The Travels of Marco Polo
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| - | '''''Invisible Cities''''' (''Le città invisibili'') is a [[novel]] by Italian writer [[Italo Calvino]]. It was published in Italy in 1972 by [[Giulio Einaudi]] Editore. | + | '''''The Travels of Marco Polo''''' is the usual [[English language|English]] title of [[Marco Polo]]'s travel book, nicknamed '''''Il Milione''''' (''The [[Million]]'', see below) or '''''Le Livre des Merveilles''''' (''The Book of Wonders''). This description of his travels and stays in the Orient, including [[Asia]], [[Persia]], [[China]] and [[Indonesia]], between 1271 and 1298 is also known as ''Oriente Poliano'' or '''Description of the World'''. It was a very famous and popular book in the 13th century. The text claims that Marco Polo became an important figure at the court of the Mongol leader [[Kublai Khan]]. However, modern scholars debate how much of the account is accurate and whether or not Marco Polo ever actually traveled to the court or was just repeating stories that he had heard from other travellers. The book was actually written in [[French language|French]] by a romance author of the time, [[Rustichello da Pisa]], who was reportedly working from accounts which he had heard from Marco Polo when they were in prison in [[Genoa]] having been captured while on a ship. |
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| - | ==Description== | + | |
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| - | The book explores imagination and the imaginable through the descriptions of cities by the narrator, [[Marco Polo]]. The book is framed as a conversation between the aging and busy emperor [[Kublai Khan]], who constantly has merchants coming to describe the state of his empire, and Polo. The majority of the book consists of Polo's descriptions (1-3 pages each) of 55 cities. Short dialogues between the two characters are interspersed every five to ten cities and are used to discuss various ideas presented by the cities on a wide range of topics including [[linguistics]] and [[human nature]]. Not only is the book structured around an interlocking pattern of numbered sections, but the length of each section's title graphically outlines a continuously oscillating [[sine wave]], or perhaps a city [[skyline]]. The interludes between Khan and Polo are no less poetically constructed than the cities, but form a [[Framing device|framing device]], a story with a story, that plays with the natural complexity of language and stories. | + | |
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| - | The book is probably based on ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'', his travelogue of the [[Mongol Empire]] written in the 13th century, which shares with ''Invisible Cities'' the brief, often fantastic accounts of the cities he visits, accompanied by descriptions of the city's inhabitants, notable [[international trade|imports and exports]], and whatever interesting tales Polo had heard about the region. | + | |
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| - | One of Calvino's masterpieces, the novel does not fall under the aegis of [[magical realism]], [[science fiction]], or [[speculative fiction]], and in fact is closer to poetry than classic novel writing. In the end, the book creates its own universe, neither that of a futuristic world nor one based on classic fantasy fiction (pagan myths, Christian folklore, etc.) nor does it obey [[E.M. Forster]]'s classic model for the story, but creates a new form. | + | |
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| - | The book, because of its approach to the imaginative potentialities of cities, has been used by architects and artists to visualize how cities can be, their secret folds, where the human imagination is not necessarily limited by the laws of physics or the limitations of modern urban theory. It offers an alternative approach to thinking about cities, how they are formed and how they function. | + | |
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| - | The book was nominated for the [[Nebula Award]] for [[Nebula Award for Best Novel|Best Novel]] in 1975. | + | |
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| - | ==See also== | + | |
| - | {{wikiquote|Italo Calvino}} | + | |
| - | *[[Roland Barthes]] | + | |
| - | *[[Oulipo]] | + | |
| - | *[[Structuralism]] | + | |
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The Travels of Marco Polo is the usual English title of Marco Polo's travel book, nicknamed Il Milione (The Million, see below) or Le Livre des Merveilles (The Book of Wonders). This description of his travels and stays in the Orient, including Asia, Persia, China and Indonesia, between 1271 and 1298 is also known as Oriente Poliano or Description of the World. It was a very famous and popular book in the 13th century. The text claims that Marco Polo became an important figure at the court of the Mongol leader Kublai Khan. However, modern scholars debate how much of the account is accurate and whether or not Marco Polo ever actually traveled to the court or was just repeating stories that he had heard from other travellers. The book was actually written in French by a romance author of the time, Rustichello da Pisa, who was reportedly working from accounts which he had heard from Marco Polo when they were in prison in Genoa having been captured while on a ship.
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "The Travels of Marco Polo" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
