Zeus
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| + | [[Image:Watteau Jupiter und Antiope Detail.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Jupiter and Antiope ]]'' (c. [[1715]]) by [[Antoine Watteau]]]] | ||
| [[Image:Danae.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Danaë (Klimt painting)|Danae]]'' ([[1907]]-[[1908|08]]) by [[Gustav Klimt]] depicting [[Zeus]], the master of [[metamorphosis]], as a [[golden shower]].]] | [[Image:Danae.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Danaë (Klimt painting)|Danae]]'' ([[1907]]-[[1908|08]]) by [[Gustav Klimt]] depicting [[Zeus]], the master of [[metamorphosis]], as a [[golden shower]].]] | ||
| [[Image:Jupiter_and_Thetis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Jupiter and Thetis (Ingres)|Jupiter and Thetis]]'' ([[1811]]) by [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]], [[Thetis]] is depicted in the painting by [[Ingres]] as [[pleading]] at the knees of [[Zeus]]: "She sank to the ground beside him, put her left arm round his knees, raised her right hand to touch his chin, and so made her [[petition]] to the [[Zeus|Royal Son of Cronos]]" (''[[Iliad]]'', I).]] | [[Image:Jupiter_and_Thetis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Jupiter and Thetis (Ingres)|Jupiter and Thetis]]'' ([[1811]]) by [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres|Ingres]], [[Thetis]] is depicted in the painting by [[Ingres]] as [[pleading]] at the knees of [[Zeus]]: "She sank to the ground beside him, put her left arm round his knees, raised her right hand to touch his chin, and so made her [[petition]] to the [[Zeus|Royal Son of Cronos]]" (''[[Iliad]]'', I).]] | ||
| {{Template}} | {{Template}} | ||
| - | :''[[divine jealousy]]'' | + | :''[[Loves of Zeus]]'' |
| '''Zeus''' in [[Greek mythology]] is the [[king of the gods]], the [[ruler]] of [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]], and god of the [[sky father|sky]] and [[List of thunder gods|thunder]]. His symbols are the [[thunderbolt]], [[eagle]], [[bull (mythology)|bull]] and the [[oak]]. Zeus is frequently envisaged by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty. | '''Zeus''' in [[Greek mythology]] is the [[king of the gods]], the [[ruler]] of [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]], and god of the [[sky father|sky]] and [[List of thunder gods|thunder]]. His symbols are the [[thunderbolt]], [[eagle]], [[bull (mythology)|bull]] and the [[oak]]. Zeus is frequently envisaged by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty. | ||
| - | The son of [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], he was the youngest of his siblings. He was married to [[Hera]] in most traditions, although at the oracle of [[Dodona]] his [[consort]] was [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]]: according to the ''[[Iliad]]'', he is the father of [[Aphrodite]] by Dione. Accordingly, he is known for his [[erotic]] [[escapade]]s, including one [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic relationship]] with [[Ganymede]]. His [[tryst]]s resulted in many famous [[offspring]], including [[Athena]], [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]], [[Hermes]], [[Persephone]] (by [[Demeter]]), [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen]], [[Minos]], and the [[Muse]]s (by [[Mnemosyne]]); by Hera he is usually said to have sired [[Ares]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] and [[Hephaestus]]. | + | The son of [[Cronus and Rhea]], he was the youngest of his siblings. He was married to [[Hera]] in most traditions, although at the oracle of [[Dodona]] his [[consort]] was [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]]: according to the ''[[Iliad]]'', he is the father of [[Aphrodite]] by Dione. Accordingly, he is known for his [[erotic]] [[escapade]]s, including one [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederastic relationship]] with [[Ganymede]]. His [[tryst]]s resulted in many famous [[offspring]], including [[Athena]], [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]], [[Hermes]], [[Persephone]] (by [[Demeter]]), [[Dionysus]], [[Perseus]], [[Heracles]], [[Helen]], [[Minos]], and the [[Muse]]s (by [[Mnemosyne]]); by Hera he is usually said to have sired [[Ares]], [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] and [[Hephaestus]]. |
| His [[Roman mythology|Roman]] counterpart was '''[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]''', and his [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] counterpart was [[Tinia]]. | His [[Roman mythology|Roman]] counterpart was '''[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]]''', and his [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] counterpart was [[Tinia]]. | ||
