Concrete art
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Concrete art and design or concretism is an abstractionist movement evolving in the 1930's out of the work of De Stijl, the futurists and Kandinsky around the Swiss painter Max Bill. The term "concrete art" was first introduced by Theo van Doesburg in his "Manifesto of Concrete Art" (1930). In his understanding, this form of abstractionism must be free of any symbolical associaton with reality, arguing that lines and colors are concrete by themselves.
Max Bill further promoted this idea, organizing the first international exhibition in 1944. It came to fruition in Northern Italy and France in the 1940's and 1950's through the work of the groups Movimento d'arte concreta (MAC) and Groupe Espace.
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