Freakonomics
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| + | '''''Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything''''' is the debut non-fiction book by [[University of Chicago]] economist [[Steven Levitt]] and ''[[New York Times]]'' journalist [[Stephen J. Dubner]]. It was published on April 12, 2005 by [[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]]. The book has been described as [[wikt:meld|meld]]ing<!--sic - please do not change the spelling unless you have read the cited source and have a sufficient command of the English language--> [[popular culture|pop culture]] with [[economics]]. | ||
| + | ==Overview== | ||
| + | The book is a collection of articles written by Levitt, an expert who had gained a reputation for applying economic theory to diverse subjects not usually covered by "traditional" economists. In ''Freakonomics'', Levitt and Dubner argue that economics is, at root, the study of [[incentive]]s. The book's chapters cover: | ||
| + | * Chapter 1: Discovering [[cheating]] as applied to [[teacher]]s and [[sumo]] wrestlers, as well as a typical [[Washington DC]] area [[bagel]] business and its customers | ||
| + | * Chapter 2: Information control as applied to the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and [[real-estate]] agents | ||
| + | * Chapter 3: The economics of [[drug dealing]], including the surprisingly [[minimum wage|low earnings]] and abject working conditions of [[crack cocaine]] dealers | ||
| + | * Chapter 4: [[Legalized abortion and crime effect|The role legalized abortion has played in reducing crime]], contrasted with the policies and downfall of [[Romania]]n dictator [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] (Levitt explored this topic in an earlier paper entitled "[[The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime]]," written with [[John J. Donohue III|John Donohue]].) | ||
| + | * Chapter 5: The negligible effects of good [[parenting]] on [[education]] | ||
| + | * Chapter 6: The socioeconomic patterns of naming children ([[nominative determinism]]) | ||
| - | The '''American crack epidemic''' was a surge of [[crack cocaine]] use in major cities across the [[United States]] between early 1980s and the early 1990s. This resulted in a number of social consequences, such as increasing crime and violence in American [[inner city]] neighborhoods, as well as a resulting backlash in the form of [[Law and order (politics)|tough on crime]] policies. | + | One example of the authors' use of economic theory involves demonstrating the existence of cheating among sumo wrestlers. In a sumo tournament, all wrestlers in the top division compete in 15 matches and face demotion if they do not win at least eight of them. The sumo community is very close-knit, and the wrestlers at the top levels tend to know each other well. The authors looked at the final match, and considered the case of a wrestler with seven wins, seven losses, and one fight to go, fighting against an 8-6 wrestler. Statistically, the 7-7 wrestler should have a slightly below even chance, since the 8-6 wrestler is slightly better. However, the 7-7 wrestler actually wins around 80% of the time. Levitt uses this statistic and other data gleaned from sumo wrestling matches, along with the effect that allegations of corruption have on match results, to conclude that those who already have 8 wins [[collusion|collude]] with those who are 7-7 and let them win, since they have already secured their position for the following tournament. Despite condemnation of the claims by the [[Japan Sumo Association]] following the book's publication in 2005, the 2011 Grand Tournament in [[Tokyo]] was cancelled for the first time since 1946 because of allegations of match fixing.{{r|bbc_sumo}} |
| + | The authors attempt to demonstrate the power of [[data mining]], as a number of their results emerge from Levitt's analysis of various databases. The authors posit that various incentives encourage teachers to cheat by assisting their students with multiple-choice [[high-stakes testing|high-stakes tests]]. Such cheating in the [[Chicago]] school system is inferred from detailed analysis of students' answers to multiple choice questions. Levitt asks, "What would the pattern of answers look like if the teacher cheated?", and hypothesises that the more difficult questions found at the end of test sections will be answered correctly more frequently than the easy questions at the beginning of test sections. | ||
| - | ==Influence on popular culture== | + | ===Reappraisals=== |
| + | In Chapter 2 of ''Freakonomics'', the authors wrote of their visit to folklorist [[Stetson Kennedy]]'s Florida home where the topic of Kennedy's investigations of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] were discussed. However, in their January 8, 2006, column in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', Dubner and Levitt wrote of questions about Stetson Kennedy's research ("Hoodwinked", pp. 26–28) leading to the conclusion that Kennedy's research was at times embellished for effectiveness. | ||
| - | ===In documentary films=== | + | In the "Revised and Expanded Edition" this embellishment was noted and corrected: |
| - | *''[[High on Crack Street: Lost Lives in Lowell]]'' (1995) | + | "Several months after ''Freakonomics'' was first published, it was brought to our attention that this man's portrayal of his crusade, and various other Klan matters, was considerably overstated ... we felt it was important to set straight the historical record." |
| - | *''[[Cocaine Cowboys]]'' (2006) | + | |
| - | *''[[Crackheads Gone Wild]]'' (2006) | + | |
| - | *''[[American Drug War: The Last White Hope]]'' (2007) | + | |
| - | *''[[Freakonomics (film)|Freakonomics]]'' (2010) | + | |
| - | *''[[Planet Rock: The Story of Hip-Hop and the Crack Generation]]'' (2011) | + | |
| - | *''[[The Seven Five]]'' (2014) | + | |
| - | *''[[Freeway: Crack in the System]]'' (2015) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===In documentary serials=== | + | |
| - | *''[[Drugs, Inc.]]'' (2010–present) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===In film=== | + | |
| - | *''[[Death Wish 4: The Crackdown]]'' (1987) | + | |
| - | *''[[Colors (film)|Colors]]'' (1988) | + | |
| - | *''[[King of New York]]'' (1990) | + | |
| - | *''[[Boyz n the Hood]]'' (1991) | + | |
| - | *''[[New Jack City]]'' (1991) | + | |
| - | *''[[Jungle Fever]]'' (1991) | + | |
| - | *''[[Deep Cover]]'' (1992) | + | |
| - | *''[[Menace II Society]]'' (1993) | + | |
