, he dedicated his collection of Dernières Poésies to his many friends, including Hérbert, Madame de la Grangerie, Maxime Du Camp and of course, Princess Mathilde Bonaparte.

Criticism

Gautier spent the majority of his career as a journalist at La Presse and later on at Le Moniteur universel. He saw journalistic criticism as a means to a middle-class standard of living. The income was adequate and he had ample opportunities to travel. Gautier began contributing art criticisms to obscure journals as early as 1831. It was not until 1836 that he experienced a jump in his career when he was hired by Emile de Girardin as an art and theatre columnist for La Presse. During his time at La Presse, however, Gautier also contributed nearly 70 articles to Le Figaro. After leaving La Presse to work for Le Moniteur universel, the official newspaper of the Second Empire, Gautier wrote both to inform the public and to influences its choices. His role at the newspaper was equivalent to the modern book or theatre reviewer.

Gautier’s literary criticism was more reflective in nature, criticism which had no immediate commercial function but simply appealed to his own taste and interests. Later in his life, he wrote extensive monographs on such giants as Gérard de Nerval, Balzac, and Baudelaire, who were also his friends.

Art Criticism Gautier, who started off as a painter, did not contribute much to the world of art criticism. Instead of taking on the classical criticism of art that involved knowledge of color, composition and line, Gautier was strongly influenced by Denis Diderot’s idea that the critic should have the ability to describe the art so as the reader can “see” the art through his description. Many other critics of the generation of 1830 took on this theory of the transposition of art – the belief that one can express one art medium in terms of another. Although today Gautier is less well known as an art critic than his great contemporary, Baudelaire, he was more highly regarded by the painters of his time. In 1862? he was elected chairman of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts (National Society of Fine Arts) with a board which included Eugène Delacroix, Edouard Manet, Gustave Doré and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. .
Literary Criticism Gautier’s literary criticism was more reflective in nature; his literary analysis was free from the pressure of his art and theatre columns and therefore, he was able to express his ideas without restriction. He made a clear distinction between prose and poetry, stating that prose should never be considered the equal of poetry. The bulk of Gautier’s criticism, however, was journalistic. He raised the level of journalistic criticism of his day.
Theatre Criticism The majority of Gautier’s career was spent writing a weekly column of theatrical criticism. Because Gautier wrote so frequently on plays, he began to consider the nature of the plays and developed the criteria by which they should be judged. He suggested that the normal five acts of a play could be reduced to three: an exposition, a complication, and a dénouement. Having abandoned the idea that tragedy is the superior genre, Gautier was willing to accept comedy as the equal of tragedy. Taking it a step further, he suggested that the nature of the theatrical effect should be in favour of creating fantasy rather than portraying reality because realistic theatre was undesirable.

Works

In much of Gautier's works, the subject is less important than the pleasure of telling the story. He favored a provocative yet refined style.

Early poetry

Poésies (1830) Poésies, published in 1830, is a collection of forty-two poems that Gautier composed at the age of 18. However, as the publication took place during the July Revolution, no copies were sold and it was eventually withdrawn. In 1832, the poems were reissued along with twenty new ones under the name Albertus. Another publication was released in 1845 that included revisions of some of the poems. The most significant aspect of these early poems is that they are written in a wide variety of verse forums. These poems show that Gautier attempts to imitate other more establish Romantic poets such as Sainte-Beuve, Alphonse de Lamartine, and Hugo, eventually finding his own way by becoming a critic of Romantic excesses.
Albertus (1831) Albertus, published in 1832, is a long narrative poem of one hundred and twenty-two stanzas, each consisting of twelve lines of alexandrine (twelve-syllable) verse, except for the last line of each stanza, which is octosyllabic. Albertus is a parody of Romantic literature, especially of tales of the macabre and the supernatural. The poems tells a story of an ugly witch who magically transforms at midnight into an alluring young woman. Albertus, the hero, falls deeply in love and agrees to sell his soul.
Les Jeunes-France (1833) Les Jeunes-France: romans goguenards (“The Jeunes-France: Tales Told with Tongue in Cheek), published in 1833, was a satire of Romanticism. In 1831, the newspaper Le Figaro featured a number of works by the young generation of Romantic artists and published them in the Jeunes-France.
La Comédie de la Mort (1838) La Comédie de la Mort, published in 1838, is a period piece much like Albertus. In this work, Gautier focuses on the theme of death, which for Gautier is a terrifying, stifling and irreversible finality. Unlike many Romantics before him, Gautier’s vision of death is solemn and portentous, proclaiming death as the definitive escape from life’s torture. During the time this text was written, Gautier was frequenting many cemeteries, which was then expanding rapidly to accommodate the many deaths from epidemics that swept the country. Gautier translates death into a curiously heady, voluptuous, almost exhilarating experience which diverts him momentarily from the gruesome reality and conveys his urgent plea for light over darkness, life over death.

