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Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray (London, 1851) is a book by Thomas Wright and R. H. Evans on the work of British caricaturist James Gillray.

Its full title reads Historical & Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray: Comprising A Political and Humorous History of the Latter Part of the Reign of George the Third.

Full text

LIFE OF GILLRAY.

( Extracted from the sketch given in Stanley's new edition of Bryan's Dictionary of the Painters.) James Gillray, the most eminent of English caricaturists, was horn in 1757- His father, James Gillray, who was horn at Lanark, in Scotland, September 3, 1720, entered the army, and was present at the battle of Eontenoy, where he lost an arm. On his return to England, he became an out-pensioner of Chelsea Hospital, and filled the office of sexton to the Moravian burying-ground at Chelsea for forty years, and was buried there in 1799. Like the illustrious Hogarth, and the celebrated engraver Sharp, young Gillray began his career as a letter engraver, but we have been unable to meet with any specimens of his work in that department. Being disgusted with this monotonous occupation, he ran away from his employer, joined a company of strolling players, and, after undergoing the various hardships which this course of life invariably entails upon its followers, returned to London, and became a student of the Boyal Academy, where he most energetically pursued his studies in the art of design. That he must have attained considerable proficiency is evident from several plates which he engraved after his own designs, particularly two subjects from Goldsmith’s Deserted Village, inscribed “ The Village Train,” and “ The Deserted Village,” published in 1784. These are designed with great freedom and picturesque effect, and have some resemblance to the earlier works of Stotliard. They are exceedingly well engraved VI LIFE OF GILLRAY. in the dotted manner, and though we are not acquainted with the name of his instructor they so much resemble the works of the unfortunate Ryland, that we have little hesitation in asserting that he must have communicated his art to Gillray. Among other works of this class, and executed about the same time, are two portraits of William Pitt : which, though admirable representations of the man, are nevertheless somewhat approaching to caricature. Healso engraved a few plates after Lady Spencer's drawings, and, either for the purpose of amusement or mystification, occasionally adopted fictitious names. On many of his earlier caricatures, he made use of a monogram composed of the letters J. S. interlaced, very much resembling that used by Sayer the caricaturist, probably with the intention of misleading the public as to the real designer. Gillray appears to have continued working as an engraver long after his career as a caricaturist had commenced, as, in 1792, he produced a large plate after Northcote, representing the delivery of the prisoners from the Bastille, inscribed, “ Le Triomphe de la Liberte, ou, L'elargissement de la Bastille;" and in 1794, “ Marquis Cornwallis receiving the Ptoyal Hostages at Seringapatam," after the same painter : probably the last of his productions of this description. Admirable as are many of these works, it is as a caricaturist that Gillrayis best known. In this art he has no rival; and the exquisite tact with which he seized upon points, both in politics and manners, most open to ridicule, is only equalled by the consummate skill and wit with which he satirized them. His earlier works are more carefully than spiritedly executed, and look like the productions of an engraver only. The earliest of his undoubted caricatures, though many others antecedent have been with great reason attributed LIFE OF GILLRAY. Vll to him, is dated 1?79; it is probably a satire on the Irish Fortune-hunter, and is called “ Paddy on Horseback,” the so-called horse being a hull, on which he is riding with his face to the tail. But his improvement was rapid and ex- traordinary, and he soon attained a marvellous freedom both of design and in the management of the etching needle. It is believed he etched his ideas at once upon the copper without making a previous drawing, his only guides being sketches of the distinguished characters he intended to introduce made on small pieces of card which he always carried about him, and many of which we have seen. His caricatures are so numerous that it would be quite impossible to give any thing like a list of them in this sketch we shall, therefore, merely notice a few of the more important, arranging them according to the dates at which they appeared. A New Way to pay the National Debt. Greorge III. and his queen are coming out of the Treasury loaded with money, which is overflowing their pockets ; on the right is the Prince of Wales in a very shabby condition, gratefully receiving money from the Due d’ Orleans. April 21, 1786. Ancient Music. A capital caricature of the king and queen in ecstasy at a concert performed by the ministers. May 10, 1787. Monstrous Craws ; a powerful satire on the grasping avarice of Greorge III. and Queen Charlotte. May 29, 1787. March to the Bank. A capital etching, executed in the most masterly style. August 22, 1787. There are two states of this plate ; in the first, the female who is thrown down in front has less drapery. Market Bay. Lord Thurlow, as a grazier, is attending Smithfield Market, and examining the beasts, the heads of which represent the leading political characters of the day. May 2, 1788. Vlll LIFE OF GILLRAY. Election troops bringing in their Accounts to the Pay Table

J. Gillray invt. et fecit, 1788. A satire on the means employed by ministers, unsuccessfully however, to frus- trate the election of Fox for Westminster. This we •believe is the first caricature on which the name of Gillray appears. Frying Sprats: —Toasting Muffins. 1791. Two small but very clever caricatures on the parsimonious habits of George III. and his queen. In the first the queen is represented carefully frying her own sprats ; and in the second the king is in the full enjoyment of toasting his own muffins. Anti-SacchariteSy or John Bull and his Family leaving off the use of Sugar. 1792. The king and queen, from economical motives, are enjoying and praising their tea without sugar, while the princesses are evidently very much disgusted, and take no pains to conceal it. The royal family, it is said, were highly delighted with this caricature. A Connoisseur examining a Cooper. A very bold and happy idea, capitally carried ont. George III. is represented almost purblind looking with great attention at a miniature of Oliver Cromwell, which he holds in one hand, and has a candle in the other. The bitterness of this satire was occasioned by the disparaging observations the king made on the portraits Gillray had sketched during his tour in Flanders with Loutherbourg. The king had said, “ I don’t understand these caricatures.” The exasperated artist made this drawing, and said, “ I wonder if the royal connoisseur will understand this ?” Temperance enjoying a frugal Mealy and A Voluptuary under the Horrors of Digestion. 1792. Two most admirable productions, unsurpassed either in humour, design, or execution. The temperate habits of George III. in the former, and the Epicurean manners of the Prince of Wales in the latter, are portrayed with the most con- summate ability. Bengal Levee, from an original drawing made on the spot by an amateur. 1792. Avery large and skilfully executed plate. LIFE OF GILLRAY. IX The Dagger Scene, or the Plot discovered. 1792. The capital representation of a well-known scene in the House of Commons, in which Edmund Burke was the chief per- former. Fatigues of the Campaign in Flanders. 1793. The Duke of York luxuriating in the company of the Elemish frows, attended by his soldiers, who are bringing in large bowls of punch. The Loyal Toast. 1798. The Duke of Norfolk giving his celebrated toast, “ The majesty of the people/’ at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, for which he was dismissed from his offices. The consequences of a successful French Invasion

a set of four, plates, in which the horrors to be expected are given with extraordinary spirit. No doubt these and other similar caricatures produced a . great and powerful effect on the minds of the English public, inspiring the people to a determined resistance. The Cow-pock, or the wonderful effects of the new Inoculation. A very humorous burlesque on the popular opinions respecting Jenner’s invaluable discovery. VAssemblee Nationals, or a grand co-operative Meeting at St. Anne's Hill , (the residence of Charles James Eox,) respectfully dedicated to the admirers of a Broad Bottom! d Administration. 1801. This we have no hesitation in asserting to be the most talented caricature that has ever appeared. The king is supposed to have been executed, the republic proclaimed, and Eox, as first consul, is hold- ing his levee at his house at St. Anne’s Hill. All the leading Whigs are present, of whom the likenesses are most admirable, and in the right corner is seen a portion of the figure of the Prince of "Wales. This caricature gave so much offence to the prince that he offered a large sum of money for its suppression, which being accepted, he ordered the plate to be destroyed. It was the misfor- tune of the prince and those by whom he was surrounded to place reliance on each other ; the plate was not de- stroyed, it was secreted, and still exists. It will be found in the collection published by Mr. Bohn. X LIFE OF GILLRAY. The King of Brobdingnag (sic) and Gulliver (George III. and Buonaparte) ; two plates. 1803 and 1804. The Middlesex Election. 1804. Sir Brands Burdett dragged in his carriage to the poll by the Duke of Norfolk, Charles Box, and other leading Whigs. The Reconciliation between George III. and the Prince of Wales, 1804. Admirably treated. The Life of William Cobbett, written by himself

eight sati- rical plates. 1809. Installation of the Chancellor of Oxford , (Lord Grenville,) Ang. 8, 1810 ; a large plate, and the last political engraving having his name. Other pieces not of a political nature, but full of humour, and sometimes severely satirical on the fashionable frivoli- ties of the time, wherein he did not spare the persons of the prime leaders of the ton, may be added : A Pic-Nic Orchestra, in which are introduced the portraits of the Marchionesses of Buckinghamshire and Salisbury, Lord Cholmondcley, Charles Grenville, &c. Dilettanti Theatricals, in which the same characters are in- troduced. Blowing up the Pic-Nics

the same parties assailed by Sheridan in the character of Harlequin, assisted by Mrs. Siddons and John Kemble. The Bulstrode Siren. Mrs. Billington and the Duke of Portland, Push-pin. Duke of Queensberry and Miss Yanneck, Portraits innumerable of leaders of the fashions then in vogue, both males and females, with whose names the editor has been made acquainted, but which had better be consigned to oblivion. Twopenny Whist. The party consists of Betty Marshall, the assistant to Mrs. Humphreys, Mrs. Turner, Mr. Mortimer, and a German of the name of Schotter. Betty Marshall is showing the trump card. Cockney Sportsmen, in four plates ; 1800. Elements of Skating, in four plates ; 1805. Rake's Progress at the University , five plates ; 1806. LIFE OF GILLRAY. XI The last plate from the burin of Gillray is, A Barber’s Shop in Assize time

it is dated May 15th, 1818, but was probably engraved January 9th, 1811, the date figured in the corner. It is from a drawing by Bunbury. Gillray’ s works have been always highly esteemed; some time since they were produced in a collected form, and have lately passed into the hands of Mr. II . G. Bohn, by whom they have been re-published at a price that renders them generally attainable. Gillray was unfortunately an example of the imprudence that so frequently accompanies genius and great talent his habits were in the highest degree intemperate. For many years he resided in the houses of his publisher Mrs. Humphrey, in New and Old Bond Streets, and lastly, in St. James’s Street, by whom he was most liberally supplied 'with every indulgence. During this time he produced nearly all his most celebrated works, which were bought up with unparalleled eagerness, and circulated not only throughout England, but all over Europe. Though under a positive engagement not to work for any other publisher, yet, to satisfy his insatiable desire for strong drink, he now and then etched plates for Mr. Fores of Piccadilly, disguising, in some instances very successfully, both his style and handling. It has been whispered that there was a liaison between Gillray and Mrs. Humphrey not essential to their relation as designer and publisher; it is due to the memory of the lady to contradict that slander ; such a liaison did not exist. The writer asserts this from information derived from persons of the strictest morals, who were intimately acquainted with Mrs. Humphrey for more than thirty years, and at whose family table Gillray and Mrs. Humphrey dined on Christmas day regularly for more than the last twenty years of his life, previous to his insanity. Xll LIFE OF GILLRAY. It has been before observed that the last of his worksis dated 1811; soon after this he sank into a state of mingled imbecility and delirium, and once during a paroxysm attempted self-destruction, by throwing himselffrom an upper window of the house in St. James’s Street, a fact which the writer of this perfectly well remembers, as he happened to be passing at the time, andwitnessed the struggle between Gillray and the parties whoprevented him. He at length expired in 1815, and wasburied in the churchyard of St. James, Piccadilly, near to the Rectory House. A flat stone is placed over his grave, on which is inscribed, “In Memory of Mr. JamesGillray the Caricaturist, who departed this life 1st June, 1815, aged 58 years.” There exists a specimen of his knowledge of the art of lithography. It represents a Domestic Musical Party ; the mother is playing on the piano-forte, the husband stands behind her playing the flute, the children are singing. It exhibits considerable ability, and is excessively rare ; only one impression has come under my notice. He engravedon wood a medallion portrait of William Pitt, placed against a rustic monument overshadowed by the branches of an oak, with an anchor and other emblems at bottom. (See vignette on the title-page of the folio volume.) Healso engraved a few small woodcuts, among which are, A Woman Crying Fish, A Boy near a Cottage drinking, and A Beggar at a Door. Of these last, the only impressions we have seen are in the collection of Mr. Haviland Burke. GEORGE STANLEY. PREFACE. The history of Gillray’s Caricatures, affords a remarkable iustance of the vicissitudes of literary property. The Engravings to which the present volume forms a descriptive accompaniment, belonged, for the most part, to the late Mrs. Humphrey, the well-known publisher of Caricatures in St. James’s Street. For many years they produced her a considerable income, and were accordingly valued at a large sum—several thousand pounds. When the trade in them began somewhat to decline, Mrs. Humphrey had occasion to raise money, and obtained a loan of upwards of a thousand pounds upon a deposit of the coppers. After vainly endeavouring for some years to sell these for suffi- cient to cover principal and interest, with a residue to herself, she put them up to auction, but bought them in for want of a sufficient bidding. Subsequently, she offered them, with consent of the lien-holder, to the present Publisher for eight hundred pounds, and actually refused five hundred. After the lapse of about three years she would have accepted the five hundred, or even less, but the time having then past for expensive publications as a judicious investment, the Publisher declined any further negociation, and the coppers remained in statu quo till the day of her death. The executors, probably not aware of what had passed, and unable to meet with a purchaser at the value of engravings, sold them for old copper, that is, for about as many shillings as Mrs. Humphrey had once XIV PREFACE. refused pounds. By mere accident the Publisher heardof this transaction just in time to rescue them from themelting pot, and the public in consequence are now presented, for a few guineas, with a volume, which, underordinary circumstances, would have cost four or five times as much. Upon obtaining possession of these coppers, the Publisher made diligent search for those which he found to be missing, and discovered a considerable number in dif- ferent places, but principally with Mr. Fores of Piccadilly. Among these were those capital and highly finished compositions, ct The National Debt,” “ Ancient Music,”“ Monstrous Craws,” “ March to the Bank,” “ Wife andno Wife,” “ The Morning after Marriage,” “ Hopes of the Party,” &c. After collecting together whateverplates he could meet with, the Publisher proceeded to arrange them in two divisions—the one Political, the other Humorous—each according to the date of publication. He then wrote out their respective titles, and identified the characters as far as his own knowledgeand the information he could gain permitted, and with the MS. thus far prepared, sought an editor. Mr. Wright, who had just then published his “ History of the House of Hanover, illustrated by Caricatures,” kindly undertook the task, and is responsible for the embryo of most of the articles. His numerous avocations however rendering it impossible for him to carry out the labour of investigation to its full extent, Mr. B. H. Evans, long known as a bibliopole of high attainments, as well as for his energetic advocacy of political liberty and familiar knowledge of all that concerns the history of the Whigparty, consented to lend his valuable aid. To this gentleman we are accordingly indebted for some very inter- PREFACE. XV esting articles, especially those relating to Fox, Sheridan, Lord Holland, the Duke of Bedford, Duke of Norfolk, Grattan, Tierney, &c. &c. Besides these, he has very successfully elucidated the plates relating to Boydell, the Ireland forgeries, the Gunnings, Lord Petrels dinner, &c. Among his more important contributions, the following deserve particular mention : Nos. 6, 96, 139, 154, 161, 164, 173, 174, 182, 195, 198, 199, 201, 202, 207, 214, 245, 253, 256, 259, 269, 293, 303, 305, 319, 329, 331, 335, 343, 349, 351, 352, 356, 366, 368, 377, 378, 380, 382, 385, 394, 441. Independent of the labours of his editors, the Publisher has taken every opportunity of consulting those who were likely to be versed in the political and social history of the period, or were collectors of Gillray’s engravings ; and he has to thank his friend Mr. Wm. Smith the well known connoisseur of etchings, Mr. Haviland Burke, and Mr. Hawkins of the British Museum, all enthusiastic admirers and collectors of Gillray’s Works, for several valuable communications. H. G. B.