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| </blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
| - | ===Consorts and children=== | + | ==References== |
| - | ====By divine mothers==== | + | |
| - | {| border="1" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:25%; height:200px" | + | *Burkert, Walter, (1977) 1985. ''Greek Religion'', especially section III.ii.1 (Harvard University Press) |
| - | |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" | + | *[[Arthur Bernard Cook|Cook, Arthur Bernard]], ''Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion'', (3 volume set), (1914–1925). New York, Bibilo & Tannen: 1964. |
| - | | <center>'''Mother''' || <center>'''Children''' | + | **Volume 1: ''Zeus, God of the Bright Sky'', Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0148-9 (reprint) |
| - | |- style="height:60px" | + | **Volume 2: ''Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning)'', Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0156-X |
| - | |[[Aix]] | + | **Volume 3: ''Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (earthquakes, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorites)'' |
| - | | | + | * [[Maurice Druon|Druon, Maurice]], ''[[The Memoirs of Zeus]]'', 1964, [[Charles Scribner's and Sons]]. (tr. [[Humphrey Hare]]) |
| - | [[Aegipan]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 155</ref> | + | * Farnell, Lewis Richard, ''Cults of the Greek States'' 5 vols. Oxford; Clarendon 1896–1909. Still the standard reference. |
| - | |- | + | * Farnell, Lewis Richard, ''Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921. |
| - | | [[Ananke (mythology)|Ananke]]<nowiki>*</nowiki> | + | * [[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]]; ''[[The Greek Myths]]'', Penguin Books Ltd. (1960 edition) |
| - | | | + | * [[William Mitford|Mitford,William]], ''The History of Greece'', 1784. Cf. v.1, Chapter II, ''Religion of the Early Greeks'' |
| - | # [[Moirae]] ([[Fates]])<nowiki>*</nowiki> | + | * Moore, Clifford H., ''The Religious Thought of the Greeks, 1916. |
| - | ## [[Atropos]] | + | * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/gpr/ Nilsson, Martin P., ''Greek Popular Religion'', 1940.] |
| - | ## [[Clotho]] | + | * Nilsson, Martin P., ''History of Greek Religion'', 1949. |
| - | ## [[Lachesis]] | + | * [[Erwin Rohde|Rohde, Erwin]], ''Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks'', 1925. |
| - | |- | + | * [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', 1870, [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/ Ancientlibrary.com], William Smith, ''Dictionary'': "Zeus" [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3655.html Ancientlibrary.com] |
| - | | [[Demeter]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Persephone]] | + | |
| - | # [[Zagreus]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | #[[Aphrodite]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Thalassa]] | + | |
| - | | [[Aphrodite]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Gaia]]† | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Orion (mythology)|Orion]] | + | |
| - | # [[Manes father of Atys]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Hera]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Ares]] | + | |
| - | # [[Eileithyia]] | + | |
| - | # [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] | + | |
| - | # [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Eos]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | #[[Ersa]] | + | |
| - | # Carae | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | #[[Limos (mythology)|Limos]] (aka Limus) | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Leto]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Apollo]] | + | |
| - | # [[Artemis]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Maia (mythology)|Maia]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Hermes]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Athena]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Mnemosyne]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Muses]] (Original three) | + | |
| - | ## [[Aoide]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Melete]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Mneme]] | + | |
| - | # [[Muses]] (Later nine) | + | |
