Underworld
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+ | [[Image:Hell.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"[[Hell]]" detail from [[Hieronymus Bosch]]'s ''[[Garden of Earthly Delights]]'']] | ||
{{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
In sociology, that part of society that is engaged in [[crime]] or [[vice]]; [[low social class]]. | In sociology, that part of society that is engaged in [[crime]] or [[vice]]; [[low social class]]. | ||
In the study of [[mythology]] and [[religion]], the '''underworld''' is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term [[afterlife]], referring to any place to which newly [[the dead|dead souls]] go. | In the study of [[mythology]] and [[religion]], the '''underworld''' is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term [[afterlife]], referring to any place to which newly [[the dead|dead souls]] go. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Underworlds by mythology== | ||
+ | This list includes underworlds in various mythologies, with links to corresponding articles. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples|Altaic mythology]] | ||
+ | |''Yerlik'' (see [[Erlik]]) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Aztec mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mictlan]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Babylonian mythology]] | ||
+ | |''' Arallu''' (''also sumerian'') | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Buddhist mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Naraka (Buddhism)|Naraka]] (also [[Niraya]]) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Celtic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Annwn]], [[Mag Mell]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Chinese mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Chinese spiritual world concepts#Practices and Beliefs|Yum gan]] (陰間) is an underworld though not necessarily negative like [[Diyu]] (地獄) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Christian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Sheol]]/[[Hades in Christianity|Hadēs]] ([[Realm of the dead|Abode of the dead]]), [[Gehenna]]/[[Tartarus#New Testament|Tártaros]] ([[Hell in Christian beliefs|Hell]]), [[Abaddon]], [[Limbo]], [[Purgatory]], [[Annihilationism]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Egyptian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Aaru]], [[Duat]], [[Neter-khertet]], [[Amenti (Egyptian underworld)|Amenti]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Estonian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Estonian mythology|Toonela]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Fijian mythology]] | ||
+ | |see Melanesian mythology. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Finnish mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Tuonela]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Greek mythology]] | ||
+ | |''[[Greek underworld]]'' [[Elysium]], [[Asphodel Meadows]], [[Hades|Hadēs]], [[Tartarus|Tártaros]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Jewish mythology|Hebrew mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Sheol]], [[Gehenna]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Hindu mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Naraka]], Yamaloka, [[Paatala loka|Patala]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Hungarian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Alvilág]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Inca mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Uku Pacha]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Inuit mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Adlivun]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Islamic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Jahannam]], [[Naar]], [[Barzakh]], [[Araf]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Jain cosmology|Jain mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Naraka (Jainism)|Naraka]], Adho Loka (the lower worlds) | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Japanese mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Yomi]], [[Diyu|Jigoku]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Korean Mythology | ||
+ | |"Ji-Ok" 지옥 地獄 | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Latvian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Aizsaule]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Māori mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Hawaiki]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Mapuche mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Pellumawida]], [[Degin]], [[Wenuleufu]], [[Ngullchenmaiwe]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Maya mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Metnal]], [[Xibalba]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Melanesian mythology]] | ||
+ | |(includes Fijian) [[Bulu (Fijian mythology)|Bulu]], [[Burotu]], [[Murimuria]], [[Nabangatai]], Tuma | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Norse mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Gimlé]], [[Hel (realm)|Hel]], [[Niflheim]], [[Vingólf]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Oromo people|Oromo]] mythology | ||
+ | |[[Ekera]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Philippine mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Kasanaan]], [[Impiyerno]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Polynesian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Avaiki]], [[Bulotu]], [[Iva (mythology)|Iva]], [[Lua-o-Milu]], [[Nga- Atua]], [[Pulotu]], [[Rangi Tuarea]], [[Te Toi-o-nga-Ranga]], [[Uranga-o-Te-Ra]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Pueblo]] mythology | ||
+ | |[[Shipap]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Roman mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Inferno]], [[Avernus]], [[Orcus]]/[[Hades|Hadēs]], [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Slavic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Podsvetie]], [[Peklo]], Nava | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Sumerian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Dilmun]], [[Kur]], [[Irkalla]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]] mythology | ||