DESCRIPTION OF GILL RAY’S CARICATURES. POLITICAL SERIES.—(Plates I to 366.) 1 . PADDY ON HORSEBACK. March 4th, 1779. During the year 1779, the trade of the Irish merchants was in a very depressed state, owing partly to the American war, and an outcry was raised for new commercial regulations for the relief of the sister island. The Irish, indeed, seemed inclined to imitate the proceedings of the merchants of Boston. The consequence was, that the question of relief for Ireland was very much agitated in England. This early production of Gillray seems to refer partly to the question thus agitated, and to the popular notion then prevalent that the Irish came into England as successful fortune-hunters, and that they were well received among the ladies. 2. BANCO TO THE KNAVE. April 12th, 1782. wilkes. north, (in the centre.) Rockingham, fox. keppel. DUNNING. DUKE OF RICHMOND. SIR GREY COOPER. LORD CHANCELLOR THURLOW. On the defeat of Lord North, and the formation of the Rockingham Administration at the end of March, 1782. Fox is very evidently the gainer at this political game, B 2 gillray’s caricatures. while Lord North is completely bankrupt. The ex-premier was subject to a constitutional somnolency, whichattacked him even on the Treasury Bench with irresistibleforce, and which neither the animated declamations ofFox, nor the pathetic invocations of Burke could alwaysprevent. He seldom or never took notes, trusting to hismemory for retaining the principal facts which occurredduring the preceding discussion. Sir Grey Cooper, however, one of the Secretaries of the Treasury, who com-monly sat on his left hand, supplied on particular occasionsthat deficiency, by giving the word or subject, “the Parole,”Gillrav has here bestowed upon him the sobriquet ofParole. The despair depicted on the features of themaster is reflected on those of his dejected follower, whoappears to be sunk in despondency at the loss of his occupation. Sir Grey Cooper is represented as saying, “Iwant a new master,” and he got one the next year, whenthe Coalition Ministry was arranged, being appointed oneof the Lords of the Treasury by the influence of LordNorth. Lord Chancellor Thurlow, who retained his officein both Administrations, is supposed to be the “ shuffler”seated with his back to the spectator. It is difficult atthis distant period to identify the other characters, but nodoubt they represent the leading politicians of the day. 3. RODNEY INTRODUCING DE GRASSE. June ‘Jth, 1782.DE GRASSE. ADM. RODNEY. FOX. GEORGE III. ADM. KEPPEL.Rodney^s great naval victory of the 12th of August,1782, in which the French Admiral De Grasse was takenprisoner and brought to England, occurred just at the moment of a change of Ministry. The Whigs, while out,had attacked bitterly the management of the Admiraltyunder Lord Sandwich, whose place, on the resignation ofthe Tories, was given to the Whig Admiral Keppel. The POLITICAL SERIES. 3 first act of the Whig Administration was to recall Rodney, and the order for his recall had departed from the British shores when the news of this victory arrived. The victor was rewarded with a very moderate pension, and the lowest peerage, a barony, but he was deprived of the command of the fleet. Fox and Keppel, on each side of the throne, here shew their embarrassment at the unfortunate occur- rence of Rodney’s victory. 4. ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. June 13th, 1782. FOX. RODNEY. The allusions are the same as in the preceding plate. Fox’s haste to reward the victorious admiral is a happy burlesque. The dragon (France) is disgorging frogs (the diet for which our neighbours were then famed), compelled by the new St. George (Admiral George Rodney). 5. THE CHURCH MILITANT. Sept, 5th, 1779. The allusion appears to be the zeal shewn by the Church in supporting the Government in the war against the American colonies, and in the new war against Spain, which broke out in the autumn of 1779. Cornwallis Archbishop of Canterbury, Markham Archbishop of York, and Butler Bishop of Oxford, all political partizans of Lord North, are probably among these clerical warriors. Horace Walpole, in a letter dated rather earlier, writes: —

Our Abbots and Whitgifts now see with what successes and consequences their preaching up a crusade against America has been crowned! Archbishop Markham may have an opportunity of exercising his martial prowess. I doubt he would resemble Bishop Crewe more than good Mr. Baker. Let us respect those only who are Israelites indeed.” b 2 4 gillray’s caricatures. 6 . IRISH GRATITUDE. Junel3th, 1782.grattan. e, s. perry, (Speaker of the Irish House of Commons.)In 1782, on the 31st of May, the Irish Parliamentvoted the sum of £50,000 for purchasing an estate, anderecting a mansion thereon, to be settled on Grattan, andhis heirs, as a reward for his exertions in the cause of Irishindependence. The circumstances attending this Parliamentary grantto the Right Hon. Henry Grattan were so extraordinaryand unprecedented in the annals of our history, that weshall give a rapid sketch of the events that preceded andproduced it. In the year 1780, the resources of Great Britain seemednearly exhausted by the long and unsuccessful war withAmerica and France. Spain and Holland had recentlyjoined her enemies. To crown her embarrassments, thearmed neutrality of the Northern Powers of Europe wasannounced, which was little less than war in disguise. Theinvasion of Ireland was menaced. At this crisis was formed the celebrated body of IrishVolunteers, consisting of many of the nobility, personsofthe largest landed property, merchants and tradesmenofIreland. Their avowed object, at first, was to guard againstthe dangers of foreign invasion. It soon, however, becameevident, that the Volunteers constituted an armed deliberative body, which it was almost impossible to control, anddangerous to disband. The peril was greatly increasedby their invitations to all parts of the country to reinforcethem with delegates. Even Ulster, the loyal and peaceableUlster, furnished its quota. Lord Charlemont mightbeconsidered the organiser and director of the military movements, and Mr. Grattan the suggester and framer of theirpolitical demands. The Volunteers now declared theirintention to confine their efforts to two points ; the defenceof the empire, and the restoration of the Constitution. POLITICAL SERIES. 5 But in 1781, they assumed a bolder tone, and declared that nothing could or ought to satisfy Ireland, but complete legislative independence, and the solemn renunciation of Great Britain of any claim to legislative control. The most exciting language was used. Mr. Grattan declared he would not accept even Magna Charta itself, if it were the gift of Great Britain. Mr. Flood exhorted them to secure their liberties : “ They had the Constitution in their hands, they had the Constitution in their arms/” The House of Commons voted an address to the King stating “No power on earth can bind them, but the King, Lords and Commons of Ireland, and they would not part with their liberties but with their lives.” Even the Earl of Carlisle, the Lord Lieutenant, privately informed the English Ministers he could not answer for the safety of Ireland if some considerable concessions were not made to the people. The Ministers, however, seemed infatuated, and the British House of Commons was prorogued without any redress of Irish grievances. An explosion might now be reasonably expected, and a civil war might have taken place, when fortunately, early in 1782, Lord North’s Administration was removed, and the Rockingham Administration succeeded. Without loss of time, the Duke of Portland was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. The Marquis of Rockingham wrote a private letter to Lord Charlemont, assuring him that the Duke had received the most ample instructions on the part of his Majesty to make a complete renunciation of the Legislative authority of Great Britain, and to confirm the Legislative independence of Ireland. He conjured him by their ancient friendship, and still more by the patriotic love of his country to tranquillize Ireland, now all their grievances would be redressed. Mr. Fox wrote to Mr. Grattan to the same effect. The answers to each letter were firm, but most courteous and conciliatory. On the 14th of April the Duke of Portland arrived in Dublin. On the 2 7th of May he opened both Houses 6 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. with a speech from the Throne. The first paragraph willlong be remembered in the history of Great Britain andIreland. “ It gives me the utmost satisfaction that the first timeI have occasion to address you, I find myself enabled bythe magnanimity of the King, and the wisdom of the Parliament of Great Britain to assure you that immediateattention has been paid to your representation, and thatthe British Legislature has concurred in a resolution toremove the causes of your discontents and jealousies, andare united in a desire to gratify every wish expressed inyour late addresses to the throne.”* On the return of the Commons to their own House,a tumult of joy was displayed and the utmost delight wasexpressed by every section of the Assembly. Mr. Grattan rose to move the address. In the course ofhis speech, he observed, cc The great magnanimity inthe conduct of Britain is that every thing is given up unconditionally. This must for evermore remove suspicion.We have now recovered a Constitution, and our businessis not to advance, but maintain it” Mr. Flood said, Nothing appeared to him, at present,that could disturb the general harmony.” The Address was carried, with only two dissentientvoices. No sooner was the Address declared to be carried thanMr. Bagenal, without the slightest communication withany party, rose, and testifying his great joy at the triumphant establishment of the Legislative Independence ofIreland, asked, But to whom does the Empire owe all this? To a man who has resolved to take no rewardfrom Government. Shall every body have what theyought except him alone, to whom every individual is somuch indebted, and by whose example every individual in the universe may be so much benefited ? He has saved the9 See Parliamentary Register of the Commons of Ireland, Vol. I. p. 334. Dublin, 1784. POLITICAL SERIES. 7 Empire from an iron age, and restored an unequivocal golden one.” fC I believe there is no one, who would not blush to think that a Grattan’s child might point to a statue or monument, and say, that was my father, your benefactors only reward.” He then gave notice that on the next day, he would move for a Committee to state what sum we should grant for the purchase of an estate, and building a suitable mansion for our illustrious benefactor. On May 30, Mr. Bagenal moved in the Committee, “ that £100,000. be granted to purchase an estate, and building a mansion for Henry Grattan, Esq. and the heirs of his body.” Sir Henry Cavendish said, the nation could not bear such a sum, nor would Mr. Grattan*s own delicacy permit him to accept it. Half the money moved for would purchase £2000 per annum, and £10,000 would be amply sufficient to erect a house, and provide a proper equipage.” Sir Boyle Roche observed, ec England rewarded the Duke of Marlborough, and she rewarded the Earl of Chatham, but we have more abundant cause to reward our great patriot, and if yesterday it was right to vote £100,000 to England for restoring our rights,* surely this day it is right to vote the same sum to him who caused the restoration.” Mr. Bagenal then rose and said, “ When he made the motion, he could not for the dignity of the nation think of a less sum, but as gentlemen differed from him, and as it came from Mr. Grattan’s particular friends, he should alter his motion to £50,000.” Mr. Conolly was happy to inform the House, a that the Lord Lieutenant did most perfectly coincide in their

• The House had voted 20,000 seamen for his Majesty's navy, and it was

ostentatiously announced that the Volunteers cheerfully engaged to contribute their aid towards raising that sum. See Hardy's “ Life of Charlemont,” vol. ii. p. 23. 8 GILLKAy’s CARICATURES. generous intentions, so congenial to his own feelings, andthat the memory of such great events might he perpetuated, he wished to relinquish to the nations esteemthat house in the park, which Parliament has lately purchased for the country residence of his Majesty’s representative.’’ Rt. Hon. Col. Fitzpatrick, (Secretary for Ireland) said, u The power of rewarding merit was one of the noblestbranches of the Royal prerogative of the Crown. Hecould wish to have seen it come from the Royal hand. Butas the merit of the man was unprecedented, he hoped that the present reward would not be admitted as a precedentin future.” On the following day, May 31, the House agreed to thereport from the Committee, <c that an humble address bepresented to his Grace the Lord Lieutenant, praying himto lay before his Majesty their address, that he would bepleased to order £50,000. to be issued and granted to theRt. Hon. Henry Grattan, &c. &c. and that the Housewould make good the same.”* Thus terminated this remarkable affair, in which theHouse of Commons, and the Lord Lieutenant seemed to compete with eachother in securing popularity, by the re- cognition of the services of Mr. Grattan, and their propositions for heaping honours on him. But Grattan would notaccept any donative, which did not emanate from the people, or their representatives in Parliament. We shall conclude our account with the following excel- lent observation, extracted from Hardy’s ‘‘Life of LordCharlemont.’’ Hume says “ that the Revolution of 1688,was accomplished by the first persons in the country, in rank and intellect, leading the people. Hence it ended in liberty, not in confusion. The Revolution in Ireland in 1782, was formed in a similar manner.” Vol. i. p. 387* The Corporation of Dublin requested Mr. Grattan tosit for his portrait to adorn their Council Chamber.

• Parliamentary Register of Ireland, vol. ii. p. 23.

POLITICAL SERIES. 9 GUY YAUX. 7 . No date. GEO. III. DUKE OF RICHMOND. FOX. BURKE. KEPPEL. SHELBURNE. DUNNING. This caricature, which is not dated, relates to the intrigues of the Opposition to overthrow Lord North’s Administration in 1782. Fox holds the dark lanthorn in his left hand, and the barrel of gunpowder is under Lord Shelburne’s left arm. 8 . THE JUBILEE. August Znd, 1782. THE DUKE OF GRAFTON. GEN. CONWAY. LORD SHELBURNE. On the death of the Marquis of Rockingham, and the appointment of Lord Shelburne as the First Lord of the Treasury, Fox, who had aspired to the control of the Cabinet, with his adherents, Burke, Lord John Cavendish, &c. quitted office, calculating that their example would be followed by the Duke of Grafton (who was appointedLord Privy Seal), General Conway, the Commander-inChief, and other leading members of the administration. In this expectation they were disappointed, and in conse- quence the ensuing debate on Colonel Barre’s pension wascharacterised by much personality and bitterness. To the attacks of Fox on the new First Lord of the Treasury, as about to bring forward dangerous and fatal measures, Conway replied, though with moderation : —“ With solemnprotestations he declared that he had not been able to dis- cover the slightest intention on the part of the new First Minister to abandon the principles upon which the administration was originally constituted.” Burke, after treating Conway with great severity for trusting to Lord Shelburne’s professions, compared the General to the little Red RidingHood, who mistook a wolf for her grandmother. Gillray has here drawn the General as hood-winked, and led in triumph by the double-faced Premier. The younger mem- 10 gillray’s caricatures. bers of the new Cabinet are represented as rats, in allusion to their alleged desertion of their principles and party. 9. THE W—ST—R JUST-ASSES A BRAYING ; ORTHE DOWNFALL OF THE E. O. TABLE. August 26th, 1782. This appears to allude to some active measures taken at this period for the suppression of gambling in private establishments, while it was publicly tolerated on the Stock Exchange. We find the following paragraph in the Daily Advertiser, July 31, 1782 :

“ Late on Monday night Justices Wright and Addington visited, with a strong body of constables, several E. O. Tables at the west end of the town, and in the neighbourhood of Covent Garden, which they broke up, and took the persons they found at play, with the Masters of the Tables, into custody, and lodged them in Covent Garden Round-house. About the same time a detachment of civil officers visited a table in St. Martin ’s-le- Grand, which they broke into pieces. “ There were eight tables broken in the whole, and twenty persons appre- hended, who were examined yesterday at the Public Office in Bow Street, and were released on their giving bail never again to be found at any of these tables.’ ’ “ Yesterday a noted E. O. Table was destroyed in a private court, near Queen Anne Street, Mary Bone, and one of the Proprietors taken in custody by the police officers.” —August 24th.10. the V COMMITTEE FRAMING A REPORT.August 12th, 1782. “ Not Atkinson with stronger terror started, (Somewhat afraid, perchance, of being carted), When Justice, a sly dame, one day thought fit To pay her serious compliments to Kit, Ask’d him a few short questions about corn, And whisper’d, she believed he was forsworn

Then hinted, that he probably would find, That, though she sometimes winked, she was not blind.” Peter Pindar. “ Not pillories, obeying Law’s stern voice,’ Can more rejoice To hold Kit Atkinson’s two ears.” Ibid. POLITICAL SERIES, 11 On the conviction of Christopher Atkinson, Member of Parliament for Heydon, Yorkshire, of peculation in his office of Corn-factor to the Victualling Board. A Committee of the House of Commons, on which were many of ffiis own friends, was appointed to examine into the charges against him. The portraits of the members of this Committee are given in Gillray’s plate. The next year Atkinsonvras brought to trial in the Court of King’s Bench for perjury, found guilty, and was in consequence expelled the House of Commons, December 4, 1784. He appealed to the House of Lords against his sentence, but it was confirmed with the concurrence of all the Judges, July 1, 1785 ; and in the same year, on the 25th of November, he waspilloried in Mark Lane. This is the most highly finished of Gillray’s early prints, and is very rare. The following verses, published to accompany it, are transcribed from an unique impression in the possession of Mr. George Fores, (son of the publisher). The figures in the plate, no doubt, refer to a key, of which, however, no trace is now to be found. No. 7 is probably Bamber Gascoyne, junr. His house at Barkinghad two fronts, and was called Bifrons. He was a particular friend of Atkinson’s. THE COMMITTEE. A NEW SONG OF THE YEAR 1782. 1 . All you who would guess at the word call’d Committee, Attend to my song, and I warrant I’ll fit you ; But of what you shall hear pray don’t speak like a mouse, As it happen’d, indeed, in the p********T (Parliament) House. Derry down, &c. 2 . It happen’d, I won’t pretend how long ago. One a******n (Atkinson) would his Integrity shew ; When publicly charged by the Friends of the Nation, Of having been guilty of deep Peculation. Derry down, &c. 12 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. 3 . t( I’m as guiltless,” says he, “as the child that’s unborn. Of o’ercharging their malt, their oats, pease, or their corn

Though corn altogether, no doubt, they may be, I agreed with the V*********g (Victualling) and had but Mi* Fee.” Derry down, &c. 4 . As the man spoke so fairly, what more could be done Than appoint a Committee to bring the case on? But who could have thought that this scandalous Elf Would have sat on this very Committee himself ? Derry down, &c. 5 . W***b***d (Whitbread?) in the chair, attending all the rest, B**g**ne (Burgoyne) in a sensible speech them address’d ; When, somehow or other, old Bam, Air (Eyre), and K**ke(Kirke),* Conceiv’d that the whole was a poor piece of work. Derry down, &c. 6 . Bam bullied the evidence—’tis plain for hire, Assisted therein by his staunch Lawyer, Air ; Yet in private they said—and ’tis certainly true,

His cause was so bad, they could ne’er bring him through. Derry down, &c. 7 . For burning his books, and his oath too denying. We all must agree, was a new mode of lying

His Lighterman, too, was in wickedness ripe. When he said, with his Books that he lighted his Pipe. Derry down, &c. 8 . Though TwitchERf appointed him unto that place, He was discharg’d from it with Shame and Disgrace. Take warning, my friends, by his merited Fall, Lest you lose a Plenty by grasping at all. Derry down, &c.

