Black Consciousness Movement
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The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) was a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.
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Important figures in the movement
- Steve Biko - founder
- Bennie Khoapa
- Mapetla Mohapi
- Strini Moodley
- Malusi Mpumluana
- Thamsanga Mnyele - artist
- Rubin Phillip - cleric
- Barney Pityana
- Mamphela Ramphele
- Mthuli ka Shezi - playwright
- Aubrey Mokoape
- Barney Simon - founder of The Market Theatre
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Related groups
- Azanian People's Organisation (AZAPO)
- Black Allied Worker's Union
- Black People's Convention
- Négritude, a literary movement in francophone Africa
- Neo Black Movement of Africa
- Socialist Party of Azania (SOPA)
- South African Student Organization
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See also
- Africana womanism
- Black Power
- Black Power Revolution
- Black Surrealism
- Négritude
- Zanempilo Community Health Care Centre
- Soweto Uprising
- Steve Biko Foundation
- I Write What I Like
- Ginsberg, Eastern Cape
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Further reading
- Black Power in South Africa: the Evolution of an Ideology (1979) by Gail M. Gerhart
- From Protest to Challenge Nadir and Resurgence 1964 1979 (From Protest to Challenge: a Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882–1990) (1997) by Thomas G. Karis, Gail M. Gerhart
- White Supremacy: a Comparative Study of American and South African History (1981) by George M. Fredrickson
- At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-68 (2006) by Taylor Branch
- The Black Consciousness Movement in South African Literature, by Amatoritsero (Godwin) Ede
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