| - | *''[[Above the Rim]]'' (1994) | + | |
| - | *''[[Dead Presidents]]'' (1995) | + | |
| - | *''[[Training Day]]'' (2001) | + | |
| - | *''[[Dark Blue (film)|Dark Blue]]'' (2002) | + | |
| - | *''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' (2005) | + | |
| - | *''[[Notorious (2009 film)|Notorious]]'' (2009) | + | |
| - | *''[[Moonlight (2016 film)|Moonlight]]'' (2016) | + | |
| - | *''[[Snowfall (TV series)|Snowfall]]'' (2017) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===In video games=== | + | |
| - | *''[[Narc (video game)|Narc]] (1988) | + | |
| - | *''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]] (2002) | + | |
| - | *''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' (2004) | + | |
| - | *''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories]] (2006) | + | |
| - | *''[[Scarface: Money. Power. Respect.]]'' (2006) | + | |
| - | *''[[Scarface: The World Is Yours]]'' (2006) | + | |
| - | *''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (2008) | + | |
| - | *''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'' (2013) | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===Research books=== | + | |
| - | *''[[Sudhir Venkatesh]]'' (Indian American sociologist scholar and reporter) | + | |
| - | **''[[Freakonomics]]'' (2005) – <small>Chapter: "Why Do Drug Dealers Still Live With Their Moms" </small> | + | |
| - | **''American Project. The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto'', <small>Harvard University Press, 2000 </small> | + | |
| - | **''Off the Books. The Underground Economy of the Urban Poor'', <small>Harvard University Press, 2006 </small> | + | |
| - | **''Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets'', <small>Penguin Press, 2008 </small> | + | |
| - | **''Floating City: A Rogue Sociologist Lost and Found in New York's Underground Economy'', <small>Penguin Press, 2013 </small> | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | * [[Cocaine in the United States]] | + | |
| - | * [[Opioid crisis]] | + | |
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Nominative determinism]] | ||
| + | * [[Correlation does not imply causation]] | ||
| + | * [[Malcolm Gladwell]] | ||
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Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the debut non-fiction book by University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and New York Times journalist Stephen J. Dubner. It was published on April 12, 2005 by William Morrow. The book has been described as melding pop culture with economics.
Overview
The book is a collection of articles written by Levitt, an expert who had gained a reputation for applying economic theory to diverse subjects not usually covered by "traditional" economists. In Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner argue that economics is, at root, the study of incentives. The book's chapters cover:
- Chapter 1: Discovering cheating as applied to teachers and sumo wrestlers, as well as a typical Washington DC area bagel business and its customers
- Chapter 2: Information control as applied to the Ku Klux Klan and real-estate agents
- Chapter 3: The economics of drug dealing, including the surprisingly low earnings and abject working conditions of crack cocaine dealers
- Chapter 4: The role legalized abortion has played in reducing crime, contrasted with the policies and downfall of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu (Levitt explored this topic in an earlier paper entitled "The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime," written with John Donohue.)
- Chapter 5: The negligible effects of good parenting on education
- Chapter 6: The socioeconomic patterns of naming children (nominative determinism)
One example of the authors' use of economic theory involves demonstrating the existence of cheating among sumo wrestlers. In a sumo tournament, all wrestlers in the top division compete in 15 matches and face demotion if they do not win at least eight of them. The sumo community is very close-knit, and the wrestlers at the top levels tend to know each other well. The authors looked at the final match, and considered the case of a wrestler with seven wins, seven losses, and one fight to go, fighting against an 8-6 wrestler. Statistically, the 7-7 wrestler should have a slightly below even chance, since the 8-6 wrestler is slightly better. However, the 7-7 wrestler actually wins around 80% of the time. Levitt uses this statistic and other data gleaned from sumo wrestling matches, along with the effect that allegations of corruption have on match results, to conclude that those who already have 8 wins collude with those who are 7-7 and let them win, since they have already secured their position for the following tournament. Despite condemnation of the claims by the Japan Sumo Association following the book's publication in 2005, the 2011 Grand Tournament in Tokyo was cancelled for the first time since 1946 because of allegations of match fixing.Template:R
The authors attempt to demonstrate the power of data mining, as a number of their results emerge from Levitt's analysis of various databases. The authors posit that various incentives encourage teachers to cheat by assisting their students with multiple-choice high-stakes tests. Such cheating in the Chicago school system is inferred from detailed analysis of students' answers to multiple choice questions. Levitt asks, "What would the pattern of answers look like if the teacher cheated?", and hypothesises that the more difficult questions found at the end of test sections will be answered correctly more frequently than the easy questions at the beginning of test sections.
Reappraisals
In Chapter 2 of Freakonomics, the authors wrote of their visit to folklorist Stetson Kennedy's Florida home where the topic of Kennedy's investigations of the Ku Klux Klan were discussed. However, in their January 8, 2006, column in The New York Times Magazine, Dubner and Levitt wrote of questions about Stetson Kennedy's research ("Hoodwinked", pp. 26–28) leading to the conclusion that Kennedy's research was at times embellished for effectiveness.
In the "Revised and Expanded Edition" this embellishment was noted and corrected: "Several months after Freakonomics was first published, it was brought to our attention that this man's portrayal of his crusade, and various other Klan matters, was considerably overstated ... we felt it was important to set straight the historical record."
See also