• Bamber Gascoyne was one who appeared in Atkinson’s favour ; James

Kirke, one of the Victualling Commissioners. t Lord Sandwich, who went commonly by the nick-name of Jemmy Twitcher. POLITICAL SERIES. 139. For so was the Dog in the fable betray’d. Who let go the substance to snap at the shade ; At his loss, like a dog, he long may have repin’d, Unpitied by all honest Men in their mind. Derry down, &c. 10 . Then here’s to Sir Philip,* (my friends, push it round). And all the Committee who honest were found ; May each worthy member still stick to his tenet, While A******n trembles at the name of one B*NN*TTf (Bennett.) Derry down, &c. 11 . GLORIA MUNDI ; or, THE DEVIL ADDRESSINGTHE SUN. July 22nd, (1782). FOX. LORD SHELBURNE. On the secession of Fox from the Shelburne Administration. Fox, in the character of the Evil One, his pockets emptied through his unfortunate propensity to gambling, looking with envy at Lord Shelburne in power, and re- gretting the lucrative place he had quitted. The title of this plate is in allusion to Satan’s Address to the Sun, in Milton’s Paradise Lost. 12. THE LORD OF THE VINEYARD. April 3rd, 1783. FOX. DUKE OF PORTLAND. LORD NORTH. On the celebrated Coalition, and the negociation with the Duke of Portland to form an Administration, after the dismission of the Shelburne Ministry. The Coalition Ministry, of which the Duke of Portland was the nominal* Sir Philip Jennings Clerk, one of the Committee. f Atkinson preferred a bill of indictment for perjury against Mr. Bennett, for the evidence given on his trial. The Grand Jury, however, threw out the bill with the strongest marks of indignation. 14 gillray’s caricatures. head, but which was represented by Lord North, as HomeSecretary, and Mr. Fox, as Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was announced on the 2nd of April, 1783. 13. JUDGE THUMB ; or. Patent Sticks for FamilyCorrection: warranted Lawful! November 2 fJth,l'J82. Alluding to an opinion publicly expressed by Judge Buller, that a man might lawfully beat his wife with a stick, if it were not thicker than his thumb. A witty Countess is said to have sent the next day to require the measurement of his thumb, that she might know the precise extent of her husbands right. 14. JACK A BOTH SIDES. July 17th, 1783. george hi. (as Justice in the cloud). shelburne. DUKE OF PORTLAND. FOX. Fox outweighing Shelburne in the political balance. Onthe political rivalry between Shelburne and Fox during the existence of the Coalition Ministry. 15.—16. WAR. March 9th, 1783. LORD NORTH. FOX. BURKE. NEITHER WAR NOR PEACE ! THE ASTONISHING COALITION. March 9th, 1783. FOX. LORD NORTH. BURKE. These two caricatures relate to the coalition against the Shelburne Administration, when Fox and Burke suddenly joined Lord North, whom, when Prime Minister, they had POLITICAL SERIES, 15 attacked with extraordinary bitterness. In the first, it is War to the uttermost,—in the second, the picture is changed; but, though it is no longer War, the insinuation is made that peace cannot have any real existence between such discordant materials. In the latter plate, the newconfederates are attacking the preliminaries of peace. In Feb. 1783, while Lord North, in one of his most masterly speeches, was engaged in discussing a serious point in the Preliminary Articles of Peace with America, a dog, which had hidden itself under the benches of the house, suddenly came forth and set up a hideous howl, which, interrupting the speaker at such a moment, naturally excited a roar of laughter, and would have disconcerted an ordinary man. Lord North, however, having waited till the intruder was ejected, and preserving all his gravity, addressed the chair— Sir,” said he to the Speaker, “ as the new member for Barkshire has concluded his argument, I will now, with your leave, resume mine.” This circumstance is alluded to by the appearance of the dog in the second of these plates. 17 . AHITHOPHEL IN THE DUMPS. July 30th, 1785. CHARLES JAMES FOX. A satire on the weakness of Fox’s party in the Parlia- ment which had been elected in the summer of the preceding year, after the overthrow of the Coalition Ministry. No less than a hundred and sixty members of the former Parliament were thrown out in this struggle, gaining for themselves the sobriquet of Fox’s Martyrs, and the small party of the opposition who remained were left to persist in a hopeless struggle against the ministerial measures, but the noise they made tended to keep up and increase the popular agitation without. It was this circumstance which provoked the Tory party to attack them with ex- treme bitterness. 16 gillray’s caricatures. 18. A NEW WAY TO PAY THE NATIONAL DEBT,DEDICATED TO M. NECKER. April 21st, 1786. QUEEN. GEO. III. PITT. PRINCE OF WALES. DUKE OF ORLEANS. Much scandal was raised in the spring of 1786 by the refusal of the King and his Minister to relieve the Princeof Wales by paying off his heavy accumulation of debt. The King and Queen are represented, with their then proverbial avarice, as gathering in for themselves and hoarding up the riches of the treasury, dispensing a share of it only to their German favourites, while the Heir apparent is left in rags and poverty to seek assistance of a foreign prince. The motto on his crest (which is seen on the wall just above him) is 46 ich starve ” in place of 4 ich dien .’ The Duke of Orleans, who was proverbial for his riches, and who had formed an intimacy with the Prince of Wales, was in England at the time the question alluded to was in agitation, and offered the Prince a loan of a considerable sum to relieve him in his difficulties. Some of the Princess friends, fearful of the consequences of such a transaction, persuaded him to decline the offer. 19. HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE. March, 1787- MARQ. OF LANSDOWNE. DUKE OF RICHMOND. COLONEL BARrLOn the defeat of the project for fortifying the coast, brought forward by the Duke of Richmond, who held the office of Master-General of the Ordnance. This print alludes to an altercation between the Duke of Richmondand the Marquis of Lansdowne (Lord Shelburne had received this title in 1784), in the course of the debate onthe Commercial Treaty, in the House of Lords, at the close of February 1787* The Marquis is in the act of cramming the physic, i.e. the Duke’s fortifications-. POLITICAL SERIES. 17 down his throat. The letter F. on the spoon is the first stone, the others are ready at hand . On the right hand Colonel Barre is introduced as an experienced officer, well versed in the science and practice of war. On the appointment of General Wolfe to the command of the army of Canada, he requested Barre might be his Adjutant- General, and he always placed the greatest reliance on his judgment. At the battle of Quebec, he was by the side of General Wolfe, and received a severe wound in his head. His left eye was rendered useless. Some years after he became quite blind, and he is here led in by a veteran companion in arms. In the debate on the Duke of Richmond’s Fortifications, he shewed the total inefficiency of the plan, and adverted to what England had done at former periods, particularly by Elizabeth at the time of the Spanish Armada. She profited by the collective wisdom of her most experienced military and naval officers whom she ordered to prepare a plan adequate to the crisis. He ridiculed the inexperience of the Duke of Richmond, and asked if he had ever commanded an army, or led one to victory ?

Hansard's Debates, vol. xxv. p. 386. On the left hand, at the top, is a plan of the Fortifica- tions of Cherburg. This alludes to the conclusion of the Marquis of Lansdowne’s Speech on the Commercial Treaty : —“ As to Cherburg, he thought that representations ought to have been made with regard to the works going on there, and that it might have been done in prudent, wise, and proper terms.”—Hansard, vol. xxvi. p. 560. The Marquis here touched a chord in unison with the public feeling. The destruction of the fortifications of Cherburg has always been a favourite object with the English. “In 1/56,” says Malte Brun, “the English made themselves masters of it, plundered the inhabitants, and razed the fortifications.” As the only post possessed by France in the Channel, great pains and cost have been expended by France within the last twenty years, in re- pairing the fortifications, and securing the haven. 18 GILLRA y’s CARICATURES. The Duke of Richmond*s plan was rejected in the Commons by the casting vote of the Speaker. “ In Richmond’s Duke we see our own John Bull, Of schemes enamoured, and of schemes the gull.”Rolliad. 20. ANTICIPATION, OR THE APPROACHING FATEOF THE FRENCH COMMERCIAL TREATY.January 16^, 1787*PITT. DUNDAS. PEPPER ARDEN. MACDONALD. SHERIDAN.BURKE. FOX, LORD NORTH. On the violent opposition in the House of Commonstothe French Commercial Treaty. The chief speakers in defence of the treaty were Pitt, Dundas (who then filled theoffice of Treasurer of the Navy), and the Attorney andSolicitor General (Pepper Arden and Macdonald). It wasfiercely attacked by Lord North (whose slow, heavy bulkcouches down in the right hand corner, while he tears thetreaty savagely), Fox, Burke, and Sheridan. The namesof the Ministerial dogs are marked on their collars. Theinscription on Pitt’s collar is u Fawning Billy,” intimatingthat he had crouched to France, and been overreached.On Sheridan’s collar is Sc. for Scand. 21 . A NOBLE LORD, ON AN APPROACHING PEACE,TOO BUSY TO ATTEND TO THE EXPENDITURE OF A MILLION OF PUBLIC MONEY.March 12th, 1787.THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE (LORD SHELBURNE.) The insinuation intended to be conveyed, is that theMarquis of Lansdowne, availed himself of his priority ofintelligence respecting the Preliminaries of Peace withAmerica, signed at Paris, (which the French courier has POLITICAL SERIES. 19 secretly brought him) and speculated largely in the Funds. They rose very considerably on the public announcement of peace. The Marquis is represented as paying off the Jews and other money lenders, to whom he was supposed to be under great liabilities, from the profit. In 1787» the Marquis strenuously defended the Commercial Treaty with France, and Gillray took the opportunity of reviving the scandal current in 1783. It is a very singular coincidence, that the public scandal^ of the day charged the Earl of Bute, when Prime Minister, with having erected his splendid mansion in Berkeley Square out of the money secretly given him by the French Government for the large concessions made to them by the Peace of Paris in 1763 ; and that a similar scandal accused the Earl of Shelburne, when Prime Minister, of having paid for the decorations and furniture of the same house out of the profits of his speculations in the Funds on the signature of the American Preliminaries at Paris in 1783. 22. THE BOARD OF CONTROUL; OR, THE BLESSINGS OF A SCOTCH DICTATOR. Mar. 20th, 1787- DUNDAS. PITT. LORD SYDNEY. Pitt is playing at push-pin with Lord Sydney (the Secretary of State for Home Affairs), while Dundas is managing, at his own will, the affairs of India. A party of the needy countrymen of the latter are claiming his patronage, in allusion to some partiality he was said to have shewn. The two pictures above allude to the India Bills brought forward respectively by Fox and Pitt—the former, it was pretended, acting towards the Company the part of the highwayman, while Pitt acted as the cunning thief. On the ground, the claims of Sir Elijah Impey, Major Scott, and others, are thrown aside in neglect.

• See Wraxall’s Historical Memoirs, vol. 2, from page 66 to 71. c 2

20 gillray’s caricatures. 23. ANCIENT MUSIC. May 10th, 1787- 1. PITT. 2. KING. 3. QUEEN. 4. MAD. SCHWELLENBERG. 5. MISS JEFFS. 6. SIR WATKIN W. WYNN. 7. MR. ASHBRIDGE (a kettle drummer ofgreat celebrity). 8. mad. mara. 9. JOSHUA BATES. 10. DUKE OF RICHMOND. 11. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. 12. COLONEL BARRE. 13. SIR J. MAWBEY. ‘14. ATTORNEY - GENERAL. 15. SOLICITOR - GENERAL. 16. DUNDAS. 17. LORD LOUGHBOROUGH. 18. THE CHANCELLOR (tiiurlow.) “ Discord, who makes a King delight in Ode, Slight Square of Hanover for Tottenham Road

Where with the taste sublime of Goth and Yandal, He orders the worst works of heavy Handel

Encores himself till all the audience gape, And suffers not a quaver to escape.”—5-Peter Pindar. A satire upon the taste which George III. affected for music, so often ridiculed by Peter Pindar. It is ex- plained by the names of the Courtiers, &c. whose dis- cordant notes give such delight to the royal ear. 24. MONSTROUS CRAWS AT A NEW COALITIONFEAST. May 29th, 1787- THE QUEEN. PRINCE OF WALES. GEORGE III. On the Supplies, the great sums required for the Privy Purse, and the demand for money to pay the debts of the Prince of Wales, whose affairs were at this moment in great embarrassment. The King and Queen were always accused popularly of devouring the money of the nation with great greediness. 25, A MARCH TO THE BANK. August 22nd, 1787. During the riots occasioned by Lord George Gordon in 1780, serious apprehensions were entertained for the safety POLITICAL SERIES. 21 of the Bank. Since that period Government has assigned the Bank a military guards which is stationed every evening in the interior of the buildings, and remains till busi- ness is resumed in the morning. The Directors keep a table for the commanding officer. This humorous and very clever print refers to their daily march up the Strand, Fleet Street, and Cheapside. Marching two abreast along these crowded thoroughfares, they jostled from the pavement all who came in their way. The annoyance to the public became so great, that about this time (1787)* it was loudly protested against; and the evil was at length mitigated, by an order from head quarters, that they should in future march only in single files, as they do at the present day. 26. BLACK DICK TURNED TAILOR. Febr. 4th, 1788. LORD HOWE. On some new regulations issued by Lord Howe, then First Lord of the Admiralty, for the uniforms of Naval Officers, and on some promotions and plans of reform in his department, which were not very popular. The words put into his mouth refer to the public complaints made against him of passing over veterans in the service to promote juniors. The matter was brought before both Houses, and a motion for enquiry negatived by an unusually small majority. 27- THERE’S MORE WAYS THAN ONE. Vide Coalition Expedients. February 18 th, 1788. FOX. PITT. THURLOW. Pitt and Thurlow were alarmed at the increasing popu- 22 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. larity of Fox at this period. The latter, by mounting onthe charges against Warren Hastings, and other popularquestions, is very near reaching the grapes that are sus- pended from the sign of the Crown—the sweets of office. 28. DIDO FORSAKEN. SIC TRANSIT GLORIAREGINA. May 21st, 1787-DUNDAS. PITT. MRS. FITZHERBERT. WALES. NORTH. fox. PRINCE OFBURKE. An allusion to the debate in the House of Commons onthe application for the payment of the Prince of Wales’sdebts, when the Prince’s friends, in his name, denied his presumed marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert. Mr. Rolle, Member for Devonshire, however, had declared the subject affected the Constitution in Church and State,” and that he would not consent to any grant of money for the Prince till all doubts were removed. Mr. Fox replied, that he had the immediate authority of the Prince to contradict the report of the marriage in the fullest andmost unqualified terms ; and that the Prince was readyto attend in the other House as a Peer of Parliament, and answer any questions that might be put to him. Mr.Pitt then declared himself satisfied. Mrs. Fitzherbert never forgave Fox. It was commonly said, that she aspired to sit on the Throne, and it was believed that she in- fluenced the Prince in favouring the claims of the Catholics, which is indicated by the implements in the foreground. Fox, Lord North, and Burke, are carrying the Prince awayfrom her, while Pitt and Dundas are blowing from her head the coronet of Princess of Wales, and the crown of Queen ; and the forsaken and disappointed lady is prepared to follow the example of Virgil’s Dido, when deserted bythe faithless iEneas. POLITICAL SERIES. 23 29. AMSTERDAM IN A DAM’D PREDICAMENT ; OR, THE LAST SCENE OF THE REPUBLICANPANTOMIME. November 1st, 1787- emperor OF AUSTRIA. CATHARINE OF RUSSIA. THE SULTAN. PRINCE OF ORANGE. LOUIS XYI. OF FRANCE. GEORGE III. On the revolution in Holland, in the summer and autumn of 178?, and the triumph of the Prince of Orange over the Republicans, who are here figured as bloated frogs. The spectators of this strange drama are—on the right, in the upper box, the King of France, protesting against the intermediation of Prussia and England ; and below him, the King of England, ready to attack him if he interferes. On the left, the violent Empress of Russia (Catharine), who is anxious to attack the Turk below, and the Emperor of Austria, who is supporting her in setting him at defiance. 30. BLOOD ON THUNDER FORDING THE REDSEA. March Is#, 1788. WARREN HASTINGS. THURLOW. On the Trial of Warren Hastings. Lord Thurlowwas the principal supporter of Warren Hastings in his persecution, and is said to have received direct encouragement from George III. He is here represented carrying Hastings through the sea of blood which he was said to have shed in India, and on which are floating the bodies of the massacred, whose fate was so pathetically described in the glowing declamations of Burke. 31 . THE POLITICAL BANDITTI ASSAILING THESAVIOUR OF INDIA. 1788. BURKE. WARREN HASTINGS. LORD NORTH. FOX. Warren Hastings assaulted by Burke, Lord North, and 24 gillray’s caricatures. Fox, who instituted and conducted the attack against him in the House of Commons. Peter Pindar alludes to the subject in his “ Ode to Edmund/’ i. p. 412. “ Much edified am I by Edmund Burke

