Häxan
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
|
"While in Berlin in 1914 a fateful event occurred - [ Benjamin Christensen ] stumbled upon a copy of a book called Malleus Maleficarum [...] On that same trip he passed through Paris where he found a copy of La sorcière by Jules Michelet, a study of witchcraft and the phenomenon of the persecutions. "After reading these two books," he would later note, "I was seized by the intensely dramatic power of the material [...] it was clear to me that I had finally found a subject."--Witchcraft Through the Ages: The Story of Haxan, the World's Strangest Film, and the Man Who Made It (2007) by Jack Stevenson "The English scientist Rawlinson and French scientist Maspero show us pictures of evil spirits, believed to have resided amongst the first civilizations."--subtitles Häxan “Those who saw the very fine film Witchcraft through the Ages will certainly feel much livelier instructed than from the books of Hippocrates and Plato…”--Louis Aragon and André Breton in La Révolution Surréaliste Nr. 11[1] “[Häxan] should be screened in all the schools of the world”--Ado Kyrou (French: "Ce documentaire devrait passer dans tous les lycées du monde") "Typically anti-clerical, but with a studied vengeance, Häxan suggests a recipe of “ pigeon heart and cat shit " to seduce a corpulent monk "--Popular Witchcraft (1973) by Jack Fritscher, John Fritscher |
|
Related e |
|
Featured: |
Häxan (English: The Witches or Witchcraft Through the Ages) is a 1922 silent horror essay film written and directed by Benjamin Christensen. Consisting partly of documentary-style storytelling as well as dramatized horror sequences, the film charts the historical roots and superstitions surrounding witchcraft, beginning in the Middle Ages through the 20th century. Based partly on Christensen's own study of the Malleus Maleficarum, a 15th-century German guide for inquisitors, the film proposes the notion that such witch hunts may have stemmed from misunderstandings of diseases and mental illnesses, triggering mass hysteria.
An international co-production between Sweden and Denmark, Haxan was filmed in 1920. With Christensen's meticulous recreation of medieval scenes and the lengthy production period, the film was the most expensive Scandinavian silent film ever made, costing nearly two million Swedish kronor. Although it won acclaim in Denmark and Sweden, the film was banned in the United States and heavily censored in other countries for what were considered at that time graphic depictions of torture, nudity, and sexual perversion.
It is a documentary about witchcraft, but contains numerous dramatized sequences that are reminiscent of horror films. Benjamin Christensen casts himself as Satan. A sabbath depicting a baby slaughtered, and a devil receiving kiss after kiss on his buttocks, are only two of the reasons why this film was been rated X in the United Kingdom. The 1968 edit Witchcraft Through The Ages, an abbreviated version of the film (77 minutes as opposed to the original's 104 minutes) was produced and released by Antony Balch and featured an eclectic jazz score by Jean-Luc Ponty and dramatic narration by William S. Burroughs.
Contents |
Plot
Part 1
A scholarly dissertation on the appearances of demons and witches in primitive and medieval culture, a number of photographs of statuary, paintings, and woodcuts are used as demonstrative pieces. In addition, several large scale models are employed to demonstrate medieval concepts of the structure of the solar system and the commonly accepted depiction of Hell.
Part 2
A series of vignettes theatrically demonstrating medieval superstition and beliefs concerning witchcraft, including Satan (played by Christensen himself) tempting a sleeping woman away from her husband's bed before terrorizing a group of monks. Also shown is a woman purchasing a love potion from a supposed witch, and a sequence showing a supposed witch dreaming of flying through the air and attending a witches' gathering.
Part 3
A long narrative broken up into several parts. Set in the Middle Ages, it concerns an old woman accused of witchcraft by a dying man's family. The narrative is used to demonstrate the treatment of suspected witches by the religious authorities of the time. The old woman, after being tortured, admits to heavy involvement in witchcraft, including detailed descriptions of a Witches' Sabbath, even going so far as to "name" other supposed witches, including two of the women in the dying man's household. Eventually, the dying man's wife is arrested as a witch when one of the clergymen accuses her of bewitching him.
Part 4
The final part of the film seeks to demonstrate how the superstitions of old are better understood now. Christensen seeks to make the claim that most who were accused of witchcraft were possibly mentally ill, and in modern times, such behavior is interpreted as a disease. His case revolves around vignettes about a somnambulist and a kleptomaniac, the implication being that these behaviors would have been thought of as demonically-influenced in medieval times whereas modern societies recognize them as psychological ailments.
Production
Most of the film was shot at night, ostensibly to enhance the sinister mood of some of the scenes. Such a technique was unheard of at the time of filming.
Christensen himself plays Satan, and also shows up briefly as Jesus Christ during a scene set in a convent. He also appears as himself in the film's opening credits.
Alternate versions
The film was re-released in 1941 in Denmark with an extended introduction by Christensen. The intertitles were also changed in this version.
In 1968, an abbreviated version of the film (77 minutes as opposed to the original's 104 minutes) was released, entitled Witchcraft Through The Ages. This version featured an eclectic jazz score by Jean-Luc Ponty and dramatic narration by William S. Burroughs.
On October 16, 2001, Häxan was released on DVD by The Criterion Collection. This release features a restored print of the original version of the film, as well as the 1968 Witchcraft Through The Ages version. Also featured are extensive production notes, a re-recorded musical score, commentary by Danish film scholar Casper Tybjerg, a gallery featuring the images used in the film's first section, and the introduction Christensen recorded for the 1941 re-release.
The British group Bronnt Industries Kapital have composed an electro-acoustic score for the film which is being performed throughout the UK and Europe in 2007. A DVD of the film featuring their soundtrack is being released by Tartan Films on June 11, 2007.Template:Fact
British composer and performer Geoff Smith has also composed a new soundtrack for the film to be performed on the hammered dulcimer. Smith is performing the soundtrack throughout the UK in 2007.[2]
In popular culture
Haxan Films, the studio that produced The Blair Witch Project, took their name from this film. Norwegian industrial metal artist Mortiis used excerpts from the film in a promotional video for the re-mix of the song "Marshland", from his album The Smell of Rain.
Names mentioned
Gaston Maspero, George Rawlinson, Paul Lacroix, Franz Heinemann, Bourneville & E. Teinturier
