Artificial intelligence
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| '''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of [[computer science]] that develops machines and software with [[human-like]] [[intelligence]]. | '''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of [[computer science]] that develops machines and software with [[human-like]] [[intelligence]]. | ||
| == In fiction == | == In fiction == | ||
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| The implications of artificial intelligence have also been explored in fiction. Artificial Intelligences have appeared in many roles, including: | The implications of artificial intelligence have also been explored in fiction. Artificial Intelligences have appeared in many roles, including: | ||
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software, and the branch of computer science that develops machines and software with human-like intelligence.
In fiction
The implications of artificial intelligence have also been explored in fiction. Artificial Intelligences have appeared in many roles, including:
- a real time battlefield analyst (Cortana in Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo 2, Halo 3, and Halo 4)
- a servant (R2-D2 and C-3PO in Star Wars)
- a law enforcer (K.I.T.T. "Knight Rider")
- a comrade (Lt. Commander Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation)
- a conqueror/overlord (The Matrix, Omnius)
- a dictator (With Folded Hands),(Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970 Movie).
- a benevolent provider/de facto ruler (The Culture)
- a supercomputer (The Red Queen in Resident Evil / "Gilium" in Outlaw Star / Golem XIV)
- an assassin (Terminator)
- a sentient race (Battlestar Galactica/Transformers/Mass Effect)
- an extension to human abilities (Ghost in the Shell)
- the savior of the human race (R. Daneel Olivaw in Isaac Asimov's Robot series)
- the human race critic and philosopher (Golem XIV)
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human? The idea also appears in modern science fiction, including the films I Robot, Blade Runner and A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, in which humanoid machines have the ability to feel human emotions. This issue, now known as "robot rights", is currently being considered by, for example, California's Institute for the Future, although many critics believe that the discussion is premature. The subject is profoundly discussed in the 2010 documentary film Plug & Pray.
Philosophy
Artificial intelligence, by claiming to be able to recreate the capabilities of the human mind, is both a challenge and an inspiration for philosophy. Are there limits to how intelligent machines can be? Is there an essential difference between human intelligence and artificial intelligence? Can a machine have a mind and consciousness? A few of the most influential answers to these questions are given below.
- Turing's "polite convention"
- We need not decide if a machine can "think"; we need only decide if a machine can act as intelligently as a human being. This approach to the philosophical problems associated with artificial intelligence forms the basis of the Turing test.
- The Dartmouth proposal
- "Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." This conjecture was printed in the proposal for the Dartmouth Conference of 1956, and represents the position of most working AI researchers.
- Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis
- "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action." Newell and Simon argue that intelligences consist of formal operations on symbols. Hubert Dreyfus argued that, on the contrary, human expertise depends on unconscious instinct rather than conscious symbol manipulation and on having a "feel" for the situation rather than explicit symbolic knowledge. (See Dreyfus' critique of AI.)
- Gödel's incompleteness theorem
- A formal system (such as a computer program) cannot prove all true statements. Roger Penrose is among those who claim that Gödel's theorem limits what machines can do. (See The Emperor's New Mind.)
- Searle's strong AI hypothesis
- "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds." John Searle counters this assertion with his Chinese room argument, which asks us to look inside the computer and try to find where the "mind" might be.
- The artificial brain argument
- The brain can be simulated. Hans Moravec, Ray Kurzweil and others have argued that it is technologically feasible to copy the brain directly into hardware and software, and that such a simulation will be essentially identical to the original.
See also