Well pleased I see his mill -like mouth at work ; ******Grinding away for poor old England’s good. Now may not Edmund’s howlings be a sigh, Pressing through Edmund’s lungs for loaves and fishes. On which he long hath looked with longing eye, To fill poor Edmund’s not o’er-burden’d dishes “ Give Mun a sop, forgot will be complaint; Britain be safe, and Hastings prove a saint.” 32. WIFE OR NO WIFE; OR, A TRIP TO THECONTINENT. March 27th, 1788. LORD NORTH. BURKE. PRINCE OF WALES. MRS. FITZHERBERT. COLONEL HANGER. FOX. On the secret marriage said to have taken place between the Prince of Wales and Mrs. Fitzherbert. Fox is giving away the bride; while Burke, in the disguise of a Jesuit, is performing the ceremony. There are several allusions to the Romanism of the lady. Lord North, who appears to have acted as the driver in their 64 trip,” has fallen asleep. They are said to have been married by the Rev. Samuel Johnes, younger brother of Colonel Johnes, of Hafod, translator of Froissart, &c. He was descended on the maternal side from the Knights of Herefordshire, whose name he assumed some years after. He is now Vicar of All Hallows, Barking, and Rector of Welwyn, Herts. 33. THE MORNING AFTER MARRIAGE; OR, ASCENE ON THE CONTINENT. April 5th, 1788. PRINCE OF WALES. MRS. FITZHERBERT. A sequel to the foregoing print. POLITICAL SERIES. 25 34. QUESTIONS AND COMMANDS ; OR, THE MISTAKEN ROAD TO HEREFORD : A SUNDAYEVENING’S AMUSEMENT. February 11 th, 1788. PUKE AND DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER. PRINCE WILLIAM OF GLOUCESTER. This appears to allude to some churchman seeking preferment through petticoat influence. The see of Hereford became vacant in 1788, and Butler, who had been collated to the see of Oxford, by his political friend and patron, Lord North, much against the will of the Oxonians, wasabout this period, translated to Hereford by the Pitt Ministry, it is said to appease the dissatisfaction of the University. It appears that Butler was a native of Hamburgh, and had never taken a degree in either of the English Universities. Hence the cold reception he met with at Oxford. 35. THE WESTMINSTER HUNT. LORD NORTH. THURLOW. GEORGE III. BURKE. SIR PHILIP FRANCIS. FOX. SHERIDAN. WARREN HASTINGS. Thurlow riding on the King, and whipping back the hounds, who had set upon Hastings.* The two sentinels at the gate appear to be Pitt and Lord Sydney. 36. MARKET DAY. “ Sic itur ad astraF May Znd, 17 88. GEORGE III. WARREN HASTINGS. EARL OF DERBY. DUNDAS.PITT. THURLOW. FOX. BURKE. SHERIDAN. LANSDOWNE. A satire on the supposed venality of Parliament. Thurlow, who was believed to be the great buyer in the Houseof Lords, has a full fold behind him, in which we perceive, 26 GlLLRAY^S CARICATURES. among other countenances, those of Lord Sydney and the Duke of Grafton, on each side of Thurlow, Lord Amherst, Lord Sandwich, and others. On the extreme right stands the Marquis of Lansdowne. In the centre of the picture appears Lord Derby, distinguished by his pigtail and nose, and below him the Duke of Norfolk. Even the King is represented as to be bought, and on the left, Warren Hastings is seen as the butcher riding off with his Majesty in the shape of a calf—referring to the Warren Hastings affair. The cattle in Thurlow’s fold are making a determined attack on a watch box, and overthrowing the celebrated trio. Fox, Burke, and Sheridan, Pitt and Dundas are quietly enjoying themselves at the sign of the Crown, heedless of the bustle below. 37. ELECTION TROOPS BRINGING IN THEIRACCOUNTS TO THE PAY-TABLE. Aug. 14, 1788. MAJOR TOPHAM. PITT. On the Westminster Election, which closed on the 4th of August, 1788, in which Lord Hood was brought forward by the Court, in opposition to Lord John Townshend, the Whigcandidate, who gained the day. The Government was said to have employed every kind of corruption to support their candidate ; and we have here its various agents applying for their pay, but turned away by the Minister from the front door, that they may receive their reward indirectly through the back-door from George Rose, The leader of the gang is Captain Topham, the proprietor and editor of The World, which had been the active supporter of the Government on this occasion. The other characters explain themselves. The sailors were brought up to support Hood, their Admiral, and were particularly riotous in their zeal for the cause. POLITICAL SERIES. 2 ? 38. A PIG IN A POKE. Whist, Whist. Dec. 10th, 1788. SIR JOSEPH MAWBEY. SIR PHILIP FRANCIS (?) MR. THORNHILL (?) Supposed to be some allusion to losing a political game.The principal person is Sir Joseph Mawbey, an eminentdistiller, at Vauxhall, Member for the County of Surrey, and Chairman of the Quarter Sessions. He entered Parliament as a Foxite, but on the Coalition being turned out, he transferred his support to Pitt. The Opposition wits then levelled the keenest shafts of ridicule against him. The Rolliad took the lead. We will present the reader with a pungent extract, which, no doubt, furnished Gillray with the hint of this print :

“ A sty of pigs, though all at onc^ it squeaks, Means not so much as Mawbey when he speaks. And history says he never yet had bred A pig with such a voice, or such a head ! Except, indeed, when he essays to joke! And then his wit is truly pig-in-poke. ” Our author concludes his description of this great senator with the following distich :

“ Such adaptation ne’er was seen before, His trade a hog is, and his wit—a boar.” “ It has been proposed to us to amend the spelling of the last word thus

