Rooney Mara
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| - | In autumn 1966 the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] unveiled a new Production Code. The new Code replaced specific rules, including those on nudity, with more general principles advising caution in matters like nudity and sexual intimacy. It also gave the MPAA the power to label certain films as "Suggested for Mature Audiences". Only a handful of Hollywood films dared to show a fleeting glimpse of partial nudity, usually a bare breast seen from a distance or in a dark setting. These include [[Ursula Andress]] in ''[[The Blue Max]]'' (1966), [[Anne Bancroft]]'s body double in ''[[The Graduate]]'', [[Angie Dickinson]] in ''[[Point Blank]]'', [[Sharon Tate]] in ''[[Valley of the Dolls]]'' (all from 1967), and [[Mia Farrow]] in ''[[Rosemary's Baby]]'' (1968). [[Burt Lancaster]] was among the very first male actors to do a nude scene for ''[[The Swimmer (1968 film)|The Swimmer]]'' (filmed 1966, released 1968). It was also a common practice, as in [[John Frankenheimer]]'s ''[[Seconds]]'' (1966), to film racy alternate scenes with nudity and sexual content for the European release. | + | '''Patricia Rooney Mara''' (born April 17, 1985) is an American actress. Born into the [[Rooney family|Rooney and Mara]] families, she began her career acting in television and [[independent films]], such as the coming-of-age drama ''[[Tanner Hall (film)|Tanner Hall]]'' (2009), and gained greater recognition for a supporting role in [[David Fincher]]'s biographical drama ''[[The Social Network]]'' (2010). |
| - | In November 1968, the MPAA abandoned the Production Code altogether and replaced it with the voluntary rating system. Nudity could then be legitimately included in a commercially distributed film. However, many movie theaters still refuse to show films with X or NC-17 ratings, which is frequently a barrier to commercial success. A few X-rated films, however, have been critical successes, including ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' (1971), ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'' (1973), and ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'' (1969), which won an [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]. | + | == See also == |
| + | *[[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]] | ||
| + | *[[List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories]] | ||
| + | *[[List of animal rights advocates]] | ||
| + | *[[List of vegans]] | ||
| - | By 1969 nude scenes were becoming far more commonplace in mainstream films. By that time one could see such actors as [[Deborah Kerr]], [[Elke Sommer]], [[Julie Newmar]], [[Faye Dunaway]], [[Barbara Hershey]], [[Sheree North]], [[Ali MacGraw]], [[Rita Moreno]], [[Shirley Jones]], [[Carroll Baker]], and others performing sans wardrobe. | ||
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| - | At present, genital nudity is still rare in U.S. cinema. Anything more than a very small amount of genital nudity, especially in a sexual context, often leads to an NC-17 (or X, in the past) rating. (One notable exception is ''[[Porky's]]'' (1982), a broad [[sex comedy]] with an R rating that featured several full-frontal nude scenes with multiple men and women, though never both together.) In the 2000s, most nude scenes lead only to an R rating from the MPAA, instead of NC-17. Many films that were once rated X have been "re-rated" R; the rating on ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'', for instance, was so changed in late 1970 (the year after its original release). | ||
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| - | Few [[mainstream]] [[cinema of the United States|American film]]s show [[male]] or [[female]] [[genitalia]] (in what is called by many ''[[Full nudity|full frontal nudity scene]]''). While it is not entirely uncommon for women to appear in full frontal nude scenes, the female genitalia commonly remains obscured by pubic hair. In 2007 [[Judd Apatow]] announced "I'm gonna get a [[penis]] in every movie I do from now on. . . . It really makes me laugh in this day and age, with how psychotic our world is, that anyone is troubled by seeing any part of the human body." The cases where a penis appears fully or semi-[[Erection|erect]]ed in mainstream films are very limited, in part due to ratings pressure from the MPAA, which finds it more acceptable for a male's genitals to be depicted in a flaccid state. The film ''[[Angels and Insects]]'' (1996) was given an [[List of NC-17 rated films|NC-17]] rating specifically because an actor had an [[erection]]. | ||
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| - | Male frontal nudity in a non-sexual context is seemingly becoming more acceptable in mainstream American cinema. The 2007 film ''[[Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story]]'' and the 2008 films ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]'' & ''[[Zack and Miri Make a Porno]]'' all featured male frontal nudity in the context of comedy. | ||
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| - | More commonly, [[buttocks]] and female [[breasts]] are displayed in order to titillate, surprise, disgust, or otherwise amuse the viewer. These types of nude scenes generally lead to an [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system#Ratings|R]] rating from the MPAA, although they may also earn a [[PG]] or [[PG-13]] rating, if the nudity in question is not presented in an obviously [[Human sexuality|sexualized]] context (e.g. a scene of the PG-rated ''[[Footloose]]'', in which a minor character is seen from behind while taking a [[shower]] after having attended a [[physical education]] class). In the 2006 film, ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]'', a woman was seen full nude in an airplane [[lavatory]] having [[sexual intercourse]] with a man, then getting bit on the nipple by a snake. The film received an R rating by the [[MPAA]]. In the film, ''[[Marie Antoinette]]'', [[Kirsten Dunst]] is seen nude several times, in one scene she covered her breasts with her hands, then when she was putting on her shirt, her breasts and nipples are clearly visible through the shirt. The film received a PG-13 rating by the MPAA. | ||