Mature poetry

España (1845) España is usually considered the transitional volume between the two phases of Gautier’s poetic career. It is a collection of 43 miscellaneous poems inspired by Gautier’s journeys through Spain during the summer of 1840. In these poems, Gautier writes of not only the Spanish language, but also the conventional aspects of Spanish culture and traditions such as music and dance.
Émaux et Camées (1852) Emaux et Camées was published when Gautier was touring the middle east and is considered to be his supreme poetic achievement. The title reflects Gautier’s abandonment of the romantic ambition to create a kind of ‘total’ art, one that involves the emotional participation of the reader, in favour of a more modern approach which focuses more on the form instead of content of the poetic composition. This started off as a collection of 18 poems in 1852 but further editions contained up to 37 poems.
Dernières Poésies (1872) Dernières Poésies is a collection of poems that range from earlier pieces to unfinished fragments composed shortly before Gautier’s death. This collection is dominated by numerous sonnets dedicated to many of Gautier’s friends.
Poésies libertines[1] is a collection of erotic poetry, published in 1873.

Plays

Between the years 1839 and 1850, Gautier wrote all or part of nine different plays:

  • Un Voyage en Espagne (1843)
  • La Juive de Constantine (1846) — text unavailable
  • Regardez mais ne touchez pas (1847) — written less by Gautier than his collaborators
  • Pierrot en Espagne (1847) — not certain if Gautier wrote it
  • L’Amour souffle ou il veut (1850) — begun, never completed

Théophile Gautier did not consider himself to be dramatist but more of a poet and storyteller. His plays were limited because of the time in which he lived. During the French Revolution, many theatres were closed down and therefore plays were scarce. Most of the plays that dominated the mid-century were written by playwrights who insisted on conformity and conventional formulas and catered to cautious middle-class audiences. As a result, most of Gautier’s plays were never published or reluctantly accepted.

'Une Larme du diable (1839)' Une Larme du diable (“The Devil’s Tear”) was written shortly after Gautier’s trip to Belgium in 1836. The play is considered an imitation of a medieval mystery play, a type of drama that was popular in the 14th Century. These plays were usually performed in churches because they were religious in nature. Gautier’s play is about a bet between God and Satan and ends with God winning the bet with a little bit of cheating. The play is humorous and preaches both in favour of and against human love.
Le Tricorne enchanté (1845) Le Tricorne enchanté (“The Magic Hat”) is a play set in the 17th century. The plot includes an old man named Géronte who wishes to marry a beautiful woman who is in love with another man. Through much scheming, the old man is duped and the lovers are married. It is a charming play that ends in the characters living happily ever after.
La Fausse Conversion (1846) La Fausse Conversion (“The False Conversion”) is a satirical play written in prose. It was published in the Revue Des Deux Mondes on March 1 1846. This play, like many others that were written by Gautier, was not performed in his lifetime. It takes place in the 18th Century, before the social misery that preceded the French Revolution. La Fausse Conversion is highly anti-feminism and expresses Gautier’s opinion that a woman must be a source of pleasure for man or frozen into art.
Pierrot Posthume (1847) Pierrot Posthum is a brief comedy that is a true piece of fantasy. It is inspired by the “comedia dell’arte” which entered France from Italy during the 16th Century and remained popular for at least 200 years. Once again, it involved a typical triangle and ends happily ever after.

Novels

Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835)
See Mademoiselle de Maupin (novel)
Le Roman de La Momie (1858)
Le Capitaine Fracasse (1863) This book was promised to the public in 1836 but finally published in 1863. The novel represents a different era and is a project that Gautier had wanted to complete earlier in this youth. It is centered on a soldier named Fracasse whose adventures portray bouts of chivalry, courage and a sense of adventure. Gautier places the story in his favourite historical era, that of Louis XIII. It is a typically described as a cloak-and-dagger fairy tale where everyone lives happily ever after.