bore, this improvement, however, as it is called, we reject as a calumny.” Sir Joseph Mawbey having quarrelled with his steward, Wilkinson, claimed £30. as a balance due to him. Thesteward denied this, and Sir Joseph arrested him for it. He offered to release him on payment of £20., and after- wards for £10. Both sums being refused, he released him. Wilkinson then brought an action against him, andrecovered £150. damages. This oppressive transaction is probably alluded to in the inscription, 66 Burn justice,” and 66 you have brought your pigs to a fine market.” 28 gillray’s caricatures. 39. STATE JUGGLERS. May 1 6th, 1788. QUEEN. GEORGE III. PITT. WARREN HASTINGS. THURLOW. DUNDAS. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. LORD SYDNEY. LORD DERBY. BURKE. FOX. DUKE OF NORFOLK. In this ludicrous performance, the King and Queen are balancing on the sign of the Crown, in the characters of Punch and Judy, the Queen rejoicing over a snuff-box, presumed to be a bribe from Warren Hastings. Beneath them Pitt is drawing ribbons of honour from his mouth, Thurlow is vomiting forth his usual volley of profitless oaths, and Warren Hastings, in the middle, is throwing out a countless quantity of gold. A number of persons in front are openly scrambling for ribbons or money ; while Fox, lifted up by Burke, and assisted by the Duke of Norfolk, is trying to catch his share of the latter commodity on the sly. The sweep is intended sarcastically for the Right Hon. Frederick Montagu, who was to have been one of the Commissioners for India, if Fox’s East India Bill had passed. 40. THE VISIT TO PICCADILLY; OR, A PRUSSIANRECEPTION. July 12th, 1792. SIR WATKIN W. WYNN. DUCHESS OF YORK. LADY WYNN. On the reported intrigue between the Prince of Wales and Lady Wynn, and the refusal of the Duchess of York to receive the latter. Lady Wynn was the wife of Sir Watkin W. Wynn, and sister of the Marquis of Buckingham and Lord Grenville. To render the allusion more palpable, she is drawn as a Welch goat, with a striking likeness of her own face, and the Prince of Wales’ feathers on her head. Sir Watkin always took a prominent part in the affairs of the principality. POLITICAL SERIES. 2941. THE VULTURE OF THE CONSTITUTION. January 3rd, 1789. PITT. On the Regency Bill, as proposed by Pitt in 1788, whenGeorge III. was first seriously attacked by his mental malady. Pitt had placed so many restrictions on the Prince of Wales in this Bill, that it was popularly said he had grasped the Crown for himself, while he tore the feathers from the Prince’s Coronet. 42. LORD CHANCELLOR THURLOW. June 27, 1?89. One of the best portraits of the celebrated Lord Chancellor. 43. THE BOW TO THE THRONE, ALIAS THE BEGGING BOW. May 6th, 1788. OEG. III. WARREN HASTINGS. THE QUEEN. PITT. THURLOW.Warren Hastings is here personating the Begum, or Princess of Oude (one of the personages who figures prominently in the charges against the ex- Governor of India) receiving the adorations of his worshippers. The Queenstoops lowest of all in her eagerness for the good things ofIndia : she grasps a bag of money in one hand, while under her other arm is the box with the celebrated diamondsent by the Nabob of Benares. The King carries off his share in a more surreptitious manner. Hats of all kinds held out behind the principal worshippers, show the eagerness of every class for its share in the spoils. This print is a parody on a caricature by Sayer, published on the first ofMay, and entitled “The Princess’s Bow, alias the BowBegum.” Sayer’s print represents the Eastern Princess seated in the place here occupied by Hastings, and receiving 30 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. the homage of Burke, Fox, and Sheridan ; Sir Philip Francis, the bitter enemy of Hastings, seen beneath her seat, says, “ T am at the bottom of all this \’’ while on the wall above hangs a picture illustrative of the old saying, <4 Parturiunt monies, nascitur ridiculus mus.” 44. JOHN BULL BAITED BY THE DOGS OFEXCISE. April 9th, 1790. GRENVILLE. DUNDAS. RICHMOND. THURLOW. JENKINSON, (afterwards lord Liverpool.) pepper arden. lord Sydney. DUKE OE GRAFTON. CAMDEN. PITT. GEORGE ROSE. Referring to the remarks made by Sheridan on Pitt’s Excise Laws in the beginning of April, 1790, arising out of a petition for a repeal of the excise on tobacco, which had been taken up as the occasion for an attack on Government by the Opposition. The dogs with which John Bull is baited are known by their collars ; Pitt is setting them on, while George Rose is busy new painting the inscription over the back-door of the Treasury. 45. SMELLING OUT A RAT; OR, THE ATHEISTICALREVOLUTIONIST DISTURBED IN HIS MIDNIGHT CALCULATIONS. December 3rd, 1790. BURKE. DR. PRICE. Dr. Price, a Unitarian preacher, who had delivered a sermon before the Revolution Society, which served as a sort of guiding-star to the English admirers of the revolution in France, is disturbed in his secret study by the apparition of the long nose of Edmund Burke. Burke had at this time become suddenly an eloquent declaimer against the revolutionary principles which had been propagated on the other side of the water, as well as against the liberal POLITICAL SERIES. 31 principles in religion and politics advocated by the Opposition in this country, and he had in consequence separated himself from the party with whom he had so long acted. He had lately published his “ Reflections on the Revolution in France.55 46. THE LANDING OF SIR JOHN BULL AND HISFAMILY AT BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. May 31, 1792. Etched by Gillray, from a Sketch by Bunbury. It is a satire on the annoyances to which John Bull was exposed, even in time of peace, if he ventured to the Gallic shore. THE FUNERAL GENCY. 47- PROCESSION OF MISS REApril 29th, 1789. BLUE AND BUFF TRAIN BEARER. THE PISMIRE MARQUIS, (lothian.) lord stilletto, (lord moira). A remnant of 1745, or the would-be-Chancellor (lord Loughborough.) Weltjie, Clerk of the Dishclouts, (the Prince’s Cook.) Chief Mourner, the Princess of W— , (Mrs. Fitzherbert. ) Unfledged Noviciates Mails, the hair- dressing pimp. Unfledged Noviciates of St. Giles’s ; or, Charley’s delight. Ignatius Loyola, (Burke.) Second Mourners, the rival Jacobites (Sheridan and Fox.) The body of tbe deceased, sup- ported by six Irish Bulls. Apozem, Clerk and of St. Giles’s. (Burke.) Apothecary, (J. Hall.) On the overthrow of the Regency Bill by the recovery of the King. The Irish Bulls refer to the vote of the Irish Parliament, requesting the Prince to assume the Regency without any restrictions as far as regarded Ireland. Mrs. Fitzherbert, who, in spite of the public denial, was still 32 gillray’s caricatures. believed to have been married to the Prince,7 is lamentingOher disappointed ambition. The pismire Marquis is the Marquis of Lothian. The first act of George III. on his recovery was to dismiss the Duke of Queensberry from his situation of a Lord of the Bedchamber, and deprive theMarquis of Lothian of the command of his regiment. Gillray took the hint for this print from a tract on the Regency, entitled “ The Death, Dissection, Will, and Funeral Procession of Mrs. Regency, with Odes, Songs,Funeral Dirge, &c. Printed at the Logographic Press, for John Walter, 1789.” Heimproved one part of the printed tract by converting the six Irish giants, who bear the body,into six Irish bulls. “ The Pullaloo Pullalo ogh” in their mouths are from the Irish howl song, in the printed tract. 48. BANDELURES. February 28th, 1791. PRINCE OF WALES. MRS. FITZIIERBERT. SHERIDAN. An allusion to some one of the scandalous stories of the day, relating to Mrs. Fitzherbert. The Prince is playinglistlessly, with a Bandelure, one of the fashionable toys ofthe day for idling away time. 49. BARBARITIES IN THE WEST INDIES. April 23rd, 1791. On a debate in the House of Commons on the 18th of April, 1791, upon Wilberforce’s motion for the abolition ofthe Slave Trade. The opponents of the measure insisted that the instances of cruelty towards slaves in the West Indies, adduced by Wilberforce and his supporters, were generally much exaggerated, and that in many instances they wereridiculous inventions. One of the latter is burlesqued in this plate. It is sufficiently explained in the inscription beneath. Francis was one of the warm supporters of Wilberforce on this question. POLITICAL SERIES. 33 50. LIEUTENANT - GOVERNOR GALLSTONE INSPIRED BY ALECTO; OR, THE BIRTH OFMINERVA. February 15th, 1790. The personage here satirized was Philip Thicknesse, Governor of Landguard Fort, a writer well known at the time this plate was published, for the bitterness of his per- sonal quarrels, and the violent effusions to which they gave rise. He was the author of a Sketch of the Life of the celebrated landscape painter, Gainsborough, whose failings he exposes somewhat more than might be expected from a friendly biographer. Various other writings are alluded to with sufficient distinctness in the plate. 51. TAMING OF THE SHREW—KATHARINE ANDPETRUCHIO.—THE MODERN QUIXOTE • OR, WHAT YOU WILL. April 20th, 1791. PITT. CATHARINE OF RUSSIA. DUMOURIEZ. On the attempted intermediation of Great Britain, backed by Prussia and Holland, between Russia and Turkey, in the spring of 1791. Austria and France are giving encou- ragement to the Empress Catharine. Turkey, which was suffering severely, takes shelter behind Pitt and his supporters, who have ridden rather roughly the Hanoverian horse. 52. THE IMPEACHMENT; OR, THE FATHER OFTHE GANG TURNED KING’S EVIDENCE. May, 1791. SHERIDAN. BURKE. FOX. On the violent quarrel between Burke on the one hand, and Fox and Sheridan on the other, in the debates in the House of Commons on the 6th and 11th of May, after which Burke separated entirely from the party with which D 34 gillray’s caracatures. he had so long acted. The party of Fox and Sheridanwere looked upon, and looked upon themselves, as Burke’spolitical disciples ; and the Tories, who rejoiced in thisquarrel, represented him as turning evidence against them,and impeaching his own political children. 53. GUY YAUX DISCOVERED IN HIS ATTEMPTTODESTROY THE KING AND THE HOUSEOFLORDS: HIS COxMPANIONS ATTEMPTINGTO ESCAPE. May 14th, 1791.FOX. BURKE. SHERIDAN. Another caricature on the same subject as the preceding. At this time Gillray worked for the rival publishers.Fores and Humphreys, who respectively published theseprints ; at a subsequent period the Caricaturist boundhimself to work only for the latter. Fox is here, by a pun upon his name, represented underthe character of Guy Vaux. Burke, who in the preceding print had turned King’s evidence, is laying openthe plots of his late colleagues. The other accomplices,Sheridan, &c. are saving themselves by flight. Sheridanseceded from the opposition for a short time after thequarrel in the House of Commons, on the subject of theFrench Revolution; it was his violence which had partlyembittered the dispute. 54. THE RIGHTS OF MAN. May 23rd, 1791.A satire upon Thomas Paine, who had been a tailor, or, more properly speaking, a stay-maker, in Norfolk, hadthen been an exciseman, and subsequently made his retreat to America, whence he returned to Europe to take aviolent part in the revolutionary struggle, in support ofwhich he had recently published his Rights of Man.”Gillray was not acquainted with Paine’s personal appear- POLITICAL SERIES. 35 ance, but he represents him here under the conventional figure which he had adopted for all French Republicans. 55. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PETRIFIED. THENATIONAL ASSEMBLY REVIVIFIED. June 28th, 1791. This is a clever and a rather celebrated caricature, on the dismay with which the violent democrats in Paris were struck when they were informed of the King’s flight, and on their joy at the arrival of the intelligence of his arrest at Varennes. 56. ALECTO AND HER TRAIN AT THE GATE OF PANDEMONIUM; OR, THE RECRUITING SERJEANT ENLISTING JOHN BULL INTO THEREVOLUTION SERVICE. July 4th, 1791. SHERIDAN. FOX. LORD STANHOPE. On the supposed design of the party headed by Fox and Sheridan to enlist the people of England in the same revolutionary cause which now flourished in France. The Crown and Anchor Tavern, in the Strand, was the grand place of meeting of the Revolution Society. Lord Stanhope, who rendered himself remarkable by his strong democratic principles, was supposed at this moment to be hesitating in the part he was to take in politics. Lord Stanhope married Lady Hester Pitt, daughter of the first Lord Chatham, and sister to William Pitt, the Minister. 57 - THE HOPES OF THE PARTY PRIOR TO JULY 14th. From such wicked Crown and Anchor Dreams, good Lord deliver us. July 19th, 1791. HORNE TOOKE. GEO. III. FOX. SHERIDAN. DR. PRIESTLEY. SIR CECIL WRAY. THE QUEEN. PITT. The result which, it was supposed, the deliberations at the d 2 36 gillray’s caricatures. Crown and Anchor portended. Sir Cecil Wray, the opponent of Fox in the Westminster Election of 1784, had nowjoined the opposition; he was accused of limiting hishousehold very strictly in the article of small beer, and thishad been a subject of jokes and caricatures without end atthe Westminster Election. The 14th of July was the dayof the dinner at Birmingham, in celebration of the anniversary of the French Revolution, alluded to more particularly in the following caricature. 58. A BIRMINGHAM TOAST, as given on the 14thJuly, by the Revolution Society. July 29, 1791.SHERIDAN. DR. PRIESTLEY. SIR CECIL WRAY. FOX. HORNE TOOKE. DR. PRICE. On the dinner in commemoration of the French Revolution, held at Birmingham, on Thursday the 14th of July,1791, which gave rise to the celebrated Birmingham riots,in which so much property was destroyed. Some of themore prominent of the Liberal party are here placed roundthe table, while Priestley, with the holy chalice and salver,is giving a toast, which their opponents said was the onemost agreeable to their principles. A sample of Priestley’sPuritans are seen behind. Dr. Price’s congregation atHackney is alluded to by the picture suspended againstthe wall, as the sort of congregation that was to be intro-duced into St. Paul’s. 59. AN EXCRESCENCE — A FUNGUS — ALIAS, ATOADSTOOL UPON A DUNGHILL. Dec. 20, 1791.WILLIAM PITT, The upstart thing which the Opposition said was at thistime engrafting itself upon the Crown, and becoming superior to the Crown itself—a political mushroom, springingup on the hot-bed of royal favour. POLITICAL SERIES. 37 60. THE SOLDIER’S RETURN; OR, RARE NEWSFOR OLD ENGLAND. November \4th, 1791. THE DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK. On the marriage of the Duke of York with the Princess Frederika, eldest daughter of the King of Prussia, which took place at Berlin, on the 1st of October, 1791. The royal couple arrived at Dover, on their way to London, on the 21st of the same month. The beauty of the Duchess, her diminutive foot, and the money she brought to her husDand, were common subjects of conversation at the time this caricature was published. 61. THE INTRODUCTION. November 22nd, 1791. DUKE AND DUCHESS OF YORK. THE QUEEN. GEORGE III. The Duke and his Prussian Bride are here received by George and his Queen, who seem to be exclusively in- terested in the tempting burthen, of which she is the bearer. A Prussian guard—one of the old King of Prussia’s tall corps—is the carrier of the rich dower. 62. THE YORK MINUET. December 14th, 1791. DUCHESS OF YORK. DUKE OF YORK. Another print on the subject of the Duke of York’s Marriage. The Duchess was celebrated for the smallness of her foot, which this dance is intended to exhibit to advantage. 63. THE YORK REVERENCE; OR CITY LOYALTYAMPLY REWARDED. December 2*1 th, 1791. DUCHESS OF YORK. DUKE OF YORK. On the reception of the Address congratulatory on the 38 GILLiRAY^S CARICATURES. marriage of the Duke of York, presented to the Duke andDuchess, on the 19th of December, 1791, by the LordMayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and Common Council of theCity of London. It is difficult to say which of the RoyalPair excels in the condescension with which the CityAddress is here received and acknowledged. The reve-rence of the Duchess is so extreme, as to entitle it to thehonour of knighthood. 64. FRENCH DEMOCRATS SURPRISING THEROYAL RUNAWAYS. June 27th, 1791. LOUIS XVI. THE DAUPHIN. MARIE ANTOINETTE. A burlesque upon a very serious event, the arrest of theunfortunate Louis XVL and his family at Varennes, onthe 22nd of June, 1791, after their flight from Paris. 65. THE KNAVE WINS ALL. MODERN HOSPITALITY; OR, A FRIENDLY PARTY IN HIGHLIFE. March c3\st} 1792.LADY ARCHER. PR. OF WALES. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. FOX.A satire on the gambling propensities of the age, whichwere the bane of private society, and to which the Princeof Wales and his friend Fox were both victims. LadyArcher (an old and faded beauty, celebrated for havingher face enamelled), at whose house this party is supposedto be held, was well known as a victimizer. 66 . FRYING SPRATS, the queen. Nov. 28 th, 1791-67 . TOASTING MUFFINS, george iii. Nov. 28th, 1791.These two subjects form a bitter satire on the economi- POLITICAL SERIES. 39 cal and domestic habits of George III. and his Queen. It was a bold stretch of the Liberty of the Press, which thus exposed to public view the private failings of Majesty. With such habits, we are not surprised to see that the Queens’s savings exceed the capacity of her pocket. 68 . WEIRD SISTERS—MINISTERS OF DARKNESSMINIONS OF THE MOON. December 23rd, 1791. DUNDAS. PITT. THURLOW. The plate is a parody on Fuseli’s painting of the Weird Sisters.” 6f Among the political caricatures which appeared in the shops of the capital about this time, was a print representing the Chancellor, Pitt, and Dundas, in the characters of the 6 three weird sisters,’ wildly, but characteristically attired, standing on a heath, intently gazing on the full moon. Her orb appears half enlightened, half eclipsed . The part averted, which remains in darkness, contains the King’s profile. On the other side, resplendent with light, and graciously regarding the three gazers, was pourtrayed a head of the Queen. The circumstance of Dundas being thus ranked with Pitt and Thurlow, sufficiently indicates the degree of political consideration which he attracted, and how much higher he stood in the public estimation, as a man possessed of power or influence, than any of the remaining Cabinet Ministers. He was, in fact, far superior to either of the Secretaries of State in real weight and consequence .”—WraxaWs Posthumous Memoirs^vol. 3, pages 309-310. 69. THE PACIFIC ENTRANCE OF EARL WOLFINTO BLACKHAVEN. January 20th, 1792. LORD LONSDALE. The Wolf here represented was Sir James Lowther, of 40 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. great celebrity in the history of borough-mongering, andespecially in connection with the town of Whitehaven,the place here alluded to. Gillray’s caricature refers to a dispute between this nobleman and the town ofWhitehaven, in consequence of which his Lordship sus- pended the working of his coal mines, and the townsmenw r ere thus induced to make an abject submission. It is the subject of Peter Pindar’s “ Epistle to the Earl ofLonsdale.” * Peter Pindar, in this and several other poetical effusions, had attacked the Earl with his usual wit and caustic severity. Lord Lonsdale brought an action against him for a Libel. Peter was alarmed, and made the most humble submission.Lord Lonsdale consented to stop the proceedings on apromise that he would never again mention him in hiswritings. “The reader (says the Rolliad) will not forget thedeclaration of this great man, that he was in possession ofthe Land, the Fire, and the Water of the Town of Whitehaven. “ E’en by the Elements his Power confessed, Of Mines and Boroughs Lonsdale stands possessed, And one sad servitude alike denotes, The slave that labours, and the slave that votes.” Junius calls him the contemptible Tyrant of the North.By the influence of Sir James Lowther, Mr. Pitt obtainedhis first seat in Parliament in 1781. This was done in compliance with the request of the Duke of Rutland, withwhom Pitt had formed an intimate friendship, when theywere fellow students at Cambridge. In return for this obligation, Mr. Pitt, when he became Prime Minister in 1784, elevated him to a seat in the House of Peers by thetitle of Earl Lonsdale, thus overleaping the two inferior stages of the peerage. It might have been supposed, that this remuneration was fully adequate to his pretensions and services. But on the Gazette being published, his name appearing at the bottom of the list of newly created POLITICAL, SERIES. 41 Earls, he threatened to reject the Earldom, and means were with difficulty found to allay his irritation. On his Law-agent5 s Coat is inscribed Black- Stone. 70. A UNIFORM WHIG. November 1 6th, 1791. EDMUND BURKE. Burke, in his new-born loyalty, is leaning against a pedestal, on which the bust of George III. is placed. In his reverie he is contemplating his expected pension in perspective as a reward for his Reflections on the French Revolution. On one side the Advocate of Liberty is in rags, with empty pockets ; on the other, leaning upon a more substantial prop, his rags have disappeared, and his pockets are overflowing. 71 . HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUCHESS OFYORK. April 10th, 1792. This is understood to be an excellent portrait of the Duchess of York, who has already figured in several of the preceding Caricatures. 72. A SPHERE PROJECTING AGAINST A PLANE.January 3rd, 1792. PITT. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. The Sphere is said to represent Lady Buckinghamshire, and there is probably an allusion to some forgotten rumour of the day. 42 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. 73. THE BOTTOMLESS PITT. March 1 6th, 1792.WILLIAM PITT. This is another satire on the personal appearance of theMinister, and is said to give a very accurate idea of hisgeneral manner when speaking. In the warmth of debatehe had let fall an unguarded phrase, which was torturedby the wits of the day into a joke upon his person. 74 . PATRIOTS AMUSING THEMSELVES ; OR,SWEDES PRACTISING AT A POST. April 19th, 1792.GEORGE III. EOX. PRIESTLEY. SHERIDAN. On the designs which the Tories attributed to the Opposition, or, as they called them, the Revolutionary Party in England, who they believed, or pretended to believe, werewilling to imitate the example of the Swedish regicide, Ankerstrom. The faces of the revolutionary triumvirateare more coarsely burlesqued than is usual with Gillray. The post at which they are practising is very ingeniouslyworked into a rough contour of King George. 75 . THE BISHOP OF A TUN^S BREECHES; OR,THE FLAMING EVEOUE PURIFYING THEHOUSE OF OFFICE. May 14th, 1792.TALLEYRAND. The person most prominent in this picture is the cele- brated Talleyrand, who was Bishop of Autun, and wasnow signalizing himself by his pretended zeal in the cause of the revolution. It is a satire on the supposed influence of the revolutionary movement in France upon England,and the allusion is no doubt to an event which occurred in POLITICAL SERIES. 43 the May of 1792 in London, when the House of Commons narrowly escaped being burnt. A pair of corduroy breeches was found thrust into the ceiling above the water-closet in a state of combustion, which excited considerable sus- picion of a design to destroy the Parliament House, but no incendiary was ever discovered. 76 . DESIGN FOR THE NEW GALLERY OF BUSTSAND PICTURES. March Ijth, 1793. FOX. In 1791, Pitt in conjunction with Prussia and Holland, had prepared a powerful armament to compel the Empress Catherine to give up Ockzakow, which she had seized. Fox so successfully opposed the Russian armament that Pitt found himself compelled either to resign, or abandon the armament. He did not hesitate to assert that, Russia was indebted for the retention of her conquest to the opposition he had encountered in the House. The Empress Catherine was highly gratified with the result, which she attributed to the powerful eloquence of Fox, and placed his bust in her Gallery between those of Demosthenes and Cicero. The Court party delighted in stigmatizing Fox as the modern Cataline. The verses from the Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin were added after its original publication. 77. MALAGRIDA DRIVING POST. March 1 6th, 1792. DUNDAS. PITT. THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. FOX. SHERIDAN. On a report spread at this time that a change of Ministry was at hand, and that the Marquis of Lansdowne (who, as Lord Shelburne, had obtained the nickname of Malagrida), would be called to the head of affairs. His Lord- 44 GILLRAY*S CARICATURES. ship is driving in all haste to St. James’s, as Pitt andDundas are hurrying away ; and behind are the chiefs ofthe Opposition, eager to share in the good fortune of thesuccessful candidate for power. 78. ANTISACCHARITES; OR, JOHN BULL AND HISFAMILY LEAVING OFF THE USE OF SUGAR.March 27th, 1792.GEORGE III. THE QUEEN. THE PRINCESSES. The Royal Pair setting an example of economy, whichappears by no means agreeable to all the family. PeterPindar is said to have composed a poem on this subject,which he destroyed before it was printed. 79. SCOTCH HARRY’S NEWS; OR, NINCUMPOOPIN HIGH GLEE. May 23rd, 1792.GEORGE III. THE QUEEN. DUNDAS. On the arrival of intelligence of the great success of theEnglish arms in India, and of the conclusion of peace withTippoo Saib. The Indian Affairs were Dundas’s special andfavourite department. 80. VICES OVERLOOKED IN THE NEW PROCLAMATION. May 24th, 1?92.Avarice, Drunkenness, Gambling. KING AND QUEEN. PRINCE OF WALES. DUKE OF YORK.Debauchery, DUKE OF CLARENCE AND MRS. JORDAN. A satire on the Royal Family, which requires no explanation, further than to state that it is a parody on a RoyalProclamation which had recently appeared. POLITICAL SERIES. 45 81. AUSTRIAN BUGABOO FUNKING THE FRENCHARMY. May \2th, 1792. On the war which had just broken out between France and Austria, and some reverses which the former had at first sustained in their hostilities against the Emperor in Flanders. It is hardly necessary to say that the exultation expressed in this caricature was of very short duration. 82. THE FALL OF THE WOLSEY OF THE WOOLSACK. May 24th, 1792. GEORGE III. THURLOW. LORD GRENVILLE. PITT. Early in 1792, Mr. Pitt had introduced a Bill for the continuance of the Sinking Fund, and a clause enacting that in every future loan, a sum should be appropriated for its redemption. This Act passed the Commons with general approbation. In the House of Lords it encountered a most unexpected opposition from the Lord Chancellor. He inveighed against it with the greatest acrimony and personality, ridiculing the presumption of attempting to bind future Parliaments. “ None but a novice, a sycophant, a mere reptile of a Minister, would allow this Act to prevent his doing what the circumstances of the county might require at the time. The inaptitude of the project is equal to the vanity of the attempt.” Thurlow’s speech made so great an impression on the Lords, that the Ministers measure was only carried by a majority of six. The next day, May 16, Mr. Pitt required his dismissal, to which the King assented, but for the convenience of public business, he was allowed to retain the seals, till the close of the Session, June 15. Thurlow was astounded at the King’s ready acquiescence, and said to his friend. Sir John Scott (afterwards Lord Eldon), “I did not think that the King would have parted with me so easily. As to that 46 GlLLRAY’s CARICATURES. other man, he has done to me just what I should havedone to him, if I could/’ Lord Grenville, who had receiveda number of lucrative appointments, is represented as suggesting that the Chancellorship might with proprietybe added to them. 83. A GOOD SHOT, OR BILLY RANGER, THEGAMEKEEPER IN A FINE SPORTING COUNTRY. February 1st, 1792.LORD GRENVILLE. William Wyndham Grenville, who had been elevated to the peerage as Baron Grenville, in 1790. On the 18th ofJuly, 1792, he married the Hon. Anne Pitt, sister of LordCamelford. He was himself first cousin to William Pitt, and at this time he held, among other lucrative offices, those of Ranger of St. James’s and Hyde Parks, andSecretary of State for Foreign Affairs. His supposedeagerness for place and emolument is the object of satire in the present caricature. 84. A CONNOISSEUR EXAMINING A COOPER. June 18thy 1?92.GEORGE in. The King examining Cooper’s portrait of Oliver Cromwell. The parsimonious manners of the Monarch are satirized in the save-all, by means of which he uses up the last fragment of the candle. Gillray had recently accompanied Loutherbourg the painter into France, to assist in making sketches for his grand picture of the Siege of Valenciennes. After their return, the King, who made great pretensions to taste, desired to look at their Sketches. He was already pre- POLITICAL SERIES. 47 judiced against Gillray for his Political Caricatures, and not understanding the rough style in which he had made his spirited sketches of French officers and soldiers, he threw them down contemptuously, with the mere hasty observation, (e I doffit understand these caricatures!” while he expressed the greatest admiration at Loutherbourg^s more finished and intelligible drawings of landscapes and buildings. Gillray, who was mortified at the neglect shewn towards himself, and was not at this time pensioned by the Court, revenged himself by publishing the picture of the Monarch contemplating the features of the great enemy of Kings, who was an object of particular abhorrence to George III., and observed, tc I wonder if the Royal Connoisseur will understand this }” 85. A VOLUPTUARY UNDER THE HORRORS OFDIGESTION. July 2nd, 1792. THE PRINCE OE WALES. A bitter satire on the Heir to the Throne, who was at this time celebrated for his voluptuousness, and for the pecuniary difficulties in which he was constantly involved, in consequence of his expensive habits. The picture is full of allusions, which tell their own story. 86. TEMPERANCE ENJOYING A FRUGAL MEAL. July 28th, 1792 THE QUEEN. GEORGE III. This plate is properly a companion to the former, and is no less severe on the saving and parsimonious habits of the King and Queen, than the other on their son's extra- vagance. It is one of Gillray’s finest works, and it is hardly necessary to point out the admirable manner in which every little accessory is made to bear upon the general subject. 48* POLITICAL SERIES. this print is said to have been General Stevenson. It re- presents the Levee of the Governor- General, Lord Cornwallis, at the Government House, Calcutta, and containsportraits of all the persons of any note then employedin the public service in India; but, though evidentlyportraits, few of them can now be recognised. The figureto the extreme right, in the background, is Earl Cornwallis. Sir John Shore, afterwards Lord Teignmouth,succeeded Lord Cornwallis, as Governor-General of India,in 1792, and is probably among the persons here represented, but we do not recognize him. 90. THE SLOUGH OF DESPOND; vide THE PATRIOT’S PROGRESS. January 2nd, 1793.FOX. The horrors committed by the Revolutionists in Franceduring the year 1792 had, in the beginning of 1?93, produced a strong feeling in England, and strengthened Pitt’s Ministry, while it was a proportionate discouragement to the Opposition. There were several secessions from theWhig party in consequence of the alarm which the proceedings of the French Patriots created in this country,and the seceders went by the name of the Alarmists. Inthe debate on the Address, in which Fox’s splendid elo- quence shone even more than usual, his party was in avery small minority, and he is here represented as almostlost in the despondency in which the weakness of his partyhad involved him. It is a clever parody on the sufferings of the Christian pilgrim in John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. 91. TOM PAINE’S NIGHTLY PEST. Dec. 10th, 1792.FOX. TOM PAINE. DR. PRIESTLEY. In the December of 1792, Paine, who was in France,and therefore out pf the reach of the law, was prosecuted POLITICAL SERIES. 49 and found guilty of a libel contained in the second part of his “ Rights of Man.” He is here represented on his couch of poverty, dreaming of the punishments which awaited his political crimes. At the time when this print was published, the prosecution had been made known, but the trial and condemnation only took place on the 18th of December. 92. A SMOKING CLUB. February 13th, 1793. LOUGHBOROUGH. PITT. FOX. SHERIDAN. DUNDAS. The two chiefs of the opposing parties in politics smoking each other, while the Lord Chancellor Loughborough (who had succeeded Thurlow on the Woolsack) is cogitating between the Whig and Tory, having acted with the former party, previous to taking office under the latter. 93. JOHN BULL BOTHERED; OR THE GEESE ALARMING THE CAPITOL. Dec. 19th, 1792. PITT. On the alarm which the organs of Government spread through the country, when the English Minister was dragging us into war w Tith France in 1793. Poor John Bull appears to be sadly divided and “ bothered” by the continual representations of the two parties wTho wished to lead him, as we see by his two cockades, and by the contents of his pockets. The Pennyworth of Truth” was an anti-revolutionary tract, distributed through the country with great diligence by the “ Loyal” Societies. The doubts on the propriety of using his arms seem still to predominate in John Bull’s mind, although he allows himself to be led by his measter” Billy. 94. FRENCH LIBERTY—BRITISH SLAVERY. December 2 1st, 1792. A burlesque comparison of the glorious condition of E 50 gillray’s caricatures. France under its so-called Freedom, and the wretched stateof John Bull, under his regime of tyranny and taxation ! 95. SANS-CULOTTES FEEDING EUROPE WITHTHE BREAD OF LIBERTY. January 12 th, 1793.SHERIDAN. FOX. The war against France was represented as being renderednecessary to hinder the propagandism of republican principles, which the French were endeavouring to impose uponevery country either by hostile invasion, or by encouragingthe people to rise against their existing Governments. TheFrench Directory had proclaimed all Kings and Princestyrants, and offered fraternization and assistance to allpeople who were wishful to shake off their yoke. Thisprint exhibits the various ways in which this design wasattempted to be carried into effect in Holland, Savoy,Germany, Italy, and England. In our country, it is thetwo great leaders of opposition. Fox and Sheridan (represented in what the Caricaturists pictured as the literalcostume of the Sans -culottes) who undertake to accustomJohn Bull to the new diet. 96. THE DAGGER SCENE; OR, THE PLOT DISCOVERED. December 30th, 1792.DUNDAS. PITT. FOX. SHERIDAN. M. A. TAYLOR. BURKE.This print commemorates an extraordinary piece oftheatrical effect played off by Burke in the House of Commons, on the 28th of December, 1792. It was the debateon the introduction of Lord Grenville’s Alien Act. Burkespoke in support of the Ministerial measure, and to heightenthe effect of one of his eloquent declamations againstFrench atrocities, and English imitations of them, and onthe spirit which he said was abroad in this country, he drewout a Brummagem dagger, which he had brought with POLITICAL SERIES. 51 him into the House, and kept concealed on his person till the critical moment of exhibition, when he threw it on the floor. He insinuated that certain Members of the House were acquainted with the purpose for which such instruments were being manufactured. The effect, for the moment, is said to have been quite extraordinary. The Opposition, however, treated the exhibition with derision, rather than with alarm; the dagger was itself probably of a rather equivocal form, and Sheridan said : 66 You have thrown down a knife, where is the fork ?’* which electrified the House with laughter. Since the above was in print, the publisher has been favoured (by his friend, Mr. Evans) with a detailed and more accurate account of the remarkable circumstance in question, which is here subjoined. Towards the close of the year 1792, an extraordinary influx of foreigners into England took place. The Ministers professed to feel the greatest alarm and consternation, at so large an ingress of persons from a country which had so recently overturned its Government, imprisoned its King, and in which the flame of Liberty was excited by the torch of sedition. The militia was called out. Parliament was summoned to meet at the unusually short notice of thirteen days. Ministers called on Parliament to arm the Government with an Alien Act to enable it to send out of the country persons endeavouring to abuse the hospitality of England. The Bill passed the House of Lords, and on the second reading in the Commons, on the 28th of December, Mr. Dundas explained its principles and details, and declared Ministers had no other object than to secure the safety and tranquillity of the country. The Bill was opposed by Mr. Fox a§ an unnecessary innovation. Ministers already possessed adequate powers to expel any foreigners attempting to violate the public peace, and believed the measure originated in their inveterate hostility to the rising spirit of Freedom now spreading through France, and their desire to suppress all e 2 52 gillray’s caricatures. communication with that country by every means in their power. This called up Burke, who declared, that so con-vinced was he of the overwhelming necessity of the measure, that he would rather abandon his best friends, andjoin his worst enemies, than withhold his support of theBill. He descanted with consummate eloquence andenergy on the multifold horrors and atrocities of theFrench Revolution. He mentioned the circumstance ofthree thousand daggers having been bespoke at Birmingham, by an Englishman, of which seventy had been deli- vered. It was not ascertained how many of these were to be exported, and how many were intended for home con-sumption. [Here Mr. Burke drew out a dagger, whichhe had kept concealed, and with much vehemence of action threw it on the floor.] 46 This,” said he, pointing to the dagger, “is what you are to gain by an alliance withFrance: wherever their principles are introduced, their practices must follow. You must guard against their principles ; you must proscribe their persons.” He thenheld the dagger up to view, which he said never could havebeen intended for fair and open war, but solely for murderous purposes. “ It is my object to keep the Frenchinfection from this country ; their principles from our minds, and their daggers from our hearts.” After a fewother sentences, he added, “When they smile, I see blood trickling down their faces ; I see their insidious purposes ; I see that the object of all their cajoling is—blood. I nowwarn my countrymen to beware of these execrable philosophers, whose only object it is to destroy every thing that is good here, and to establish immorality and murder byprecept and example.” The late Lord Chancellor Eldon, in the latter part of his life, used to shew a dagger, as the identical one thrown down by Burke on the floor of the House. The late Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Howley) assured the present Earl of Eldon that his grandfather’s memory had misled him, and that the actual dagger was in the possession of POLITICAL SERIES. 53 the son of the late Sir James Bland Burgess. With a laudable desire of ascertaining the truth, he applied to Sir James’s son, Sir Charles Montolieu Lamb (he having taken that name by permission under the King’s Sign Manual in 1821), who furnished the following statement: tft The history of it is, that it was sent to a manufacturer at Birmingham as a pattern, with an order to make a large quantity like it. At that time the order seemed so suspicious, that instead of executing it, he came to London, and called on my father, at the Secretary of State’s Office, to inform him of it, and he left the pattern with him. Just after, Mr. Burke called, in his way to the House of Commons, and upon my father mentioning it to him, borrowed the dagger to shew in the House. They walked down to the House together, and when Mr. Burke had made his speech, my father took it again, and kept it as a curiosity.” As this dagger is become a matter of historical interest, by being mentioned in every Life of Burke, and many historical memoirs of the times, the reader may be curious to see the present Lord Eldon’s exact description of it. “ The dagger is a foot long in the blade, and about five inches in the handle, of coarse workmanship, and might serve either for a dagger or a pikehead.” 97 - THE BLOOD OF THE MURDERED CRYING FOR VENGEANCE. February 1 6th, 1793. LOUIS XVI. On the execution of Louis XVI. by the French Revolutionary Government, on the 21st of January, 1793. A finely engraved plate, which helped to disgust the English with the revolutionary proceedings. 98. A DEMOCRAT; OR, REASON AND PHILOSOPHY. March 1st, 1?93. FOX. This coarse satire upon Fox, and his supposed leaning 54 gillray’s caricatures. towards the Sans-culottes of France, is said to have beenone of the few caricatures against that Statesman whichreally gave him offence. The attacks upon Fox’s party,on the ground of their presumed revolutionary principles,were never carried to such an extent as at the momentwhen this print was published. Ca ira is the burthen ofthe most democratic song of the day. 99. THE CHANCELLOR OF THE INQUISITIONMARKING THE INCORRIGIBLES. March 19th, 1793.BURKE. Gillray was at this time rather indiscriminate in hisattacks, and he here caricatures the violent zeal with whichBurke supported the party in whose ranks he now combated with as much severity as he had just caricatured Fox.Burke, popularly characterized as tf£ the Jesuit,’’ for his openadvocacy of the Catholic claims in Ireland, is namedtothe Chancellorship of this new Inquisition. The objectof ridicule was the Ministerial measures against the politi-cal clubs and societies, and it is hardly necessary to saythat the ce Black List” is a parody on a passage in Shakespeare’s Richard III. 100. FATIGUES OF THE CAMPAIGN IN FLANDERS.May 20th, 1793.THE DUKE OF YORK. The British Foot-guards in Flanders. The Duke, whowas in command of this expedition, which, though at thistime promising success, ended in so many disasters, is enjoying the good things of the land. It is a satire on themode in which the English army was pretended by somepeople to be carrying on the war. POLITICAL SERIES. 55 100* “ Aside he turn’d For envy, yet with jealous leer malign Ey’d them askance.” 12^, 1782. LORD SHELBURNE. PITT. FOX. On the secession of Fox and his party from the Shelburne Administration ; one of Gillray’s earlier Political Caricatures, inserted here out of its date for the convenience of arrangement. It is another parody on Milton. 101 . DUMOURIER DINING IN STATE AT ST. JAMES’S, ON THE 15th OF MAY, 1793. March 30th, 1793. PRIESTLEY. FOX. HEAD OF PITT. SHERIDAN. DUMOURIER. On Dumourier’s desertion from the service of the French Republic. He was at this time understood to be on his way to England, and, in the belief of his Republican and “ Sans-culottic” principles, this is the repast it is pretended was to be dressed up for him. The three great revolutionists, as they were represented by the Tories, acting as cooks—Priestley, the enemy of the Church; Fox, the enemy of Pitt ; and Sheridan, the enemy of the Crown. Dumourier arrived in England in June, and he immediately received notice from the Secretary of State to quit the kingdom in forty-eight hours. His presence appears to have been dreaded. 102. BRITANNIA BETWEEN SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS. April 8th, 1793. PRIESTLEY. FOX. SHERIDAN. PITT. A beautiful allegory, rather than caricature, on the politics of Pitt’s administration at this time, who is repre- 56 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. sented as steering the helm of State in an even course between the two extremes, keeping his course direct to the haven of public safety. The whirlpool of Charybdis re- presents the undue influence of the Crown. The dogs of Scvlla bear the faces of the well-known trio struck with the political anathema, Priestley, Fox, and Sheridan. 103. JOHN BULL’S PROGRESS. JOHN BULL HAPPY.JOHN BULL GOING TO THE WARS. JOHNBULL’S PROPERTY IN HANGER. JOHNBULL’S GLORIOUS RETURN. June 3rd, 1793. On the warlike politics of the year 1793, and on the little profit John Bull seemed likely to gain by his military mania. 104. FLANNEL ARMOUR:—FEMALE PATRIOTISM. November 18th, 1793. Still war ! As the winter of this year approached, the ladies of Great Britain, in their solicitude for the comforts of the British soldiers, amid the rigours of the climate and season, manufactured clothing of all descriptions in flannel to be sent over to the army in Flanders. It was a subject on which the press launched out multitudes ofjeux d’esprit, some of them not particularly delicate. This clever print was one of the most effective satires on the zeal of the ladies, and is said to have had no small effect in cooling it. There is much point in the two dilapidated and neglected pictures of Hannibal and Charles XII., warriors especially cele- brated for the contempt with which they faced the rigours of winter. 105. THE HEROIC CHARLOTTE LA CORDE UPONHER TRIAL. July 29th, 1?93. On the death of the French democrat, Marat, by the POLITICAL SERIES. 57 hand of Charlotte Corday, on the 13th of July, 1773* She was immediately brought to trial by the Revolutionary Tribune, condemned, and executed. An interesting account of her will be found in Lamartine’s tc History of the Girondists/5 [Bohns Library, vol. 3. p. 53.) 106. BLUE AND BUFF CHARITY; OR THE PATRIARCH OF THE GREEK CLERGY APPLYING FOR RELIEF. June 12th, 1793. J. HALL. DR. PRIESTLEY. LORD STANHOPE. SHERIDAN. MICHAEL ANGELO TAYLOR. HORNE TOOKE. POX. Fox’s private circumstances had become at this time so embarrassed, that he was obliged to forego even the trifling luxuries of life, and he was meditating on the necessity of retiring from the political stage. But his friends interfered, and in the summer of 1793, they held a meeting at the Crown and Anchor, to take his affairs into consideration, and a large subscription, with which he was relieved in his present need, and an annuity which was purchased for him, shewed Fox’s popularity. His enemies turned the dis- tresses of the leader of the Patriots into ridicule : he is here represented as receiving the charity of the Committee in the shape of a shower of unpaid bonds, dishonoured bills, and other similar documents from which they had relieved him. Sheridan figures as the Sans-culotte highwayman

