Johann Fischart
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Johann Fischart (c. 1545 – 1591) was a German satirist and publicist.
Biography
Fischart was born, probably, at Strasbourg (but according to some accounts at Mainz), in or about the year 1545, and was educated at Worms in the house of Kaspar Scheid, whom in the preface to his Eulenspiegel he mentions as his cousin and preceptor. He appears to have travelled in Italy, the Netherlands, France and England, and on his return to have taken the degree of doctor juris at Basel.
Most of his works were written from 1575 to 1581. During this period he lived with, and was probably associated in the business of, his sister's husband, Bernhard Jobin, a printer at Strasbourg who published many of his books. In 1581 Fischart was attached as advocate to the Reichskammergericht (imperial court of appeal) at Speyer. In 1583, he married and was appointed Amtmann (magistrate) at Forbach near Saarbrücken. He died there in the winter of 1590-1591.
Influence
Thirty years after Fischart's death, his writings, once so popular, were almost entirely forgotten. Recalled to the public attention by Johann Jakob Bodmer and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, it was only around the end of the 1800s that his works came to be a subject of academic investigation, and his position in German literature to be fully understood.
Fischart studied not only ancient literature, but also the literature of Italy, France, the Netherlands and England. He was a lawyer, a theologian, a satirist and the most powerful Protestant publicist of the counter-reformation period; in politics he was a republican. His satire was levelled mercilessly at all perversities in the public and private life of his time, at astrological superstition, scholastic pedantry, ancestral pride, but especially at the papal dignity and the lives of the priesthood and the Jesuits. He indulged in the wildest witticisms, the most extreme caricature; but all this he did with a serious purpose. As a poet, he is characterized by the eloquence and picturesqueness of his style and the symbolical language he employed.
Works
Fischart wrote under pseudonyms; such as Mentzer, Menzer, Reznem, Huidrich Elloposkleros, Jesuwalt Pickhart, Winhold Alkofribas Wustblutus, Ulrich Mansehr von Treubach, and Im Fischen Gilts Mischen. There is doubt whether some of the works attributed to him are really his. More than 50 satirical works, in both prose and verse, remain considered his authentic work.
Among works believed to be his are:
- Nachtrab oder Nebelkräh (1570), a satire against Jakob Rabe, a Catholic convert
- Von St. Dominici des Predigermonchs und St Francisci Barfussers artlichem Leben (I 571), a poem with the expressive motto Sie haben Nasen und riechens nit ("Ye have noses and smell it not"), written to defend the Protestants against certain accusations, one of which was that Martin Luther held communion with the devil
- Eulenspiegel Reimensweis (written 1571, published 1572)
- Aller Praktik Grossmutter (1572), after Rabelais' Prognostication Pantagrueline, ed. Johann Scheible (1847)
- Floh Haz, Weiber Traz (1573), in which he describes a battle between fleas and women, ed. Scheible (1848)
- Affentheuerliche und ungeheuerliche Geschichtschrift yam Leben, Rhaten und Thaten der. . . Helden und Herren Grand gusier Gargantoa und Panta gruel, also after Rabelais (1575, and again under the modified title, Naupengeheurliche Geschichtklilterung, 1577)
- Neue kunstiiche Figuren biblischer Historian (1576)
- Anmahnung zur christlichen Kinderzucht (1576); Das gluckhafft Schiff von Zürich (1576, republished 1828, with an introduction by the poet Ludwig Uhland), a poem commemorating the adventure of a company of Zürich arquebusiers, who sailed from their native town to Strasbourg in one day, and brought, as a proof of this feat, a kettleful of Hirscbrei (millet), which had been cooked in Zürich, still warm into Strasbourg, and intended to illustrate the proverb "perseverance overcomes all difficulties"; Podagrammisch Trostbuchlein (1577, ed. Scheible 1848)
- Philosophisch Ehzuchtbuchlein (1578) ed. Scheible (1848)
- the celebrated Bienenk orb des heiligen romischen Imniensckwarms, &c., a modification of the Dutch De roomsche
- Byen-Korf, by Philipp Marnix of St. Aldegonde, published in 1579 and reprinted in 1847
- Der heilig Brotkorb (1580), after Calvin's Trait des reliques
- Das vierhornige Jesuiterhtlein, a rhymed satire against the Jesuits (1580); and a number of smaller poems.
To Fischart also have been attributed some Psalmen und geistliche Lieder which appeared in a Strasbourg hymn-book of 1576.
