Concentration of media ownership
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| + | '''Concentration of media ownership''' (also known as '''media consolidation''' or Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already [[Market concentration|highly concentrated]] and [[oligopoly|dominated by a very small number of firms]]. | ||
| - | The '''media of the [[United States]]''' consist of several different types of communications media: [[television]], [[radio]], [[film|cinema]], [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, and [[Internet]]-based [[Web site]]s. The U.S. also has a strong [[music]] industry. | + | Globally, large media conglomerates include [[Bertelsmann]], [[National Amusements]] ([[ViacomCBS]]), [[Sony|Sony Corporation]], [[News Corp (2013–present)|News Corp]], [[Comcast]], [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[AT&T|AT&T Inc.]], [[Fox Corporation]], [[Hearst Communications]], [[MGM Holdings|MGM Holdings Inc.]], [[Grupo Globo]] (South America) and [[Lagardère Group]]. |
| - | Many of the media are controlled by large for-profit corporations who reap revenue from [[advertising]], [[subscription]]s, and [[sale]] of [[copyright]]ed material. | + | As of 2020, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue rank Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T and ViacomCBS per Forbes. |
| - | American media conglomerates tend to be leading global players, generating large profits as well as large criticism in many parts of the world. Further [[deregulation]] and [[convergence]] are under way, leading to mega-mergers, further [[concentration of media ownership]], and the emergence of multinational media conglomerates. Critics allege that [[localism]], local news and other content at the community level, media spending and coverage of news, and [[Multiculturalism|diversity]] of ownership and views have suffered as a result of these processes of media concentration. | + | |
| - | Some people allege that the success of such companies may be due to certain policies of the American [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]], though it may be just as likely that the media field is prone to [[natural monopoly|natural monopolies]]. See [[Media bias in the United States]]. | + | In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs, media ownership is generally something very close to the [[state monopoly|complete state control]] over information in direct or indirect ways. |
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Agenda-setting theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Alternative media]] | ||
| + | * [[Big Three television networks]] | ||
| + | * [[Corporate media]] | ||
| + | * [[Deregulation]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of speech]] | ||
| + | * [[Freedom of the press]] | ||
| + | * [[Gleichschaltung]] | ||
| + | * [[Lists of corporate assets]] | ||
| + | * [[Local News Service]] | ||
| + | * [[Mainstream]] | ||
| + | * [[Mainstream media]] | ||
| + | * [[Media bias]] | ||
| + | * [[Media conglomerate]] | ||
| + | * [[Media cross-ownership in the United States]] | ||
| + | * [[Media democracy]] | ||
| + | * [[Media imperialism]] | ||
| + | * [[Media manipulation]] | ||
| + | * [[Media proprietor]] | ||
| + | * [[Media transparency]] | ||
| + | * [[Monopolies of knowledge]] | ||
| + | * [[Network neutrality]] | ||
| + | * [[Old media]] | ||
| + | * [[Partido da Imprensa Golpista]] | ||
| + | * [[Politico-media complex]] | ||
| + | * [[Prometheus Radio Project]] | ||
| + | * [[Propaganda model]] | ||
| + | * [[Retail concentration]] | ||
| + | * [[State controlled media]] | ||
| + | * [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]] | ||
| + | * [[Western media]] | ||
| + | * [[Transparency of media ownership in Europe]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Film== | ||
| + | * ''[[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media]] (1992) | ||
| + | * ''[[Orwell Rolls in His Grave]]'' (2004) documentary available on DVD considers media concentration in the U.S. | ||
| + | * ''[[Beyond Citizen Kane]]'' by [[Simon Hartog]] (1993); about [[Roberto Marinho]]'s [[Rede Globo|Globo Group]] in Brazil | ||
| + | * ''[[Broadcast Blues (documentary)|Broadcast Blues]]'' (2009) Award-winning documentary by former Emmy Winning Radio and TV producer Sue Wilson available on DVD | ||
| - | The organization [[Reporters Without Borders]] compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organization's assessment of their press freedom records. In 2007 USA was ranked 48th, which was an improvement from the preceding year. | ||
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Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms.
Globally, large media conglomerates include Bertelsmann, National Amusements (ViacomCBS), Sony Corporation, News Corp, Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T Inc., Fox Corporation, Hearst Communications, MGM Holdings Inc., Grupo Globo (South America) and Lagardère Group.
As of 2020, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue rank Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, AT&T and ViacomCBS per Forbes.
In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs, media ownership is generally something very close to the complete state control over information in direct or indirect ways.
[edit]
See also
- Agenda-setting theory
- Alternative media
- Big Three television networks
- Corporate media
- Deregulation
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of the press
- Gleichschaltung
- Lists of corporate assets
- Local News Service
- Mainstream
- Mainstream media
- Media bias
- Media conglomerate
- Media cross-ownership in the United States
- Media democracy
- Media imperialism
- Media manipulation
- Media proprietor
- Media transparency
- Monopolies of knowledge
- Network neutrality
- Old media
- Partido da Imprensa Golpista
- Politico-media complex
- Prometheus Radio Project
- Propaganda model
- Retail concentration
- State controlled media
- Telecommunications Act of 1996
- Western media
- Transparency of media ownership in Europe
[edit]
Film
- Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media (1992)
- Orwell Rolls in His Grave (2004) documentary available on DVD considers media concentration in the U.S.
- Beyond Citizen Kane by Simon Hartog (1993); about Roberto Marinho's Globo Group in Brazil
- Broadcast Blues (2009) Award-winning documentary by former Emmy Winning Radio and TV producer Sue Wilson available on DVD
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Concentration of media ownership" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