and Liberty Hall, as he was called, the ci-devant apothecary, has in his pocket a bottle of poison for C£ W. Pitt.” Blue and buff were the colours of Fox’s party. 107 . A PARIS BELLE. February 26th, 1794. A fancy portrait of a fair patriot of Paris under the “ Reign of Terror.’5 It is a mere etching by Gillray, after a drawing by another person ; but whether Miss Mary Stokes5 ’ be a real name or a mere pseudonyme, it is now impossible to say. 58 gillray’s caricatures. 108. A PARIS BEAU. February 26th, 1794.A companion to the former plate, by the same artist. 109. A FRENCH HAILSTORM; OR NEPTUNE LOSINGSIGHT OF THE BREST FLEET. Dec. 10, 1793.LORD HOWE. On Lord Howe’s inactivity, who was accused of remaining idle in Torbay, while he ought to have been lookinginto Brest harbour, to watch the movements of the Frenchfleet collected there. The popular cry represented theEnglish Admiral as being bribed by French gold to re- main inactive ; and among the common toasts at political dinners was, a Lord Howe—let him be toasted in Port !”Gillray has here represented him as driven into the port ofTorbay by a hailstorm of money. A few months after, thegreat naval victory of the first of June, 1794, restoredLord Howe to universal popularity. At this time the disasters experienced by the Allies onthe continent in every quarter, had very much damped thewarlike ardour of the people of England, and this altered feeling will be seen in several of the caricatures whichfollow. 110. PANTAGRUEUS VICTORIOUS RETURN TO THECOURT OF GARGANTUA, AFTER EXTIRPATING THE SOUP-MEAGRES OF BOUILLELAND. February 10tk, 1794.THE DUKE OF YORK. GEORGE III. PITT. THE QUEEN. A rather severe satire on the great results which wereexpected from the expedition to Flanders, under the Dukeof York, and on his inglorious return. The Duke arrived POLITICAL SERIES. 59 in London on his return on the 7th of February, 1794. The condition in which he here appears shews the opinion popularly entertained of his conduct in the war. While the King, who was warmly attached to the amusements of the chace, is represented in a costume which would make us believe that he thought more of hunting than of State affairs, Pitt is employed in considering the means of raising money for the expenditure which the Duke’s expedition has entailed, and of which he is reckoning up the items ; while we see the Queen, in an apartment behind, busysacking her treasures. Pitt has not forgotten an expression w'hich Burke had incautiously applied to the populace in one of his speeches a little before this time— the swinish multitude”—and which now became a sort of watchword of party. On the 24th of February, 1793, a bookseller namedEaton, -was tried, but acquitted, for the publication of a pamphlet, entitled, ec Hog’swash ; or. Politics for the People.” The term was frequently used at a subsequentperiod. 111 . FRENCH TELEGRAPH MAKING SIGNALS INTHE DARK. January 2 6th, 1793. FOX. A satire on Fox’s supposed predilection for revolutionized France, and on the wish he was accused of entertaining, that the democratic principles triumphant in that country should be transplanted to England. He had beenan uncompromising opponent of the warlike measures of the Ministry, who did not hesitate to accuse him of wishing to betray his country to the enemy. 112. THE BLESSINGS OF PEACE—THE CURSES OFWAR. January 12th9 1795. A print published with the design of warning the people against allowing Britain to be exposed to the same calamities with which the countries were already visited wherever the French arms had penetrated, and of raising their indig- 60 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. nation against the aggressive policy which now prevailed in the revolutionary Government of France. 113. THE GENIUS OF FRANCE TRIUMPHANT; ,ORBRITANNIA PETITIONING FOR PEACE. February 2nd, 1795. FOX. LORD STANHOPE. SHERIDAN. On the continued outcries of the party headed by Fox and Sheridan for pacific overtures to France. It is in- sinuated that the only way in which Britain could obtain peace at this time would be by a very humble submission to the frightful idol which France had set up. Lord Stanhope, who was violent in his liberal principles, had now taken the place of Priestley, with Fox and Sheridan, in the political triumvirate. 114. THE ERUPTION OF THE MOUNTAIN; OR, THEHORRORS OF THE BOCCA DEL INFERNO. July 25 til, 1794. LORD LAUDERDALE. FOX. GENERAL FOX. SHERIDAN. D. OF NORFOLK. M. A. TAYLOR. EARL OF DERBY. LD. STANHOPE. It was a very ancient superstition at Naples, when a dangerous eruption of Mount Vesuvius threatened the surrounding country, to carry out the head of St. Januarius in solemn procession as a sure method of appeasing the mountain. The so-called English Sans-culottes, instead of Neapolitan lazzaroni, are here carrying forth the head of their great leader, the political Januarius, who was supposed to be the only person able to conciliate France, and thus to appease the great revolutionary eruption. Sheridan, as Cardinal, is officiating in the holy office ; Lord Lauderdale is the bearer of book, bell, and candle ; General Fox, the cur which always smelt fire ; M. A. Taylor and Lord Derby are trainbearers ; the Duke of Norfolk carries the cap of liberty on his marshals staff ; and Lord Stanhope, with his incendiary torches, brings up the rear. POLITICAL SERIES. 61 On the 30th of June, in this year, the Opposition, in both Houses of Parliament, had moved resolutions expressive of a wish for peace. 115. THE LOVER’S DREAM. January 14^, 1795. mrs. fitzherbert, and other favourites. sheridan. fox. GEORGE III. THE QUEEN. PRINCE OF WALES. PRINCESS CAROLINE. On the negotiations for the marriage of the Prince of Wales with the Princess Caroline of Brunswick, which was solemnized on the 8th of April, 1795. It was popularly expected that this marriage would wean the Prince from his old vices, and here we see his hunters, his mistresses, his gambling companions, and his bacchanalian propensities, all disappearing before the dazzling prospect ; which, however, as it was soon discovered, vras but a dream. 116. THE PROPHET OF THE HEBREWS — THEPRINCE OF PEACE CONDUCTING THE JEWSTO THE PROMISED LAND. March 5th, 1795. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. FOX. SHERIDAN. LORD STANHOPE. richard brothers, the Prophet. Richard Brothers, who had been an officer in the royal navy, and had subsequently become deranged, terrified the weaker part of the public in the earlier part of 1795, by his pretended prophecies, deduced from the Revelations, concerning the French Revolution, the restoration of the Jews, and the destruction of London. He was apprehended by two King’s messengers, and brought before the Privy Council for examination, on the 10th of March, and was subsequently confined in Fisher’s Lunatic Asylum, Isling- ton. The bundle of the elect who are here carried on the 62 gillray’s caricatures. back of the prophet to the sans-culottic paradise are easily recognized as chief leaders of the Opposition in Parlia- ment, Lansdowne and Stanhope in the Lords, and Fosand Sheridan in the Commons. On March 31, Mr. Halhed, a distinguished Orientalscholar, formerly in the civil service of the East IndiaCompany, brought Brothers’s case before the House ofCommons, in a very temperate and eloquent speech. Heavowed himself a believer in his Prophecies and Mission.He understood that he had been apprehended on the 10th,on a charge of high treason, founded on the followingpassage in his book. The Lord God commands metosay to you, George III. King of England, that immediatelyon my being revealed in London to the Hebrews, as theirPrince, and to all nations, as their Governor, your Crownmust be delivered unto me, that all your power and authority may cease.’’ The House knew what various explanations were given to different portions of the Revelations,and this he contended was a fair and legitimate interpretation, however painful and insulting to the King. Heassured the House that Brothers was a most quiet andpeaceable man, and the same could be attested by thenumerous persons of quality and fortune who frequentedhis house. He moved his book lie on the table. No per-son being found to second the motion, it fell to the ground.• 117. LEAVING OFF POWDER; OR, A FRUGALFAMILY SAVING THE GUINEA. March 10, 1795.On Pitt’s tax upon hair-powder, which the Ministerfondly imagined would bring an immense sum to therevenue, but the only effect of which was to cause the useof hair-powder to be discontinued. The tax was oneguinea for each person using hair-powder ; hence thosewho continued the powder were jocosely termed u guineapigs’’ POLITICAL SERIES. 63 118. PATRIOTIC REGENERATION; viz. PARLIAMENTREFORMED, A LA FRANCOISE,—THAT IS, HONEST MEN (i. e. OPPOSITION) IN THESEAT OF JUSTICE. March 2nd, 1795. ERSKINE., FOX. SHERIDAN. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. LORD STANHOPE. PITT. LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD DERBY. DUKE OF GRAFTON ( OU a coronet.) THE DUKE OF NORFOLK (on a coronet.) On the motions for Reform in Parliament. A scene in the imaginary new democratic House of Commons. Fox is in the chair as President. Lord Stanhope, as public accuser, and Lord Lauderdale, as executioner, are bringing Pitt to the bar, who is accused of treason to the country

