Vikings
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| - | '''Vikings''' is the modern name given to seafaring [[Norsemen|Norse]] pirates from southern [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]) who from the late [[8th century|8th]] to the late [[11th century|11th centuries]] [[raid (military)|raided]], [[piracy|pirated]], [[trade]]d and settled throughout parts of Europe.<!-- | + | '''Vikings''' is the modern name given to seafaring [[Norsemen|Norse]] pirates from southern [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] and [[Sweden]]) who from the late [[8th century|8th]] to the late [[11th century|11th centuries]] [[raid (military)|raided]], [[piracy|pirated]], [[trade]]d and settled throughout parts of Europe. They also voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and [[North America]]. In some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Norse homelands as a collective whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages| Early medieval]] [[history of Scandinavia]], the [[History of the British Isles|British Isles]], [[France in the Middle Ages|France]], [[Viking Age in Estonia|Estonia]], and [[Kievan Rus']]. |
| - | --><ref name="EB_Viking">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- | + | |
| - | --><ref name="EB_Denmark">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- | + | |
| - | --><ref name="Roesdahl, pp. 9–22">Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.</ref> <!-- | + | |
| - | --> They also voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and [[North America]]. In some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Norse homelands as a collective whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages| Early medieval]] [[history of Scandinavia]], the [[History of the British Isles|British Isles]], [[France in the Middle Ages|France]], [[Viking Age in Estonia|Estonia]], and [[Kievan Rus']].<ref>Brink 2008</ref> | + | |
| - | Expert sailors and navigators aboard their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], [[History of Ireland (800–1169)|Ireland]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], and along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s in what is now [[European Russia]], [[Belarus]]<ref>[http://lepel.vitebsk-region.gov.by/en/region2/view/archaeologists-find-evidence-of-vikings-presence-in-belarus-5923/ Archaeologists find evidence of Vikings’ presence in Belarus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210859/http://lepel.vitebsk-region.gov.by/en/region2/view/archaeologists-find-evidence-of-vikings-presence-in-belarus-5923/ |date=15 July 2018 }}. Lepel Regional Executive Committee.</ref> and [[Ukraine]]<ref>[http://bunews.com.ua/society/item/ancient-ukraine-did-swedish-vikings-really-found-kyiv-rus Ancient Ukraine: Did Swedish Vikings really found Kyiv Rus?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715213153/http://bunews.com.ua/society/item/ancient-ukraine-did-swedish-vikings-really-found-kyiv-rus |date=15 July 2018 }} Business Ukraine.</ref> (where they were also known as [[Varangians]]). The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]] and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. The Vikings also voyaged to [[Constantinople]], [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Iran]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Logan |first=Donald F. |date=1992 |title=''The Vikings in History''|isbn=0-415-08396-6}}</ref> and [[Arab world|Arabia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=9780816030040}}</ref> They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] ([[Vinland]]). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, profoundly influencing the genetic<ref name="Margaryan">Margaryan, A., Lawson, D.J., Sikora, M. et al., "Population genomics of the Viking world", ''Nature'', 585, 390–396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. "...we see substantial ancestry from elsewhere in Europe entering Scandinavia during the Viking Age..."</ref> and historical development of both. During the Viking Age the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagge|first=Sverre|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/861542611|title=Cross and scepter : the rise of the Scandinavian kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation|date=2014|isbn=978-0-691-16150-1|location=Princeton|oclc=861542611}}</ref> | + | Expert sailors and navigators aboard their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], [[History of Ireland (800–1169)|Ireland]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], and along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s in what is now [[European Russia]], [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]] (where they were also known as [[Varangians]]). The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]] and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. The Vikings also voyaged to [[Constantinople]], [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Iran]], and [[Arab world|Arabia]]. They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] ([[Vinland]]). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, profoundly influencing the genetic |
| - | The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the period they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but later [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]]. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]] and architecture. Most Vikings were also [[Farmer|farmers]], [[Fisherman|fishermen]], craftsmen and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the Norsemen that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].<ref>Wawn 2000</ref><ref name="langer">Johnni Langer, "The origins of the imaginary viking", ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.</ref> Perceived views of the Vikings as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in Wagnerian opera. | + | The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the period they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but later [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]]. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]] and architecture. Most Vikings were also [[Farmer|farmers]], [[Fisherman|fishermen]], craftsmen and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the Norsemen that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]]. Perceived views of the Vikings as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in Wagnerian opera. |
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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Vikings is the modern name given to seafaring Norse pirates from southern Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway and Sweden) who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded and settled throughout parts of Europe. They also voyaged as far as the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, and North America. In some of the countries they raided and settled in, this period is popularly known as the Viking Age, and the term "Viking" also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Norse homelands as a collective whole. The Vikings had a profound impact on the Early medieval history of Scandinavia, the British Isles, France, Estonia, and Kievan Rus'.
Expert sailors and navigators aboard their characteristic longships, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in what is now European Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (where they were also known as Varangians). The Normans, Norse-Gaels, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies. The Vikings also voyaged to Constantinople, Iran, and Arabia. They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly settling in Newfoundland (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, profoundly influencing the genetic
The Vikings spoke Old Norse and made inscriptions in runes. For most of the period they followed the Old Norse religion, but later became Christians. The Vikings had their own laws, art and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the Norsemen that emerges from archaeology and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as noble savages began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century Viking revival. Perceived views of the Vikings as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers owe much to conflicting varieties of the modern Viking myth that had taken shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations of the Vikings are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes, complicating modern appreciation of the Viking legacy. These representations are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore horned helmets, a costume element that first appeared in Wagnerian opera.
See also
- Faroese people
- Geats
- Gotlander
- Gutasaga
- Oeselians
- Proto-Norse language
- Scandinavian prehistory
- Swedes (Germanic tribe)
- Ushkuiniks, Novgorod's privateers
- Viking raid warfare and tactics
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