Generalization
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| * ''[[Ceteris paribus]]'' | * ''[[Ceteris paribus]]'' | ||
| * [[Categorical imperative|Ethical Generalization]] | * [[Categorical imperative|Ethical Generalization]] | ||
| - | * [[Class_diagram#Generalization|Class diagram]] | ||
| - | * [[External validity|External validity (scientific studies)]] | ||
| * [[Faulty generalization]] | * [[Faulty generalization]] | ||
| * [[Generalization (logic)]] | * [[Generalization (logic)]] | ||
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| * [[Hasty generalization]] | * [[Hasty generalization]] | ||
| * [[Lumpers and splitters]] | * [[Lumpers and splitters]] | ||
| - | * [[Inheritance (object-oriented programming)]], | ||
| * ''[[Mutatis mutandis]]'' | * ''[[Mutatis mutandis]]'' | ||
| * [[-onym]] | * [[-onym]] | ||
| - | * [[Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm]] | ||
| - | * [[Semantic compression]] | ||
| - | * [[Specialization (logic)]], the opposite process | ||
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Revision as of 17:50, 5 April 2014
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"An idea is always a generalization, and generalization is a property of thinking. To generalize means to think [...]."-- Hegel "To generalize is to be an idiot. To particularize is the alone distinction of merit. General knowledge are those knowledge that idiots possess." --Annotations to Sir Joshua Reynolds's Discourses, pp. xvii–xcviii (c. 1798–1809), William Blake |
![Diagram of the human mind, from Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, page 217[1] by Robert Fludd](/Image:Diagram_of_the_human_mind%2C_from_Robert_Fludd_%281574-1637%29%2C_Utriusque_cosmic_maioris_scilicet_et_minoris_metaphysica.jpg)
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Generalization a foundational element of logic and human reasoning. Generalization posits the existence of a domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by those elements. As such, it is the essential basis of all valid deductive inference. The process of verification is necessary to determine whether a generalization holds true for any given situation.
The concept of generalization has broad application in many related disciplines, sometimes having a specialized context-specific meaning.
For any two related concepts, A and B; A is considered a generalization of concept B if and only if:
- every instance of concept B is also an instance of concept A; and
- there are instances of concept A which are not instances of concept B.
For instance, animal is a generalization of bird because every bird is an animal, and there are animals which are not birds (dogs, for instance).
Hypernym and hyponym
This kind of generalization versus specialization (or particularization) is reflected in either of the contrasting words of the word pair hypernym and hyponym. A hypernym as a generic stands for a class or group of equally-ranked items...... such as tree does for peach and oak; or ship for cruiser and steamer. Whereas a hyponym is one of the items included in the generic, such as lily and daisy are included in flower, and bird and fish in animal. A hypernym is superordinate to a hyponym, and a hyponym is subordinate to hypernym.
See also
- Abstraction
- Ceteris paribus
- Ethical Generalization
- Faulty generalization
- Generalization (logic)
- Generic (disambiguation)
- Generic antecedent
- Hasty generalization
- Lumpers and splitters
- Mutatis mutandis
- -onym