Sheridan is the Secretary of the House, and Erskine the Republican Attorney-General ; Lord Lansdowne is busily occupied in weighing the Crown by the new French weight. Derby, Grafton, and Norfolk, are warming their hands at a fire, in which they have cast the Holy Bible and Magna Charta. This is a specimen of the extravagant exaggerations in which political party too often indulged. 119. LIGHT EXPELLING DARKNESS— EVAPORATION OF STYGIAN EXHALATIONS; OR, THESUN OF THE CONSTITUTION RISING SUPERIOR TO THE CLOUDS OF OPPOSITION. PITT. SHERIDAN. FOX. LORD STANHOPE. LORD LAUDERDALE. DUKE OF GRAFTON. LORD DERBY. DUKE OF NORFOLK. LORD LANSDOWNE. M. A. TAYLOR. ERSKINE. Pitt riding triumphant over the Opposition, drawn by the Horse of Hanover and the Lion of Britain. The leaders of Opposition are dispersing in the shade ; the bats below are easily recognized as Lord Lansdowne, M. A. Taylor, and Erskine. 64 gillray’s caricatures. 120. AFFABILITY. February 10th, 1795.QUEEN. GEORGE III. A satire on the familiar and undignified demeanour ofthe King in private life. He was said to stroll about inthe neighbourhood of his farm near Windsor, and accost thelabourers familiarly. Peter Pindar alludes to this in thefollowing lines :

t( Then asks the farmer’s wife, or farmer’s maid, How many eggs the fowls have laid

What’s in the oven, in the pot, the crock ; Whether ’twill rain or no, and what’s o’clock

Thus from poor hovels gleaning information, To serve as future treasure for the nation—

and in various other places. 121 . A TRUE BRITISH TAR. May 28th, 1795.THE DUKE OP CLARENCE. A satire on the Sailor-Prince, who was a great loungerin Bond-street, and whose connection with Mrs. Jordanwas at this time the grand subject of scandal. 122 . THE REAL CAUSE OF THE PRESENT HIGHPRICE OF PROVISIONS. May 1 1th, 1795.DUKE OF NORFOLK. DUKE OF BEDFORD. DUKE OF GRAFTON.LORD LANSDOWNE. SHERIDAN. FOX. GREY. ERSKINE. LORD STANHOPE. In the bitterness of party animosity, it was pretendedthat the Whigs assisted the French in obtaining provisionsfrom this country, and that they thus increased the scarcityand consequent dearness of provisions at home, which wasat this time a subject of great discontent throughout the POLITICAL SERIES. 65 country. Fox, dressed as the Commissioner-General of the French armies, is negociating the purchases, while Erskine attends as his Secretary, and Sheridan and Grey carry the money. The Duke of Bedford is making a good market of his meal; the Duke of Norfolk brings in a basket of dumplings ; Grafton is driving the live stock to the coast ; and Stanhope is the steersman of the boat which is to carry them on ship-board. 123. POLONIUS. ~ ’ May 18th9 1795. KING. QUEEN. LOUD SALISBURY, (CHAMBERLAIN.) The Marquis of Salisbury, by Gillray designated Polonius, held the office of Lord Chamberlain at this period. 124. JOHN BULL GROUND DOWN. June 1st, 1795. PRINCE OF WALES. BURKE. DUNDAS. PITT. John Bull is here turned into money by a rather rough process. The Prince’s creditors, jockeys, Jews, procuresses, and mistresses, are but ill satisfied with all that can be ground out of poor John. Pitt acts as the remorseless grinder ; and Burke is among the scramblers. The Crown sheds its rays on the labours of the Minister, the inscriptions on which express the peculiar sympathy which the King was supposed to feel for grinder and grinded. The immediate subject of this caricature was the settle- ment of the Prince’s revenue on his marriage with Caroline of Brunswick. 125. GOD SAVE THE KING, IN A BUMPER; OR, AN EVENING SCENE, THREE TIMES A WEEK, AT WIMBLETON. May 27 th, 1795. DUNDAS. PITT. Pitt and Dundas were celebrated for their convivial pro- F 66 gillray’s caricatures. pensities, and Wimbleton, the residence of Pitt, was theusual scene of their most profound potations. 126. BLINDMAN’S BUFF; OR, TOO MANY FORJOHN BULL. June \2th, 1795.PITT. RUSSIA. AUSTRIA. JOHN BULL. HOLLAND AND PRANCE. On the subsidies and aids granted so lavishly by theEnglish Government to the Continental Powers in armsagainst France. Prussia and Austria are picking John’spockets, while France and Holland are treating him withderision. Poor John, blindfold in the midst of his ene-mies, knows not whether to turn to avoid them, while his ruler betrays him into their hands. The loan granted by theBritish Government to the Emperor of Austria had excitedvery animated discussions in the House of Commonsatat the end of May and beginning of June of this year. 127. PRESAGES OF THE MILLENIUM; WITH THEDESTRUCTION OF THE FAITHFUL. June 4, 1795.PITT. DUNDAS. LOUGHBOROUGH. LORD KENYON. BURKE.LANSDOWNE. SHERIDAN. WILBERFORCE. FOX. DUKEOF NORFOLK. EARL STANHOPE. DUKE OF GRAFTON. On the motions for peace with France, in the session of1795, and on Pitt’s constant victories over the Opposition.Wilberforce had brought forward the motion for peace inthe House of Commons. Pitt, as Death, is riding some-what roughly the White Horse of Hanover ; the little figureurging him on alludes to the Prince of Wales, and therevenue, .£125,000 settled upon him on his marriage. Thepigs, of course, are the “ swinish multitude.’’ It is a bold POLITICAL SERIES. 67 parody on the book of Revelation. Halhed was one of the believers in, and supporters of, the prophet Brothers. 128. WHAT A CUR >TIS! June 9th, 1795. ADMIRAL CURTIS. LORD HOWE. Admiral Sir Roger Curtis is satirized for his supposed obsequiousness to the dark-countenanced hero of the 1st of June, whom the sailors generally knew best by the nickname of c<r Black Dick.” Both these faces are said to be admirable portraits, and the one in the chair especially was remarked for its accurate resemblance, in figure and manner, to Lord Howe. 129. A KEEN-SIGHTED POLITICIAN WARMING HIS IMAGINATION. June 13th, 1795. LORD GRENVILLE. This is a satirical picture of Lord Grenville, who at a later period joined in the celebrated Broad Bottom Ministry. The position with regard to the fire appears to have been a favourite one with his Lordship. 130. THE BRITISH BUTCHER SUPPLYING JOHN BULL WITH A SUBSTITUTE FOR BREAD. July 6th, 1795. JOHN BULL. PITT. The dearness of corn, and the increasing scarcity of provisions and high price of bread, led to much rioting in the months of June and July, 1?95. The Minister is said to have sent some recommendations to the Lord Mayor, which were represented as implying principles like those f 2 68 gillray’s caricatures. expressed in this print. The following lines are printed beneath the plate :

Billy the Butcher's Advice to John Bull. Since bread is so dear (and you say you must eat), For to save the expense you must live upon meat

And as twelvepence the quartern you can’t pay for bread, Get a crown’s worth of meat,—it will serve in its stead. John Bull presents a picture of starvation, which is notusual with him. 131. THE SLEEP-WALKER. November 1st, 1795.PITT. The allusion of this Caricature is not very clear. By someit is supposed to refer to back-door influence, and to inter- views between the favourite Minister and his Master,which took place at an advanced hour after the honestpart of the community were in bed. By others it is thoughtto exhibit the force of habit in Mr. Pitt, who even in his sleep seems to fancy himself proceeding to the House ofCommons, to participate in the debates. 132. THE REPUBLICAN ATTACK. November 1st, 1795.PEPPER ARDEN. DUNDAS. GRENVILLE. LOUGHBOROUGH.GEORGE Til. EARLS ONSLOW AND WESTMORELAND. PITT. GRAFTON. STANHOPE. LAUDERDALE. SHERIDAN. FOX. LANSDOWNE. On the outrageous attack upon the King by the mob,when he was proceeding to open Parliament, on the 29thof October, 1795. The satirist has chosen to representthe leaders of the Opposition in Parliament, under thecharacter of rioters. The royal carriage, driven somewhatfuriously by Pitt, is running over Britannia. The cries ofthe real mob were for cheap bread and peace, and in their POLITICAL SERIES. 69 rage the populace added, <s No King !” and “ Down with George \” The window of the state carriage was broken by a stone or, as was said, by a shot from an air-gun. 133. SUPPLEMENTARY MILITIA, TURNING OUT FOR TWENTY DAYS. November 25th, 1796. HOPPNER. A satire on the extraordinary efforts to make a military appearance against the invasion threatened by the French in 1796. Hoppner, the Painter, is in the centre, with a pallet marked R.A. 134. COPENHAGEN HOUSE. November 1 6th, 1795. GALE JONES. THELWALL. On the great meeting in Copenhagen Fields, on the 13th of November, 1795, called by the London Corresponding Society, to petition the King and both Houses of Parliament against the Bill for the protection of the King’s person, which had been brought in after the outrage of the 29th of October. The speaker in the rude rostrum to the right is understood to represent the celebrated Thelwall

on the hustings, to the left, Gale Jones. The other speakers at this meeting were Hodson and John Binns. 135. SUBSTITUTES FOR BREAD ; OR RIGHT HONOURABLES SAVING THE LOAVES ANDDIVIDING THE FISHES. December 24th, 1795. LOUGHBOROUGH. LORD GRENVILLE. DUNDAS. PEPPER ARDEN. PITT. Another satire on the want of sympathy supposed to have been shewn by Ministers in the year of scarcity, 1795. The Ministers themselves are here finding a golden sub- 70 GILLRaY^S caricatures. stitute for bread. They are devouring the fishes withoutthe loaves. 136. THE REPUBLICAN RATTLESNAKE FASCINATING THE BEDFORD SQUIRREL Nov. 16, 1795.DUKE OF BEDFORD. FOX. On the political influence exerted by Fox over Francis,Duke of Bedford, who had become one of the most zealousof the popular party. 137. RETRIBUTION—TARRING AND FEATHERING;OR THE PATRIOTS REVENGE. November 26th, 1795.SHERIDAN. PITT. FOX. On the opposition to the Bill against Seditious Meetings, and the rough manner in which the Whigs in Parlia- ment treated the Minister. It is hardly necessary to pointout the sort of tar with which the two leaders of the popularparty are tarring and feathering their grand opponent. 138. HANGING. DROWNING. November 9th, 1?95.FOX. PITT. DUNDAS. Another allusion to the love of the two Ministers for thebottle. It represents the different feelings with whichdifferent parties in this country were supposed to havelooked upon the decline of Republican principles in Franceat this time. 139. THE CROWN AND ANCHOR LIBEL BURNTBY THE PUBLIC HANGMAN. Nov. 28, 1795.JOHN REEVE. PITT. SHERIDAN. ERSKINE. FOX. In the centre of this print, it will be seen, is No Lords, POLITICAL SERIES. 71 no Commons, no Parliament, damn the Revolution, and the Royal Stump. While the Ministers were exulting in their triumphant majorities, during the progress of the passing the Treason and Sedition Bills, an incident occurred which not a little discomposed their satisfaction. On the 23rd of November, the day appointed for the second reading of the bill against Seditious meetings, Mr. Sturt rose and claimed precedence to lay before the House a gross breach of privilege, and a libel, which struck at the very roots of the constitution. He held in his hand a pamphlet, written by John Reeves, Esq., a well-known agent and supporter of Ministers, a gentleman who held a place under Government, and was chairman of the Loyal Association, held at the Crown and Anchor, for bringing to punishment the authors of libels and the attendants at seditious meetings. The pamphlet was entitled, u Thoughts on the English Government,” from which he would read the following passages—