| - | ## [[Calliope]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Clio]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Erato]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Euterpe (mythology)|Euterpe]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Melpomene]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Polyhymnia]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Terpsichore]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Thalia]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Urania]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Persephone]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Zagreus]] | + | |
| - | # [[Melinoe]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Selene]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Ersa]] | + | |
| - | # [[Nemean Lion]] | + | |
| - | # [[Pandia]] | + | |
| - | |- | + | |
| - | | [[Themis]] | + | |
| - | | | + | |
| - | # [[Astraea (mythology)|Astraea]] | + | |
| - | # [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] | + | |
| - | # [[Horae]] | + | |
| - | ## First Generation | + | |
| - | ### [[Auxo]] | + | |
| - | ### [[Carpo]] | + | |
| - | ### [[Thallo]] | + | |
| - | ## Second Generation | + | |
| - | ### [[Dike (goddess)|Dike]] | + | |
| - | ### [[Eirene (Greek goddess)|Eirene]] | + | |
| - | ### [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]] | + | |
| - | ## Third generation | + | |
| - | ### [[Pherusa]] | + | |
| - | ### [[Euporie]] | + | |
| - | ### [[Orthosie]] | + | |
| - | # [[Moirae]] ([[Fates]])<nowiki>*</nowiki> | + | |
| - | ## [[Atropos]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Clotho]] | + | |
| - | ## [[Lachesis]] | + | |
| - | |} | + | |
| - | {{ColBreak}} | ||
| - | |||
| - | ====Mortal/nymph/other mother==== | ||
| - | |||
| - | {| border="1" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:25%; height:200px" | ||
| - | |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" | ||
| - | | <center>'''Mother''' || <center>'''Children''' | ||
| - | |- style="height:60px" | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Aegina (mythology)|Aegina]] | ||
| - | | [[Aeacus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Alcmene]] | ||
| - | | [[Heracles]] ([[Hercules]]) | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Antiope (mother of Amphion)|Antiope]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Amphion]] | ||
| - | # [[Zethus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Callisto the Greek myth|Callisto]] | ||
| - | | [[Arcas]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Carme (mythology)|Carme]] | ||
| - | | [[Britomartis]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Danaë]] | ||
| - | | [[Perseus (mythology)|Perseus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Elara (mythology)|Elara]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Tityas]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Dardanus]] | ||
| - | # [[Iasion]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Minos]] | ||
| - | # [[Rhadamanthys]] | ||
| - | # [[Sarpedon]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Eurynome]] | ||
| - | | [[Charites]]([[Graces]]) | ||
| - | # [[Aglaea]] | ||
| - | # [[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]] | ||
| - | # [[Thalia]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Himalia (mythology)|Himalia]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # Kronios | ||
| - | # Spartaios | ||
| - | # Kytos | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Iodame]] | ||
| - | | [[Thebe (mythology)|Thebe]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Io (mythology)|Io]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Epaphus]] | ||
| - | # [[Keroessa]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Lamia]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Laodamia]] | ||
| - | | [[Sarpedon]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Castor and Polydeuces|Polydeuces]] ([[Pollux (mythology)|Pollux]]) | ||
| - | # [[Castor and Polydeuces|Castor]] | ||
| - | # [[Helen]] [[Sparta|of Sparta]] ([[Troy|of Troy]]) | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Maera]] | ||
| - | | [[Locrus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Niobe]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Argus]] | ||
| - | # [[Pelasgus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Olympias]] | ||
| - | | [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III]] [[Macedon|of Macedon]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Othreis]] | ||
| - | | [[Meliteus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Plouto]] | ||
| - | | [[Tantalus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Podarge]] | ||
| - | | | ||
| - | # [[Balius]] | ||
| - | # [[Xanthus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Pyrrha]] | ||
| - | | [[Hellen]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Semele]] | ||
