Jane Loevinger
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Structural stage theories are based on the idea that human individuals or groups can develop through a pattern of distinct stages over time and that these stages can be described based on their distinguishing characteristics. Types of structural stage theories include: in psychology, developmental stage theories such as Piaget's theory of cognitive development and theories of psychotherapy process such as the transtheoretical model of change; in history and social science, stadial history of sociocultural evolution; and in religion, models of spiritual evolution.
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and related models of psychological development like those of Jane Loevinger and James W. Fowler, stages have a constant order of succession, later stages integrate the achievements of earlier stages, and each is characterized by a particular type of structure of mental processes which is specific to it. The time of appearance may vary to a certain extent depending upon environmental conditions.
Influenced by western esotericism, Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo regarded spiritual development as a process of involution and evolution, in which the Divine descends into the material world, from which it has to be liberated again in a process of growing awareness over multiple lifetimes.Template:Citation needed Cultural psychologist Jean Gebser also developed a model of collective human spiritual development, which in turn influenced Ken Wilber, together with Aurobindo and others.Template:Citation needed
List of books formulating stage theories
- Giambattista Vico (1725) The New Science
- G.W.F. Hegel (1807) The Phenomenology of Spirit
- Auguste Comte's Law of three stages in Plan de travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (Plan of scientific studies necessary for the reorganization of society, 1822)
- Søren Kierkegaard (1843) Either/Or, Stages on Life's Way (1845)
- Karl Marx (1867) Das Kapital
- James George Frazer (1890) The Golden Bough
- Sigmund Freud (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams
- Wilhelm Wundt (1912) Elemente der Völkerpsychologie (The Elements of Social Psychology)
- Oswald Spengler (1918) The Decline of the West
- Lewis Mumford (1934) Technics and Civilization
- Stephen Pepper (1942) World Hypotheses
- Jean Gebser (1949) The Ever-Present Origin
- Jean Piaget (1950) The psychology of intelligence
- Northrop Frye (1957) Anatomy of Criticism
- Hayden White (1973) Metahistory
- Jane Loevinger (1976) Loevinger's stages of ego development
- Clare W. Graves (1978/2005) The Never Ending Quest (posthumously published in the later year listed, primarily written by the earlier year)
- Kieran Egan (1979) Educational Development
- Ken Wilber (1995) Sex, Ecology, Spirituality
See also
- Alexander Fraser Tytler
- End-of-history illusion
- History of ideas
- Integrative level
- Recapitulation theory