+ | |[[Guinee]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Wagawaga mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Hiyoyoa]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Underworld rulers== | ||
+ | This list includes rulers or guardians of the underworld in various mythologies, with links to corresponding articles. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Aboriginal mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Baiame]] ([[Kamilaroi]]), [[Eingana]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Akkadian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Allu]], [[Anu]], [[Anunnaku]], [[Ereshkigal]], [[Etemmu]], [[Gallu]], [[Humbaba]], [[Mamitu]], [[Nergal]], [[Utnapishtim]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Albanian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[E Bukura e Dheut]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Altaic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Erlik]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Armenian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Spandaramat]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Aztec mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mictlantecuhtli]], [[Mictecacihuatl]], [[Chalmecacihuilt]], [[Chalmecatl]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Babylonian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Erra (god)|Erra]], [[Nergal]], [[Ninlil]], [[Sursunabu]], [[Ur-shanabi]], [[Utnapishtim]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Balinese mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Batara Kala]], [[Setesuyara]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Bon mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[gNyan]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Buddhist mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)|Yama, Emma-O-, Yanluo]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Canaanite mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mot (Semitic god)|Mot]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Celtic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Aed (god)|Aed]], [[Arawn]], [[Cwn Annwn]], [[Donn]], [[Gwyn ap Nudd]], [[Manannán mac Lir]], [[Pwyll]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Chinese mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mogwai (Chinese culture)|Gui]], [[Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)|Yanluo]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Christian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Satan]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Egyptian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Aken (god)|Aken]], [[Aker (god)|Aker]] (strictly only the gatekeeper), [[Am-heh]], [[Amunet]], [[Ammit]], [[Andjety]], [[Anubis]], [[Apep]], [[Apis (Egyptian mythology)|Apis]], [[Astennu]], [[Ha (mythology)|Ha]], [[Imiut fetish|Imiut]] (if the Imiut was ever considered a god), [[Isis]], [[Mehen]], [[Naunet]], [[Nehebkau]], [[Nephthys]], [[Nun]], [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]], [[Osiris]], [[Ptah]], [[Seker]], [[Thoth]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Elamite mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Jabru]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Estonian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Vanapagan]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Etruscan mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Charun]], [[Culsu]], [[Februus]], [[Mania]], [[Mantus]], [[Nethuns]], [[Tuchulcha]], [[Vanth]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Finnish mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Kalma (goddess)|Kalma]], [[Kipu-Tyttö]], [[Kivutar]], [[Lovitar]], [[Surma (Finnish mythology)|Surma]], [[Akka (Spirit)|Tuonen akka]], [[Tuonetar]], [[Tuoni]], [[Vammatar]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Greek mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Cerberus]], [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]], [[Hades|Hadēs]], [[Keres (Greek mythology)|Keres]], [[Persephone]], [[Thanatos|Thánatos]], [[Tartarus|Tártaros]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Georgian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[sasuleti]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Haida mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Ta'xet]], [[Tia (goddess)|Tia]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Hinduism]] | ||
+ | |[[Yamaraja]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Hopi mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Kachina]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Ibo mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Ala (mythology)|Ala]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Incan mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Supay]], [[Vichama]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Indonesian mythology | ||
+ | |[[Dewi Shri]], [[Ndara]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Inuit mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Pana]], [[Sedna (deity)|Sedna]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Islamic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mala'ikah]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Japanese mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Hisa-Me]], [[Hotoke]], [[Ika-Zuchi-no-Kami]], [[Jikininki]], [[Shiko-Me]], [[Shiti Dama]], [[Shi-Ryo]], [[Yama]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Kassite mythology]] | ||
+ | |{{dn|Dur}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Khmer mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Preas Eyssaur]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Latvian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Veli]], [[Velu mate]], [[Zemes mate]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Levantine mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mot (Semitic god)|Mot]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Lunda mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Kalunga]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Maori mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Kewa]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Maya mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Xibalba]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Melanesian mythology]] | ||
