Arcade (architecture)  

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An arcade is a passageway or walkway covered over by a succession of arches or vaults supported by columns, or else it is a covered passage fronted by a series of arches.

In cities, buildings along their street-level fronts, the interior faces of city walls, and bridges covered by arcades all became popular locations for small shops and stalls. They were protected from sun and weather and attracted considerable, guaranteed foot traffic. Over time, the term "arcade" came to be used specifically for streets lined with small vendors. (Roofed-over arcades, known in Italy as gallerias, later developed into shopping malls.)

The term was also adopted by carnivals and amusement parks, where the row of shops selling food and other goods were joined by those offering games of various sorts and were called "amusement arcades" or "midways". Amusement arcades were later opened as permanent establishments. The games came to be known as arcade games, and since the explosion of electronic games in the 1970s these establishments became known as video arcades.

Early history

An arcade often surrounds part or all of a town square in Mediterranean climate cultures, such as in Italian architecture, Spanish architecture, Moorish architecture, Arabic architecture, Colonial architecture; and subsequent Mission Revival style architecture, Spanish Colonial Revival style architecture, and many other original and revival styles around the world.

In a Gothic architecture the arcade is: Interior; the lowest part of the wall of the nave, supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral Exterior; part of the courtyard cloisters surround.

Modern arcade walkways often include retailers.

Shopping arcades

The French architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as l’Ère des passages couverts (the Arcade Era). He was referring to the grand shopping "arcades" that flourished across Europe during that period. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting. The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes. In time, these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the harsh elements, and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth-century pastime for the emerging middle classes.

The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open loggias of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as 'butterwalks' were traditional jettied colonnades in British and North European marketplaces; examples remain for example in Totnes and Dartmouth in Devon. During the 16th-century, a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence, from where it spread throughout Italy. Examples of the earliest open loggias include: Mercato Nuovo (1547) by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the Medici family); Mercato Vecchio, Florence by Giorgio Vasari (1567) and Loggia del Grano (1619) by Giulio Parigi.

Arcades soon spread across Europe, North America and the Antipodes. Examples of these grand shopping arcades include: Palais Royal in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791); London's Piccadilly Arcade (1810) and Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (1878). Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul's Çiçek Pasajı opened in 1870. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern shopping mall, and the word "arcade" is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all.

The Palais-Royal, which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as the earliest example of the grand shopping arcades. Originally, a royal palace, the complex consisted of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in luxury goods such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus, the Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building.

One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today. The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances. In 1772, the newly formed Market committee, half of whose members came from the town and half from the university, accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings, for the building of twenty butchers' shops. Twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products and fish.

Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade. Sprawling at the intersection of Nevsky Prospekt and Sadovaya Street for over one kilometer and embracing the area of Template:Convert, the indoor complex of more than 100 shops took twenty-eight years to construct. Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, but that subsequently was discarded in favour of a less expensive and more functional Neoclassical design submitted by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (1729–1800).

Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century. During the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a face-lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe.

An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets. A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings. Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration. Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments and sometimes brothels.

Notable arcades

• Burlington Arcade, London
• Cleveland Arcade, Cleveland, Ohio
• Dayton Arcade, Dayton, Ohio
• Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert in Brussels
• Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan
• GUM, Moscow
• Çiçek Pasajı, Istanbul
• Galleria Umberto I, Naples
• Great Mosque of Córdoba
• List of shopping arcades in Cardiff, Cardiff
• Mission San Fernando Rey de España - Architecture of the California missions, U.S..
• Mosque of Uqba
• Melbourne Block Arcade, Australia
• Nashville Arcade, Nashville, Tennessee
• Old Bank Arcade, Wellington, New Zealand
• Paddock Arcade, Watertown, New York
• Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, Aragon Autonomous Community, Spain
• Royal Arcade, Melbourne, Australia
• Silver Arcade Silver Arcade, Leicester, UK
• The Strand Arcade Sydney N.S.W., Australia
• The Passage St. Petersburg
• Victoria Quarter, Leeds
• Westminster Arcade, Providence, Rhode Island

See also

• Aqueduct
• Roman aqueduct
• Stoa
• The Arcades Project (1927 - 1940) by Walter Benjamin