French–German enmity
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French–German enmity was the idea of unavoidably hostile relations and mutual revanchism between Germans and French people that arose in the 16th century and became popular with the Franco–Prussian War of 1870–1871. It was an important factor in the unification of Germany and World War I, and was finally overcome after World War II, when under the influence of the Cold War cordial French–German relations became the key to European integration.
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Chronology
- 843: Treaty of Verdun: division of the Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne into a Western Franconia realm (foundation of France), a central realm (Lorraine), and an Eastern Franconia realm (foundation of Germany).
- 1214: Battle of Bouvines
- 1250–1300: Philip IV of France's offensive territorial policy against the Holy Roman Empire
- 1477: After the death of Charles I, Duke of Burgundy, the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France. In the same year, Charles' daughter Mary of Burgundy married Archduke Maximilian of Austria, giving the Habsburgs control of the remainder of the Burgundian Inheritance. Although the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy.
- 1618–48: Thirty Years' War
- 1672–78: Franco–Dutch War between the Netherlands and France expands to a European conflict in 1673–74
- 1688: War of the Grand Alliance
- 1688–1702 Esechiel du Mas, Comte de Melac pursues a policy of death and destruction in SW Germany "Brulez le Palatinat", countless cities, towns and villages were reduced to ashes
- 1701–14: War of the Spanish Succession between the Houses of Bourbon and Habsburg
- 1718: War of the Quadruple Alliance
- 1733–35: War of the Polish Succession between the Houses of Bourbon and Habsburg
- 1740–48: War of the Austrian Succession moved to the habsburgisch Netherlands → main antagonists: France and Great Britain
- 1754 and 1756–63: Seven Years' War → Prussia, Great Britain, and Hannover against France, Austria, the Russian Empire, Sweden, and Saxony
- 1792–1815: French Revolutionary Wars
- 1792–97: War of the First Coalition: Prussia and Austria, since 1793 also Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Sardinia, Naples, and Tuscany against French Republic. French occupation of the Rhineland.
- 1794: Holy Roman Empire and France, French occupation of Austrian Netherlands (1795–1806 Batavian Republic)
- 1799–1815: Napoleonic Wars
- 1803–06: War of the Third Coalition: Destruction of the Holy Roman Empire by France.
- 1806–07: War of the Fourth Coalition: Prussia, Electorate of Saxony, Saxony-Weimar, and Brunswick against the French Empire. All Franco–Prussian battles were French victories of Napoleon I (including Battle of Jena–Auerstedt) ensuing this was the occupation of Prussia per the Treaties of Tilsit. Prussia was conquered by France in only 19 days.
- 1813: Battle of the Nations
- 1840: Rhine crisis: Rhine was a historic object of frontier trouble, between France and Germany; in 1840, the Rhine crisis evolved, because the French prime minister, Adolphe Thiers, started to talk about the Rhine border.
- 1870–71: Franco–Prussian War. The defeat of Napoleon III led to the unification of Germany in the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
- 1914–18: World War I, mostly fought in trenches in France
- 1923–30: French Occupation of the Ruhr.
- 1939–40: Battle of France. Victory of Hitler over the Allies (France, Great Britain et al). France was conquered by Germany in only 1 month and 12 days.
- 1940–42: North part of metropolitan France is occupied by Germany per the Second Armistice at Compiègne.
- 1942–44: Following the Anglo-American landing in French North Africa, the South part of France is occupied by Germany.
- 1944–45: Following the Allies landing in Normandy and Provence (including Free French forces), a Vichy French enclave is created in western Germany, the Sigmaringen city-state.
- 1945: The defeat of Germany during World War II led to the French occupation of parts of western Germany (and Berlin)
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