Ars historica
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Ars Historica was a genre of humanist historiography in the later Renaissance producing a small library of treatises underscoring the stylistic aspects of writing history as a work of art, but introducing the contributions of philology and textual criticism in its precepts and evaluations. At the summit of his ars oratoria Cicero had celebrated history as the magistra vitae. In his De Oratore he proposes history as the summit of ars rhetorica, the rhetorical culture where eloquence is at the service of the truth of human experience. The attempt to raise history to the status of a classical ars derived considerable impetus from the mid-century critical renewal brought about by the Ars Poetica of Aristotle. The text of Aristotle’s Poetics was an inspiriation in Cinquecento Italy in renewing the critical discourse about literature. Francis Robortello, known as the father of hermeneutics as an Aristotelian exponent, also wrote the first treatise, de arte historica in 1548.
In addition to the examples of the great classical historians, Herodotus and Thucydides, Livy and Tacitus, the contemporary works of Machiavelli and Guicciardini greatly enhanced the prestige of historical writing among the humanist intellectuals of the High Renaissance. Two Greek writers were classical sources for the ars historica Lucian of Samosata and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Francesco Patrizi wrote a ten dialogues on history in 1560. In 1566 Jean Bodin, the great heterodox thinker, published his Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, a seminal work. Using the critical apparatus of humanist historiography Bodin reviews and evaluates the classical and contemporary bibliography of historical writing. The idea of method was also a leading systematic concept in the age expanding the scope of the classical ars. Bodin’s Methodus reflects the search for new historical principles based on intellectual reform of textual criticism. Such an attempt speaks for the elevation of history as a pre-scientific organizing principle for the contemporary encyclopedia and its bibliography.
The vogue of the genre was international stretching beyond the Italy of Robortello , Patrizi and their followers and the France of Bodin to the Basel humanists (Simon Grynaeus and Theodor Zwinger, even among the Protestant historians such David Chytraeus, to Flanders (Francois Baudouin) and to Spain (Sebastian Fox Morcillo) and as far as England (Thomas Blundeville). In Basel Pietro Perna distinguished himself as a promoter of a new cultural and religious model rooted in Erasmian critical standards in religion and medicine but also in historical scholarship. As a historical printer he is most widely known for his illustrated editions of Paolo Giovio, but also for editions of standard and contemporary works, including Protestant chronicles and histories . Perna brought together all the major authors and works of the ars historica in two compilations. The Methodus historica (1576) featured Bodin followed by another dozen titles. The Artis Historicae Penus (1579) adds another five titles for a total of 18 works.
Subsequently, Perna’s ars historica served the Jesuit Antonio Possevino for his censure of Bodin [1592] and as the target and textual source for his Apparatus ad omnium gentium historiam (1597), which plagiarizes Bodin but also updates his bibliography (Lipsius, Baronio, Carolus Sigonius, Tasso) and censures works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Within the context of the rhetorical culture of humanism the ars historica was an attempt to introduce critical and scholarly criteria into historical literature during the period of confessional struggle between Protestants and Catholics in the later sixteenth century. In the century that followed interest in the rhetoric of the genre contiunued, though its intellectual contents was exhausted. The literary focus of Agostino Mascardi’s Dell’arte historica reflects the intellectual demotion of the magistra vitae concepts with the advent of Cartesian and scientific rationalism. Gerardus Vossius published a work in 1623 by this title that had subsequent editions, including the one pictured above from 1653. Degory Wheare's Oxford contribution, De ratione et methodo legendi historias also appeared in 1623.