Short Stories

La Morte amoureuse (1836)

See La Morte amoureuse

Correspondence

Lettres à la Présidente (1890)

Œuvres

Poésie

  • Poésies (1830), son premier livre, refondu dans le volume Albertus ou L'Ame et le pêché (1833).
  • La Comédie de la mort (1838).
  • Espagna, qui paraît dans le volume des Poésies complètes de 1845.
  • Émaux et camées (1852), qui reparaît, à chaque fois augmenté, en 1853, 1858, 1863 et, enfin, en 1872 dans une édition définitive.

Les poésies complètes de Gautier, hormis Émaux et camées, sont parues en 1875-1876. Les poésies de circonstance et les poésies « légères » ont paru à part dans le volume Poésies de Théophile Gautier qui ne figureront pas dans ses œuvres (1873).

Ballet et théâtre

Théophile Gautier est l'auteur de certains des plus célèbres ballets du répertoire. Par contre, son théâtre est une partie mineure de son œuvre.

  • Une larme du diable, mystère (1839).
  • Giselle, ou Les Wilis, ballet (1841) ; texte sur wikisource
  • Un voyage en Espagne, vaudeville (1843).
  • La Péri, ballet (1845) ; argument sur wikisource
  • Le tricorne enchanté (1845).
  • La Juive de Constantine (1846).
  • Regardez mais ne touchez pas (1847).
  • Le Selam (1850).
  • Paquerette, ballet (1851).
  • Gemma, ballet (1854) ; livret sur wikisource
  • Sacountala, ballet (1858).
  • La Femme de Diomède (1860).

Deux recueils sont parus en 1855 (Théâtre de poche) et 1872 (Théâtre. Mystères, comédies et ballets), mais ils ne sont pas complets. Un théâtre complet de Gautier a été édité il y a peu, certaines pièces ayant donc attendu un siècle et demi avant d'être rééditées.

Récits de voyages

  • Tra los montes, devenu Le Voyage en Espagne (1843).
  • Zigzags (1845), devenu, augmenté, Caprices et zigzags (1852).
  • Italia (1852), plus ou moins inachevé.
  • Constantinople (1853).
  • Quand on voyage (1865), recueil d'articles.
  • Loin de Paris (1865), recueil d'articles.
  • Voyage en Russie (1867).
  • L'Orient (1877), posthume.
  • Les Vacances du lundi (1884), recueil d'articles, posthume.

Critique d'art, critique littéraire

  • Les Grotesques (1843).
  • Salon de 1847.
  • Les Beaux-Arts en Europe (1855).
  • L'Art moderne (1856).
  • Histoire de l'art dramatique en France depuis vingt-cinq ans (1858).
  • Honoré de Balzac (1858).
  • Abécédaire du salon de 1861.
  • Rapport sur le progrès des Lettres (1868).
  • Histoire du Romantisme, sa dernière œuvre, inachevée (1874).
  • Portraits contemporains (1874), posthume.
  • Portraits et souvenirs littéraires (1875), posthume.
  • Le Musée du Louvre, préface de Marie-Hélène Girard, coéd. Musée du Louvre et Citadelles (Mazenod), Paris, 2011, Template:ISBN, posthume.

Gautier a, en outre, préfacé de nombreuses œuvres littéraires, parmi lesquelles Le Rêve et la vie de Nerval (en 1855) et la troisième édition des Fleurs du mal (1868) de Baudelaire. [Mention de deuxième édition (1869) sur la couverture et la page de titre, mais c'est bien de 1868 qu'il faut dater cette édition].

Principales œuvres diverses

  • De la Mode (1858).
  • Les Vosges (1860).
  • Dessins de Victor Hugo (1863).
  • Ménagerie intime (1869).
  • La nature chez elle (1870).
  • Tableaux de siège (1871).

Contes et nouvelles

Gautier a écrit une trentaine de contes et nouvelles, pour la plupart de nature fantastique.

Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues dans Les Jeunes-France en 1833 :

Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues dans Une Larme du diable en 1839 :

Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues pour la première fois dans le recueil Nouvelles en 1845 :

Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues pour la première fois dans La Peau de tigre en 1852 :

  • La Mille et deuxième nuit
  • Le Pavillon sur l'eau
  • Deux acteurs pour un rôle
  • L'Oreiller d'une jeune fille
  • Le Berger
  • Le Pied de momie
  • Angela, autre titre pour La Cafetière
  • La maison de mon oncle, autre titre pour L'âme de la maison
  • L'Enfant aux souliers de pain
  • La Pipe d'opium

Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues dans le recueil Romans et contes de 1863 :

  • Le Chevalier double
  • Le Club des haschichins

Les nouvelles suivantes sont parues pour la première fois dans une seconde édition de La Peau de tigre en 1866 :

  • Une Visite nocturne
  • La Fausse conversion
  • Feuillets de l'album d'un jeune rapin

Une dernière nouvelle est parue à titre posthume en 1881 :

  • Mademoiselle Dafné

Romans

Gautier a écrit douze romans, tous publiés de son vivant :

  • Mademoiselle de Maupin. Double amour (1835).
  • L'Eldorado, devenu, très vite, Fortunio (1837-1838).
  • Militona (1847).
  • Les Roués innocents (1847).
  • Jean et Jeannette (1848).
  • Les Deux étoiles (1848), devenu Partie carrée (1851), et, enfin, La Belle Jenny (1865).
  • Arria Marcella, souvenir de Pompéi (1852), en réalité une longue nouvelle.
  • Avatar (1857).
  • Jettatura (1857).
  • Le Roman de la momie (1858).
  • Le Capitaine Fracasse (1863).
  • Spirite (1866).

En outre, Th. Gautier est l'un des quatre auteurs du roman par lettres La Croix de Berny (1845).

Curiosa (érotique)

In fiction

Two poems from "Emaux et camées" -- "Sur les lagunes" and the second of two titled "Etudes de Mains" -- are featured in Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. Dorian reads them out of the book shortly after Basil Halward's murder.

In the steampunk 1990 novel The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, Gautier is a clacker, a "hacker" of steam-powered computers capable of forging identities and sabotaging the Imperial Engines.

Chronology of works

  • 1830: Poésies(Volume I)
  • 1831: First article in Le Mercure de France au XIXe siècle
  • 1832: Albertus
  • 1833: Les Jeunes France, roman goguenards
  • 1834-5: Published articles which will later form Les Grotesques
  • 1835-6: Mademoiselle de Maupin
  • 1836: Published "Fortunio" under the title "El Dorado"
  • 1838: La Comédie de la Mort et poésies diverses, Une nuit de Cléopâtre (novella)
  • 1839: Une Larme du diable
  • 1841: Premiere of the ballet, "Giselle"
  • 1843: Voyage en Espagne | Premiere of ballet, "La Péri"
  • 1845: Poésies(complete) | First performance of comedy "Le Tricorne enchanté"
  • 1847: First performance of comedy "Pierrot posthume"
  • 1851: Premiere of the ballet, "Pâquerette"
  • 1852: Un Trio de romans | Caprices et zigzag | Emaux et camées | Italia
  • 1853: Constantinople
  • 1851: Premiere of the ballet, "Gemma"
  • 1855: Les Beaux-Arts en Europe
  • 1856: L’Art moderne
  • 1858: Le Roman de la momie | Honoré de Balzac
  • 1858-9: Histoire de l’art dramatique en France depuis vingt-cinq ans
  • 1861: Trésors d’art de a Russie ancienne et moderne
  • 1863: Le Captaine Fracasse | Romans et contes
  • 1865: Loin de Paris
  • 1867: Voyage en Russie
  • 1871: Tableaux de siée
  • 1872: Emaux et camées | Théâtre | Histoire du romantisme

References

  • Grant, Richard. Théophile Gautier. Twayne Publishers: Boston, 1975. ISBN 0-8057-6213-2.
  • Richardson, Joanna. Théophile Gautier: His Life and Times. Max Reinhardt: London, 1958.
  • Tennant, Phillip Ernest. Théophile Gautier. The Athalone Press: London, 1975. ISBN 0485122049.

See also




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Théophile Gautier" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

Personal tools