Electroencephalography
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Electroencephalography (EEG) is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.
History
The history of EEG is detailed by Barbara E. Swartz in Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. In 1875, Richard Caton (1842–1926), a physician practicing in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal. In 1890, Polish physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity lead to the conclusion of brain waves.
In 1912, Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published the first animal EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog). In 1914, Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures.
German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG in 1924. Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalogram (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology". His discoveries were first confirmed by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews in 1934 and developed by them.
In 1934, Fisher and Lowenback first demonstrated epileptiform spikes. In 1935 Gibbs, Davis and Lennox described interictal spike waves and the three cycles/s pattern of clinical absence seizures, which began the field of clinical electroencephalography. Subsequently, in 1936 Gibbs and Jasper reported the interictal spike as the focal signature of epilepsy. The same year, the first EEG laboratory opened at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Franklin Offner (1911–1999), professor of biophysics at Northwestern University developed a prototype of the EEG that incorporated a piezoelectric inkwriter called a Crystograph (the whole device was typically known as the Offner Dynograph).
In 1947, The American EEG Society was founded and the first International EEG congress was held. In 1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman described REM sleep.
In the 1950s, William Grey Walter developed an adjunct to EEG called EEG topography, which allowed for the mapping of electrical activity across the surface of the brain. This enjoyed a brief period of popularity in the 1980s and seemed especially promising for psychiatry. It was never accepted by neurologists and remains primarily a research tool.
See also
- 10-20 system (EEG)
- Amplitude integrated electroencephalography
- Binaural beats
- Brain-computer interface
- Brainwave synchronization
- CAET-Canadian association of EEG Technology
- Cerebral function monitoring
- Comparison of consumer brain-computer interface devices
- Direct brain interfaces
- EEG measures during anesthesia
- EEG microstates
- Electrocorticography
- Electromagnetic Weapon
- Electroneurogram
- Electropalatograph
- Emotiv Systems
- European data format
- Event-related potential
- Evoked potential
- FieldTrip
- God helmet
- Hemoencephalography
- Hypersynchronization of electrophysiological activity in epilepsy
- Imagined Speech
- Induced activity
- Intracranial EEG
- Local field potentials
- Magnetoencephalography
- Mind machine
- Neural oscillations
- Neurofeedback
- Ongoing brain activity
- Spontaneous potential
