Apollo 8
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| '''Apollo 8''', the second [[human spaceflight]] mission in the United States [[Apollo program|Apollo space program]], was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[Earth]] [[orbit]], reach the Earth's [[Moon]], orbit it and return safely to Earth. The three-[[astronaut]] crew — Commander [[Frank Borman]], Command Module Pilot [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and Lunar Module Pilot [[William Anders]] — became the first humans to: travel beyond [[low Earth orbit]]; escape Earth's gravity; see Earth as a whole planet; enter the gravity well of another celestial body (Earth's moon); orbit another celestial body (Earth's moon); directly see the [[far side of the Moon]] with their own eyes; witness an [[Earthrise]]; escape the gravity of another celestial body (Earth's moon); and re-enter the gravitational well of Earth. The 1968 mission, the third flight of the [[Saturn V|Saturn V]] rocket and that rocket's first crewed launch, was also the first human spaceflight launch from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], Florida, located adjacent to [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]]. | '''Apollo 8''', the second [[human spaceflight]] mission in the United States [[Apollo program|Apollo space program]], was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first crewed [[spacecraft]] to leave [[Earth]] [[orbit]], reach the Earth's [[Moon]], orbit it and return safely to Earth. The three-[[astronaut]] crew — Commander [[Frank Borman]], Command Module Pilot [[Jim Lovell|James Lovell]], and Lunar Module Pilot [[William Anders]] — became the first humans to: travel beyond [[low Earth orbit]]; escape Earth's gravity; see Earth as a whole planet; enter the gravity well of another celestial body (Earth's moon); orbit another celestial body (Earth's moon); directly see the [[far side of the Moon]] with their own eyes; witness an [[Earthrise]]; escape the gravity of another celestial body (Earth's moon); and re-enter the gravitational well of Earth. The 1968 mission, the third flight of the [[Saturn V|Saturn V]] rocket and that rocket's first crewed launch, was also the first human spaceflight launch from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], Florida, located adjacent to [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]]. | ||
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| - | [[Madalyn Murray O'Hair]], founder of [[American Atheists]], responded by suing the United States government, alleging violations of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]]. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] dismissed the suit due to lack of jurisdiction. | + | *[[Apollo 8 Genesis reading]] |
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| - | Later, on the 1969 [[Apollo 11]] mission, [[Buzz Aldrin]] received [[Eucharist#Protestants|communion]] on the lunar surface shortly after landing. Although he did not keep his actions secret, he only said a non-religious sentence on the intercom and read from the scripture off-air. | + | |
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Apollo 8, the second human spaceflight mission in the United States Apollo space program, was launched on December 21, 1968, and became the first crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, reach the Earth's Moon, orbit it and return safely to Earth. The three-astronaut crew — Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders — became the first humans to: travel beyond low Earth orbit; escape Earth's gravity; see Earth as a whole planet; enter the gravity well of another celestial body (Earth's moon); orbit another celestial body (Earth's moon); directly see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes; witness an Earthrise; escape the gravity of another celestial body (Earth's moon); and re-enter the gravitational well of Earth. The 1968 mission, the third flight of the Saturn V rocket and that rocket's first crewed launch, was also the first human spaceflight launch from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, located adjacent to Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
See also
