Gerolamo Cardano  

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Cardan believ'd great states depend
Upon the tip o'th' Bear's tail's end;
That, as she wisk'd it t'wards the Sun,
Strew'd mighty empires up and down;
Which others say must needs be false,
Because your true bears have no tails.

--Hudibras (1663, 1664 and 1678) by Samuel Butler

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Gerolamo Cardano (24 September 1501– 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance, and was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability. He wrote more than 200 works on science.

Cardano partially invented and described several mechanical devices including the combination lock, the gimbal and the Cardan shaft. He made significant contributions to hypocycloids, published in De proportionibus, in 1570. The generating circles of these hypocycloids were later named Cardano circles or cardanic circles and were used for the construction of the first high-speed printing presses.

Today, he is well known for his achievements in algebra. In his 1545 book Ars Magna, he made the first systematic use of negative numbers in Europe, published and acknowledged the existence of imaginary numbers.

Works

  • De malo recentiorum medicorum medendi usu libellus, Hieronymus Scotus, Venice, 1536 (on medicine).
  • Practica arithmetice et mensurandi singularis (on mathematics), Io. Antoninus Castellioneus/Bernadino Caluscho, Milan, 1539.
  • De Consolatione, Libri tres, Hieronymus Scotus, Venice, 1542.
  • Libelli duo: De Supplemento Almanach; De Restitutione temporum et motuum coelestium; Item Geniturae LXVII insignes casibus et fortuna, cum expositione, Iohan. Petreius, Norimbergae, 1543.
  • De Sapientia, Libri quinque, Iohan. Petreius, Norimbergae, 1544 (with De Consolatione reprint and De Libris Propriis, book I).* De Immortalitate animorum, Henric Petreius, Nuremberg 1544/Sebastianus Gryphius, Lyons, 1545.
  • Contradicentium medicorum (on medicine), Hieronymus Scotus, Venetijs, 1545.
  • Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicis (on algebra: also known as Ars magna), Iohan. Petreius, Nuremberg, 1545.
  • Della Natura de Principii e Regole Musicale, ca 1546 (on music theory: in Italian): posthumously published.
  • De Subtilitate rerum (on natural phenomena), Johann Petreius, Nuremberg, 1550 .
    • Translation into English by J.M. Forrester (2013).
  • Metoposcopia libris tredecim, et octingentis faciei humanae eiconibus complexa (on physiognomy), written 1550 (published posthumously by Thomas Jolly, Paris (Lutetiae Parisiorum), 1658).
  • In Cl. Ptolemaei Pelusiensis IIII, De Astrorum judiciis... libros commentaria: cum eiusdem De Genituris libro, Henrichus Petri, Basle, 1554.
  • Geniturarum Exemplar (De Genituris liber, separate printing), Theobaldus Paganus, Lyons, 1555.
  • Ars Curandi Parva (written c. 1556).
  • De Libris propriis (about the books he has written, and his successes in medical work), Gulielmus Rouillius, Leiden, 1557.
  • De Rerum varietate, Libri XVII (on natural phenomena); (Revised edition), Matthaeus Vincentius, Avignon 1558.
  • Actio prima in calumniatorem (reply to J.C. Scaliger), 1557.
  • De Utilitate ex adversis capienda, Libri IIII (on the uses of adversity), Henrich Petri, Basle, 1561.
  • Theonoston, seu De Tranquilitate, 1561. (Opera, Vol. II).
  • Somniorum synesiorum omnis generis insomnia explicantes, Libri IIII (Book of Dreams: with other writings), Henricus Petri, Basle 1562.
  • Neronis encomium (a life of Nero), Basle, 1562.
  • De Providentia ex anni constitutione, Alexander Benaccius, Bononiae, 1563.
  • De Methodo medendi, Paris, In Aedibus Rouillii, 1565.
  • De Causis, signis ac locis morborum, Liber unus, Alexander Benatius, Bononiae, 1569.
  • Commentarii in Hippocratis Coi Prognostica, Opus Divinum; Commentarii De Aere, aquis et locis opus, Henric Petrina Officina, Basel, 1568/1570.
  • Opus novum, De Proportionibus numerorum, motuum, ponderum, sonorum, aliarumque rerum mensurandarum. Item de aliza regula, Henric Petrina, Basel, 1570.
  • Opus novum, cunctis De Sanitate tuenda, Libri quattuor, Sebastian HenricPetri, Basle, 1569.
  • De Vita propria, 1576 (autobiography).
  • Liber De Ludo aleae ("On Casting the Die"; on probability): posthumously published.
  • Proxeneta, seu De Prudentia Civili (posthumously published: Paulus Marceau, Geneva, 1630).


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