| - | | [[Dionysus]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Taygete]] | ||
| - | | [[Lacedaemon]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | [[Thalia]] | ||
| - | | [[Palici]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | Unknown mother | ||
| - | | [[Litae]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | Unknown mother | ||
| - | | [[Tyche]] | ||
| - | |- | ||
| - | | Unknown mother | ||
| - | | [[Ate]] | ||
| - | |} | ||
| - | {{EndMultiCol}} | ||
| - | |||
| - | <nowiki>*</nowiki>The Greeks variously claimed that the Fates were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness [[Themis]] or of primordial beings like [[Nyx (mythology)|Nyx]], [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]] or [[Ananke (mythology)|Anake]]. | ||
| - | |||
| - | <nowiki>†</nowiki><!--not in the sources:[[Hermes]] and [[Poseidon]] also played a part in Orion's conception and are also biological fathers of him.--> He is described as being "Earth-born" and was gestated buried beneath the ground; this is Gaia's domain, though she had no direct involvement in his birth or development. Other versions of his parentage include a version of the former excluding Poseidon and one with solely Poseidon and [[Euryale]] as his parents. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
Revision as of 20:36, 15 February 2014
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Zeus in Greek mythology is the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus, and god of the sky and thunder. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull and the oak. Zeus is frequently envisaged by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
The son of Cronus and Rhea, he was the youngest of his siblings. He was married to Hera in most traditions, although at the oracle of Dodona his consort was Dione: according to the Iliad, he is the father of Aphrodite by Dione. Accordingly, he is known for his erotic escapades, including one pederastic relationship with Ganymede. His trysts resulted in many famous offspring, including Athena, Apollo and Artemis, Hermes, Persephone (by Demeter), Dionysus, Perseus, Heracles, Helen, Minos, and the Muses (by Mnemosyne); by Hera he is usually said to have sired Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus.
His Roman counterpart was Jupiter, and his Etruscan counterpart was Tinia.
He is known for his shapeshifting abilities, especially when he wanted to seduce. He transforms himself into a cloud (he hid himself in a cloud with Io), a golden shower with Danae, a swan with Leda, a bull with Europa, depending on whether he needed to be charming and beautiful or powerful and frightening in his conquest.
The film Clash of the Titans (1981) has a dialogue on Zeus's promiscuousness:
[discussing Zeus' womanizing]
Thetis: So many women, and all these transformations and disguises he invents in order to seduce them. Sometimes a shower of gold, sometimes a bull or a swan. Why, once he even tried to ravish me disguised as a cuttlefish.
Hera: Did he succeed?
Thetis: Certainly not.
Athena: What did you do?
Thetis: Beat him at his own game. I simply turned myself into a shark.
[they laugh]
References
- Burkert, Walter, (1977) 1985. Greek Religion, especially section III.ii.1 (Harvard University Press)
- Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, (3 volume set), (1914–1925). New York, Bibilo & Tannen: 1964.
- Volume 1: Zeus, God of the Bright Sky, Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0148-9 (reprint)
- Volume 2: Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (Thunder and Lightning), Biblo-Moser, June 1, 1964, ISBN 0-8196-0156-X
- Volume 3: Zeus, God of the Dark Sky (earthquakes, clouds, wind, dew, rain, meteorites)
- Druon, Maurice, The Memoirs of Zeus, 1964, Charles Scribner's and Sons. (tr. Humphrey Hare)
- Farnell, Lewis Richard, Cults of the Greek States 5 vols. Oxford; Clarendon 1896–1909. Still the standard reference.
- Farnell, Lewis Richard, Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality, 1921.
- Graves, Robert; The Greek Myths, Penguin Books Ltd. (1960 edition)
- Mitford,William, The History of Greece, 1784. Cf. v.1, Chapter II, Religion of the Early Greeks
- Moore, Clifford H., The Religious Thought of the Greeks, 1916.
- Nilsson, Martin P., Greek Popular Religion, 1940.
- Nilsson, Martin P., History of Greek Religion, 1949.
- Rohde, Erwin, Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Greeks, 1925.
- Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, Ancientlibrary.com, William Smith, Dictionary: "Zeus" Ancientlibrary.com
See also
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Zeus" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