+ | |(includes Fijian mythology) [[Degei]], [[Ratumaibulu]], [[Samulayo]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Narragansett mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Chepi]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Navaho mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Estanatelhi]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Niquiran mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Mictanteot]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Norse mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Garmr]], [[Hel (goddess)|Hel]], [[Ran (mythology)|Ran]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Orokolo mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Kiavari]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Persian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Angra Mainyu]], [[Zahhak|Azhi Dahaka]], [[Peri]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Philippine mythology]] (Look to the Christian Mythology for more information) | ||
+ | |""Bathala", ''Demonyo'' [[Demon]], [[Lucifer]], ''Dyablo'' [[Devil|Diablo]], [[Satan]], ''Diyos'' [[God]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Phoenician mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Horon]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Phrygian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Men (god)|Men]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Polynesian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Hikuleo]], [[Hina (goddess)|Hina]], [[Hine-nui-te-Po]], [[Kanaloa]], [[Kiho-tumu]], [[Makea Tutara]], [[Mahiuki]], [[Mahu-ike]], [[Marama (mythology)|Marama]], {{dn|Mauri}}, [[Merau]], {{dn|Milu}}, [[Miru]], [[Rimu]], [[Rohe (mythology)|Rohe]], [[Whiro]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Prussian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Picullus]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Pueblo mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Iyatiku]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Roma (Gypsy) mythology]] | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Roman mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Cerberus]], [[Dea Tacita]], [[Dis Pater]], [[Egestes]], [[Fames]], [[Inferi Dii]], [[Larenta]], [[Letum]], [[Libitina]], [[Mors (mythology)|Mors]], [[Orcus]], [[Pluto (god)|Pluto]], [[Proserpina]], [[Viduus]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Romanian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Diavolu]], [[Satana]], [[Necuratu]], [[Scaraoschi]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Russian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Dyavol]], [[Satanaya]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Saami mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Akka (Spirit)|Yambe-akka]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Salish mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Amotken]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Siberian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Chebeldei]], {{dn|Kul}} | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Slavic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Crnobog]], [[Flins]], [[Marzana]], [[Nyia]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Sumerian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Edimmu]], [[Ekimmu]], [[Endukugga]], [[Enmesarra]], [[Ereshkigal]], [[Gidim]], [[Gula]], [[Irkalla]], [[Kur]], [[Namtar]], [[Nergal]], [[Neti (mythology)|Neti]], [[Nindukugga]], [[Ninlil]], [[Urshanabi]], [[Utnapishtim|Ziusudra]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Syrian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Reshep]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Tamil mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Cur]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Thracian mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Heros (mythology)|Heros]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Turkic mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Erlik]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]] | ||
+ | |[[Baron Cimetière]], [[Baron La Croix]], [[Baron Samedi]], [[Ghede]], [[Maman Brigitte]], [[Marassa Jumeaux]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Wagawaga mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Tumudurere]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Yoruba mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Oya]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Yurak mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Nga (god)|Nga]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Zuni mythology]] | ||
+ | |[[Uhepono]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Classicism]] | ||
+ | |[[Stuades Davies]] | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==See also== | ||
+ | *[[Underground]] | ||
+ | *[[Greek underworld]] | ||
+ | *[[World Tree]]—A tree that connects the heavens, the earth, and the underworld in a number of spiritual belief systems | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
{{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} |
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In sociology, that part of society that is engaged in crime or vice; low social class.
In the study of mythology and religion, the underworld is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term afterlife, referring to any place to which newly dead souls go.
[edit]
Underworlds by mythology
This list includes underworlds in various mythologies, with links to corresponding articles.
[edit]
Underworld rulers
This list includes rulers or guardians of the underworld in various mythologies, with links to corresponding articles.
[edit]
See also
- Underground
- Greek underworld
- World Tree—A tree that connects the heavens, the earth, and the underworld in a number of spiritual belief systems
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Underworld" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.