Umayyad Caliphate  

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 +"Under the last of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Ommiades]], the [[Arabian empire]] extended two hundred days’ journey from east to west, from the confines of [[Tartary]] and India to the shores of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]. We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of [[Augustus]] and the [[Antonines]]; but the progress of [[Islam]] diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the [[Qur'an]] were studied with equal devotion at [[Samarkand|Samarcand]] and [[Seville]]: the [[Moors|Moor]] and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of [[Mecca]]; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the [[Tigris]]." --[[Edward Gibbon]], ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'':
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Revision as of 11:17, 26 March 2018

"Under the last of the Ommiades, the Arabian empire extended two hundred days’ journey from east to west, from the confines of Tartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. And if we retrench the sleeve of the robe, as it is styled by their writers, the long and narrow province of march of a caravan. We should vainly seek the indissoluble union and easy obedience that pervaded the government of Augustus and the Antonines; but the progress of Islam diffused over this ample space a general resemblance of manners and opinions. The language and laws of the Qur'an were studied with equal devotion at Samarcand and Seville: the Moor and the Indian embraced as countrymen and brothers in the pilgrimage of Mecca; and the Arabian language was adopted as the popular idiom in all the provinces to the westward of the Tigris." --Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:

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The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca. The Umayyad family had first come to power under the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), but the Umayyad regime was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661 CE/41 AH. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Caucasus, Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.79 million square miles (15,000,000 km2), making it the largest empire the world had yet seen, and the fifth largest ever to exist.

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Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Umayyad Caliphate" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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