Futurist architecture
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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Futurist architecture is an early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was part of the Futurism, an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists (such as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, and Enrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists (several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight in World War I). The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant'Elia, who, though building little, translated the futurist vision into an urban form.
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History of Italian Futurism
In 1912, three years after Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto, Antonio Sant'Elia and Mario Chiattone take part to the Nuove Tendenze exhibition in Milano. In 1914 the group presented their first exposition with a "Message" by Sant'Elia, that later, with the contribution of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, became the Manifesto dell’Architettura Futurista ("Manifesto of Futurist Architecture"). Also Boccioni unofficially worked on a similar manifesto, but Marinetti preferred Sant'Elia's paper.
Later in 1920, another manifesto was written by Virgilio Marchi, Manifesto dell’Architettura Futurista–Dinamica ("Manifesto of Dynamic Instinctive Dramatic Futurist Architecture"). Ottorino Aloisio worked in the style established by Marchi, one example being his Casa del Fascio in Asti.
Another futurist manifesto related to architecture is the Manifesto dell’Arte Sacra Futurista ("Manifesto of Sacred Futurist Art") by Fillia (Luigi Colombo) and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, published in 1931. On 27 January 1934 it was the turn of the Manifesto of Aerial Architecture by Marinetti, Angiolo Mazzoni and Mino Somenzi. Mazzoni had publicly adhered to futurism only the year before. In this paper the Lingotto factory by Giacomo Matté-Trucco is defined as the first Futurist constructive invention. Mazzoni himself in those years worked on a building considered today a masterpiece of futurist architecture, like the Heating plant and Main controls cabin at Santa Maria Novella railway station, in Florence.
Art Deco
The Art Deco style of architecture with its streamlined forms was regarded as futuristic when it was in style in the 1920s and 1930s. The original name for both early and late Art Deco was Art Moderne--the name "Art Deco" did not come into use until 1968 when the term was invented in a book by Bevis Hillier. The Chrysler Building is a notable example of Art Deco futurist architecture.
Futurism after World War II
Googie architecture
After World War II, Futurism, considerably weakened, redefines itself thanks to the enthusiasm towards the Space Age, the Atomic Age, the car culture and the wide use of plastic. For example, we find this trend in the architecture of Googies in the 1950s in California. Futurism in this case is not a style but an architectural approach rather free and uninhibited, which is why it has been reinterpreted and transformed by generations of architects the following decades, but in general we find that amazing shapes with dynamic lines and sharp contrasts, and the use of technologically advanced materials.
Neo-Futurism
In the 1980s, French architect Denis Laming, was one of the members of this movement and founder of Neo-Futurism. He designed all of the buildings in Futuroscope, whose Kinemax is the flagship building.
Post-modern futurism
In popular literature, the term futuristic is often used without much precision to describe an architecture that would have the appearance of the space age as described in works of science fiction or as drawn in science fiction comic strips or comic books. Today it is sometimes confused with blob architecture. The routine use of the term vague and futurism — which rarely has political implications — must be well differentiated from the Futurist movement of the years 1910–1920. The futurist architecture created since 1960 may be termed post-modern futurism.
- Le Corbusier
- Denis Laming
- Cesar Pelli
- Santiago Calatrava
- Archigram
- Louis Armet
- Welton Becket
- Arthur Erickson
- Future Systems
- Michael Graves
- Zaha Hadid
- John Lautner
- Anthony J. Lumsden
- Virgilio Marchi
- Wayne McAllister
- Oscar Niemeyer
- William Pereira
- Tadao Ando
- Patricio Pouchulu
- Eero Saarinen
See also
