Fallacy
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| - | # [[Deceptive]] or [[false]] appearance; [[deceitfulness]]; that which misleads the eye or the mind; deception. | + | |
| - | # An [[argument]], or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not. | + | An informal '''fallacy''' is an error in [[reasoning]] that does not originate in improper logical form. Arguments committing [[informal fallacies]] may be formally valid, but still fallacious. An error that stems from a poor logical form is sometimes called [[formal fallacy]] or simply an invalid argument. |
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| + | There are many different informal fallacies, but a few basic types. For instance, '''material fallacies''' is error in what the arguer is talking about, while '''Verbal fallacies''' is error in how the arguer is talking. | ||
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| + | Fallacies of '''presumption''' fail to prove the conclusion by assuming the conclusion in the proof. Fallacies of '''weak inference''' fail to prove the conclusion with insufficient evidence. Fallacies of '''distraction''' fail to prove the conclusion with irrelevant evidence, like emotion. Fallacies of '''ambiguity''' fail to prove the conclusion due to vagueness in words, phrases, or grammar. | ||
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| + | Some fallacies are committed intentionally (to manipulate or persuade by deception), others unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance. | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
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| + | '''Lists''' | ||
| + | * [[List of cognitive biases]] | ||
| + | * [[List of fallacies]] | ||
| + | * [[List of memory biases]] | ||
| + | * [[List of paradoxes]] | ||
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| + | '''Concepts''' | ||
| + | * [[Association fallacy]] | ||
| + | * [[Cogency]] | ||
| + | * [[Cognitive bias]] | ||
| + | * [[Cognitive distortion]] | ||
| + | * [[Demagogy]] | ||
| + | * [[Evidence]] | ||
| + | * [[Fallacies of definition]] | ||
| + | * [[False premise]] | ||
| + | * [[False statement]] | ||
| + | * [[Invalid proof]] | ||
| + | * [[Mathematical fallacy]] | ||
| + | * [[Paradox]] | ||
| + | * [[Sophism]] | ||
| + | * [[Soundness]] | ||
| + | * [[Truth]] | ||
| + | * [[Validity]] | ||
| + | * [[Victim blaming]] | ||
| + | * [[Whig history]] | ||
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| + | '''Works''' | ||
| + | * ''[[Attacking Faulty Reasoning]]'' | ||
| + | * ''[[Straight and Crooked Thinking]]'' | ||
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Revision as of 13:08, 23 February 2013
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An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that does not originate in improper logical form. Arguments committing informal fallacies may be formally valid, but still fallacious. An error that stems from a poor logical form is sometimes called formal fallacy or simply an invalid argument.
There are many different informal fallacies, but a few basic types. For instance, material fallacies is error in what the arguer is talking about, while Verbal fallacies is error in how the arguer is talking.
Fallacies of presumption fail to prove the conclusion by assuming the conclusion in the proof. Fallacies of weak inference fail to prove the conclusion with insufficient evidence. Fallacies of distraction fail to prove the conclusion with irrelevant evidence, like emotion. Fallacies of ambiguity fail to prove the conclusion due to vagueness in words, phrases, or grammar.
Some fallacies are committed intentionally (to manipulate or persuade by deception), others unintentionally due to carelessness or ignorance.
See also
Lists
Concepts
- Association fallacy
- Cogency
- Cognitive bias
- Cognitive distortion
- Demagogy
- Evidence
- Fallacies of definition
- False premise
- False statement
- Invalid proof
- Mathematical fallacy
- Paradox
- Sophism
- Soundness
- Truth
- Validity
- Victim blaming
- Whig history
Works