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| - | The tastefulness of [[nude scene]]s is hotly debated in the United States. In the 2000s, adding nudity to films may hurt a film's commercial potential. Some movie critics view gratuitous nudity (that which is not necessary for the plot) negatively. Various actors have refused to appear on film in the nude, citing either their personal morals or the risk to their reputations and careers. Since 2000s, many American films have included actresses in nude or partially nude roles. These include [[Kate Winslet]] in ''[[The Reader (2008 film)|The Reader]]'' (2008), [[Amanda Seyfried]]/[[Julianne Moore]] in ''[[Chloe (film)|Chloe]]'' (2010), Anne Hathaway in ''[[Love & Other Drugs]]'' (2010) and [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]] in ''[[Blue Valentine (film)|Blue Valentine]]'' (2010). Aspiring actresses who accepted nude roles include [[Eva Green]] in ''[[The Dreamers (film)|The Dreamers]]'' (2003), [[Emily Blunt]] in ''[[My Summer of Love]]'' (2004), [[Abbie Cornish]] in ''[[Somersault (film)|Somersault]]'' (2004), [[Noomi Rapace]] in ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film)|The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'' (2009), [[Elizabeth Olsen]] in ''[[Martha Marcy May Marlene]]'' (2011), [[Emily Browning]] in ''[[Sleeping Beauty (2011 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'' (2011) and [[Rooney Mara]] in ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)|The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]'' remake (2011). | ||
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| - | ==European cinema== | ||
| - | :''[[sex and nudity in European cinema]]'' | ||
| - | The approach to nude scenes in Europe is much more lenient than in the U.S. As early as the 1920s a topless [[Josephine Baker]] was filmed performing exotic dance routines for the French cinema. The 1922 Swedish/Danish silent film ''[[Witchcraft Through the Ages]]'' contained scenes of nudity, torture and perversion — an edited version was shown in the U.S. The 1956 German film, ''[[Liane, Jungle Goddess]]'' featured a topless female variant on the [[Tarzan]] legend. Other notable examples from Europe include [[Sophia Loren]] in ''[[Era Lui, Si Si]]'' (1952), [[François Truffaut]]'s ''[[Shoot the Piano Player]]'' (1960), [[Brigitte Bardot]]'s casual nude scenes in the 1963 [[Jean-Luc Godard]] film ''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]'', [[Jane Fonda]] in the French film ''The Game is Over'' (1966), [[Catherine Deneuve]] in ''[[Belle de jour]]'' (1967), [[Vanessa Redgrave]] in 1968's ''[[Isadora]]'', and [[Helen Mirren]] in the Australian film ''[[Age of Consent]]'' (1969). | ||
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| - | Two Swedish films from 1967, ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]'' and ''Inga'' were ground-breaking, and notorious, for showing explicit sex and nudity. Both were initially banned in the U.S. and received an X-rating when they were shown in 1968. | ||
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| - | In England, the [[Ken Russell]] film ''[[Women in Love]]'' (1969) was especially controversial for showing frontal male nudity in a wrestling scene between [[Oliver Reed]] and [[Alan Bates]]. [[Glenda Jackson]] won the Academy Award for Best Actress in that film, the first performer to win for a role that included nude scenes. | ||
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| - | Europeans generally accept depictions of nudity as something natural which is part of normal human life, so there are no taboos around it. Showing of full frontal nudity in movies even by major actors is common and it is not considered damaging to the actors' career. In recent years explicit sexual activity also occurs in movies which target the general moviegoing audience, albeit those usually labelled 'arthouse' product; for example, [[Michael Winterbottom]]’s ''[[9 Songs]]'' and [[Lars Von Trier]]’s ''[[The Idiots]]''. | ||
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| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | :''[[sex in film]], [[famous nude scenes]], [[pretexts for nudity in film]], [[sex and nudity in European cinema]]'' | ||
| - | *[[Pretexts for nudity in film]] | ||
| - | *[[Nudity in art]] | ||
| - | *[[Nudity in music videos]] | ||
| - | *[[Nudity in American television]] | ||
| - | *[[Sex in film]] | ||
| - | *[[List of mainstream films with unsimulated sex]] | ||
| - | *[[No-nudity clause]] | ||
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Patricia Rooney Mara (born April 17, 1985) is an American actress. Born into the Rooney and Mara families, she began her career acting in television and independent films, such as the coming-of-age drama Tanner Hall (2009), and gained greater recognition for a supporting role in David Fincher's biographical drama The Social Network (2010).
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See also
- List of actors with Academy Award nominations
- List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
- List of animal rights advocates
- List of vegans
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