Decolonization
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Decolonization (American English) or Decolonisation (British English) is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby a nation establishes and maintains its domination on overseas territories. The concept particularly applies to the dismantlement, during the second half of the 20th century, of the colonial empires established prior to World War I throughout the world.
The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has stated that in the process of decolonization there is no alternative to the colonizer but to allow a process of self-determination, but in practice decolonization may involve either nonviolent revolution or national liberation wars by pro-independence groups. It may be intranational or involve the intervention of foreign powers acting individually or through international bodies such as the United Nations. Although examples of decolonization can be found as early as the writings of Thucydides, there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times. These include the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century; of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires following World War I; of the British, French, Dutch, Japanese, Portuguese, Belgian and Italian colonial empires following World War II; and of the Soviet Union (successor to the Russian Empire) at the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Decolonization has been used to refer to the intellectual decolonization from the colonizers' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior.
See also
- Current United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
- Neocolonialism
- Imperialism
- Partition (politics)
- Separatism
- Secession
- Indigenous decolonization
- Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
- Commonwealth of Nations
- Organization of Ibero-American States
- Commonwealth of Independent States
- Freely Associated States
- De Nederlandse Taalunie