With the exception of the advice and consent of the two Houses of Parliament, and the interposition of juries, the Government and the Administration rest wholly and solely on the King and those appointed by him. In fine the Government of England is a monarchy. The monarchy is the ancient stock from which have sprung those goodly branches of the legislature, the Lords and Commons, that at the same time give ornament to the tree, and afford shelter to those who seek protection under it. But these are still only branches, and derive their origin and nutriment from their common parent. They may be lopped off, and the tree is a tree still, shorn indeed of its honours, but not like them, cast into the fire. The Kingly Government may go on in all its functions without Lords or Commons, as it has heretofore done for years together, and in our times it does so during every recess of Parliament, but without the King the Parliament is no more.” He was surprised that ct at the Whig Club, gentlemen of liberal education, acknowledged taste, and high station in society, should so 72 gillray’s caricatures. often allude to the Revolution. The mention of the Revolution could not sound very grateful to the royal ear.” Mr. Pitt avowed the passages read could not be justified, but before he could form a decisive judgment, he must read the whole, and examine the context. Windham also admitted the improper tendency of the extracts, but fancied the real cause of offence was the loyal conduct of Mr.Reeves in his praiseworthy attempts to put down sedition. A Member proposed the libel should be burnt by the com-mon hangman. The debate was adjourned to the 26th, and on its resumption it was ordered to be prosecuted bythe Attorney-General, as a gross and scandalous libel. Chagrined, but not dismayed, by this contre temps, Pitt then moved the second reading of the obnoxious bill against Seditious Meetings. The Whig Club had held an extraordinary meeting at the Crown and Anchor, November 11, and passed a series of resolutions, strongly condemning the arbitrary enact- ments of the two bills, and recommending the people to meet and petition against them. This appeal was enthusiastically responded to throughout the kingdom. 140. THE DEATH OF THE GREAT WOLF. December 17 th, 1795.SIR C. LONG AND BROTHER. LOUGHBOROUGH. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. WYNDHAM. BURKE. PITT. PEPPER ARDEN.LANSDOWNE. DUNDAS. WILBERFORCE. D. OF RICHMOND.A parody on West’s picture of the Death of Wolfe. Onthe attack upon Pitt, in the House of Commons, in the December of 1795, on the occasion of the Estimates. Thedying hero (Pitt) is supported by Dundas, who offers hima farewell glass ; and by Burke, whose K Reflections” are now upon his pension. The Chancellor figures as a Mohawk savage. Sir C. Long and his brother, as the tworunners : Lord Grenville, supported by Wyndham : old POLITICAL SERIES. 73 Pepper Arden, known by his nose and wig ; and Wib berforce and Richmond (the latter carrying his leathern ordnance on his back), a weeping couple ; are all easily recognized. 141. THE ROYAL BULLFIGHT. November 21st, 1795. PITT. LANSDOWNE. POX. SHERIDAN. GEORGE III. DERBY. STANHOPE, &C. Pitt, mounted on the Hanoverian Horse, is again encountering the British Bull, which he has already severely wounded. An allusion to the fierce Parliamentary debates of the November of 1795. The King and Royal Family occupy the upper row of seats, while the features of the Opposition Members are traced indistinctly in those below. The satire is explained by the inscription at the foot of the plate. 142. THE PRESENTATION ; OR, THE WISE MEN’S OFFERING. January 9th, 1796. POX. SHERIDAN. PRINCE OF WALES. On the birth of the Princess Charlotte, which took place on the 7th of January, 1796. 143. A HACKNEY MEETING. February 1st, 1796. POX. t BYNG. MAINWARING. Never during the reign of George III. not even during the American or French wars, were the public meetings so universal, and so respectably attended, as against the two bills for the Protection of the King’s person, and against Seditious meetings, passed by Ministers in consequence of the outrage against the King at the opening of Parliament 74 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. in October, 1795. The restrictions as originally proposed were so stringent, that a meeting even in a private house, exceeding fifty, could not take place without giving notice to a magistrate, who might attend if he thought proper, and at his pleasure order the meeting to disperse, and any person not obeying was to be guilty of felony. The Sheriff of Middlesex summoned the freeholders to assemble at the Mermaid, at Hackney, on November 21, but the housecould not contain a third of the number assembled, andthey adjourned to the Green adjoining the house. TheDuke of Norfolk opened the proceedings, and told the meeting they must not be misled by the specious titles ofthe bills, <e I dare say, if the High Priest of the SpanishInquisition was to come among us to introduce his systemof inquisition here, he would call it an act for the better support and protection of religion ; but we have understandings that are not to be deceived in this way/’ Themeeting returned thanks to Mr. Byng for his opposition to the measure, and ordered their petition to be presented byboth their Members. Mainwaring, the ministerial Member,candidly stated in the House of Commons, that the meetingwas most numerously and respectably attended, and that the requisition to the Sheriff had been “ signed by three Dukes, one Marquis, two Earls, and several most respectable freeholders.” 144. PITY THE SORROWS OF A POOR OLD MAN.February 1796.BURKE. DUKE OF BEDFORD. A view of the entrance to Bedford House, which for- merly stood in Bloomsbury Square, The Duke had madesome strong observations in the House of Lords on whatthe Whigs considered as Burke’s apostasy from his party, which produced a printed letter addressed by the oldJesuit, as the Caricaturist termed him, to the Duke, in POLITICAL SERIES. 75 his own exculpation, in which he made a strong appeal to his former friendship with his uncle. Lord Keppel. This caricature alludes to a construction put upon the letter by some of Burke’s enemies. 145. THE DOG TAX. April 12 tk, 1796. SHERIDAN. EOX. PITT. DUNDAS. The dog-tax was one of the novelties of the year 1796, and was the subject of much complaint and satire in and out of Parliament. It was proposed by Mr. Dent, the banker, and celebrated book collector, in a speech so replete with bitterness against the nuisance of dogs, that Windham declared he could almost fancy Actaeon was revived, and revenging his injuries by a ban against the whole canine race. Dent ever after went by the sobriquet of Dog Dent. The distinction between the dogs which were to pay the tax, and those which were to be exempt, was especially a subject for jokes. Gillray has here given us his picture of the dogs which were to be paid for by the public, and those which were cc not paid for.” The two Ministers were, in fact, expensive dogs. 146. DEMOCRATIC LEVELLING ; ALLIANCE A LAFRANCOISE; OR, THE UNION OF THECORONET AND CLYSTER-PIPE. March 4th, 1796. EARL STANHOPE. HIS DAUGHTER. EOX. MR. TAYLOR. SHERIDAN. This print may seem at first sight a cruel invasion of the privacy of domestic life, and to exceed even the bounds usually allowed to caricaturists. But the extraordinary violence of Lord Stanhope’s political conduct justified the severity of the satire. Lord Stanhope had become President of the Revolution Society, and in his speech, in the House of Lords, April 4, 1794, quoted nearly the whole of 76 gillray’s caricatures. the eighth chapter of the First Book of Samuel, in orderto prove that kings were considered by the sacred writers, and by God himself, as a curse upon mankind. He declared again on May 2, in the House of Lords, that he wasa Jacobin. On all occasions he professed such utter dis- regard for the mere distinctions of rank, that he wassatirized by the Tories as the very ne plus ultra of Sansculottes, in which character he is here represented. Foxand Sheridan are introduced as the officiating ministers in this republican alliance. The real facts of the case respecting the marriage are Lord Stanhope’s daughter, Lady Lucy Rachael, elopedwith Mr. Thomas Taylor, the family apothecary, residing at Seven Oaks, Kent. Her father, notwithstanding thelevelling principles he professed, refused to be reconciled to her. Her uncle, Mr. Pitt, requested Mr. Taylorto relinquish his business, and gave him a place underGovernment. Lord Chatham also countenanced his niece and her husband. He appointed their eldest son, WilliamStanhope Taylor, one of his executors, who, in consequence,came into possession, and edited in conjunction with Captain Pringle, the interesting Correspondence of the great Earl of Chatham, 4 vols. 8vo. Mr. Pitt, on his death-bed, being asked by the Bishopof Lincoln (Dr. Tomline), if he had any wish to express,adverted in his reply to his three nieces, the daughters ofthe Earl of Stanhope, by his eldest sister, for whom hehad always manifested the sincerest affection, he said, u I could wish a thousand or fifteen hundred a-year to be giventhem, if the public should think my long services deserving of it.’’ Parliament voted £40,000. for the payment ofhis debts, and George III. granted an annuity of £1200.to the nieces. Lady Lucy Rachael died in the year 1814,and we see by the Report on Pensions made to the Houseof Commons in 1838, an annuity of £100. was granted to each of her seven sons. POLITICAL SERIES. 77 147. THE GENERA. OF PATRIOTISM; OR, THEBLOOMSBURY FARMER PLANTING BEDFORDSHIRE WHEAT. February 3rd, 1796. DUKE OF BEDFORD. SHERIDAN. FOX. LORD LAUDERDALE. The Duke of Bedford, the Republican farmer, is sowing his fields with gold, which, under the genial rays of the sun of Democracy (Fox), is growing up into French bonnets-rouges and Jacobin daggers. The lightning of ministerial influence appears to be destroying the crop. Fox smiles at the influence which he is said to have exerted over the Duke’s gold, which was believed to be expended rather lavishly in supporting his party. Sheridan drives the plough, while Lord Lauderdale urges on John Bull here yoked to it. 148. JOHN BULL AND HIS DOG FAITHFUL. April 20th, 1796. PITT. FOX. JOHN BULL. SHERIDAN. GREY. John Bull, by taxes, loans, and a variety of other mishaps, into which the dog (Pitt) to whose guidance he has intrusted himself has led him, is reduced to a very lamentable condition, and is sorely persecuted. Fox is the dog licensed to bark at the “ faithful” leader ; Sheridan, the dog licensed to bite, has seized the wrong leg ; and Mr. Grey (the Greyhound), seems to harbour a design against his garments. Blind John is walking very near the edge of a precipice. The expenses of Government were obliged to be met by a heavy loan, one of those which contributed to John Bull’s back the overwhelming national debt. 78 gillray’s caricatures. 149. THE WINE DUTY; OR, THE TRIUMPH OFBACCHUS AND SILENUS; WITH JOHNBOLUS REMONSTRANCE. April 20th, 1796. DUNDAS. PITT. JOHN BULL. A parody on a well-known picture. The necessities of the year 1796 gave rise to many expedients for multiplying taxes ; and John Bull seemed destined to be deprived of all the enjoyments of life to satisfy his two jovial Ministers. The love of Pitt and Dundas for the juice of the grape was proverbial. 150. THE DISSOLUTION; OR, THE ALCHYMISTPRODUCING AN JETHERIAL REPRESENTATION. May 21st, 1796. PITT. On the intention to dissolve Parliament, announced in the Speech from the Throne which closed the Session of 1796. Pitt, the political Alchymist, with his Treasury coals (the gold of the nation), and his royal alembic, is dissolving one Parliament (where there is opposition) to produce another which will be more subservient to him. He is seated on one of his own new barracks, the subject of some warm debates in the Parliament which was now to be dissolved. 151. THE HUSTINGS. May 21st, 1?96. FOX. One of the popular questions of which it was pretended Fox would take advantage on the hustings at the newelections. POLITICAL SERIES. 79 152. THE DAILY ADVERTISER. January 23rd, 1797. pitt’s head. pox. Fox travestied into a newsman, brings melancholy intel- ligence. The satire is founded on one of Dundas’s speeches in the House of Commons, in which he made a rather bitter reply to the popular orator’s attacks upon Ministers, and characterized him sneeringly as a “ Daily Advertiser.” The Daily Advertiser was at this time one of the Opposition papers. 153. A PROOF OF THE REFINED FEELINGS OFAN AMIABLE CHARACTER, LATELY ACANDIDATE FOR A CERTAIN ANCIENTCITY. no date, {circa 1780-1) On the left of the print is a gentleman with a horsewhip in his right hand ; with his left he has hold of the ear of a lady, whose bonnet and feathers he has knocked off, and is threatening to horsewhip. He is saying, £ ‘ Pro Bono Patrice on his left is a man calling out, “ I’ll support you.” On the right of the print the clergy in canonicals are drawn up, shocked at the violence of the proceeding. A cathedral is seen shadowed at a distance. This evidently alludes to some election squabble in a cathedral city. The lady was probably an active canvasser for the rival candidate. We have made extensive inquiries respecting this spi- rited print, but we have not been able to obtain even a surmise of the person alluded to. In the absence of all positive information, we will ourselves hazard a conjecture. Whoever the person was, he must have been eccentric, a sportsman, and a representative or G 80 gxllray’s caricatures. candidate for a cathedral city. These three characteristics were combined in the person of Mr. Charles Turner, created a baronet by the Marquis of Rockingham in 1782. Herepresented the city of York in Parliament from 1 7 H 8 till his death in October, 1783. Sir N. Wraxall, who sat in the House of Commons with him, describes him 46 as one of the most eccentric men who ever sat in Parliament.” ee Sir Charles had many peculiarities of character, dress, language, and deportment, in all which he was truly ori- ginal. He never wore any coat, except one of a green colour, with tally-ho buttons, for he was a decided sportsman.” (See Wraxall’s Historical Memoirs, vol. 3, p. 24.) When Coke of Norfolk, in February, 1782, brought in a Bill for the revisal of the Game Laws with a view to prevent poaching, Sir C. Turner stigmatized the whole code of Game Laws as tyrannical and disgraceful to the country. (C If I had been a poor man, I am convinced that I should have been a poacher, in defiance of the laws. I wish to see the Game Laws revised, and stripped of more than half their severity. My wish, nevertheless, is by nomeans an interested one ; for every shilling I possess is in land, and I am a sportsman as well as other gentlemen.” (Ibid. vol. 3, page 25). On the 7th of May, 1782, Pitt brought forward his motion for Parliamentary Reform. Ci Sawbridge seconded, and Sheridan supported Pitt’s motion ; but Sir Charles Turner, by his originality, andblunt simplicity of diction, as well as of sentiment, attracted more attention than either the one or the other. He said, in his opinion, the House of Commons might be justly considered as a parcel of thieves, who having stolen an estate, were apprehensive of allowing any person to see their title deeds, from the fear of again losing it by such an inspection.” (Yol. 3. p. 84.) In the R(oya)l R(egiste)r, a satirical work written byCombe, author of the Diaboliad, Dr. Syntax’s Tour, &c. Turner’s character is thus drawn. “ Mr. C—— T—

POLITICAL SERIES. 81 is the Marplot of his own party,, and in his Parliamentary capacity demands the pity of his friends, the contempt of the wise, and makes himself a laughing-stock for the crowd.” (Royal Register, vol. 73 p. 129). The Gentleman’s Magazine, in recording his death on the 23rd of October, 1783, says, “ of whom more shall be said hereafter.” But we have not been able to trace any further notice of him in that valuable repository. 154. THE CANEING IN CONDUIT STREET : DEDICATED TO THE FLAG OFFICERS OF THEBRITISH NAVY. October 1st, 1796. LORD CAMELFORD. CAPTAIN VANCOUVER’S BROTHER. CAPTAIN VANCOUVER. On an attack made by Lord Camelford upon Captain Vancouver, under whom he had served in the Navy, and on whom, meeting him accidentally in Conduit Street, he thus retaliated for the severity he had experienced from him when under his command. There are in the carica- ture various insinuations against the Captain’s probity. Lord Camelford was born February 26, 1775. In his spirit and temper, when a boy, there appeared something which, though vigorous and manly, was peculiar and unmanageable. In compliance with a predilection of his own, he was suffered, at an early age, to enter the royal navy as a midshipman. Being a seaman of an extremely adventurous spirit, he, by his eager choice, accompanied the late Captain Vancouver in the Discovery, in a part of his voyage round the world. In consequence of his refractori- ness and disobedience of orders, he put Captain Vancouver to the necessity of treating him with a severity of disci- pline, which he could not endure. He accordingly quitted the Discovery in the Indian Seas, G 2 82 gillray’s caricatures. and entered on board the Resistance, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, by whom he was appointed lieutenant. During his absence from England his father died, and he consequently succeeded to the title and family estates. Onhis return home, in October, 1796, he sent a challenge to Captain Vancouver Ctf for the ungentlemanlike treatment” he alleged he had received while under his command. TheCaptain replied, that his Lordship’s misbehaviour hadobliged him to resort to the measures of which he complained, and that the steps he had taken were absolutely necessary for the preservation of discipline. At the sametime, the Captain offered to submit the business tc to anyone officer, and if it should be considered that he wasaccountable to Lord Camelford, as a private gentleman, for such official conduct towards him, he would not hesitate a single moment to give the required satisfaction.” Thismethod of settling the dispute was by no means congenial to the fiery disposition of Lord Camelford, who nowthreatened the Captain with personal chastisement. Norwas it long before an opportunity presented itself for the execution of his menace. Captain Vancouver, finding his offer of a reference rejected, and himself threatened withpersonal insult, felt himself compelled to have recourse to the laws of his country for protection, and for this purposewas on his way to the Lord Chancellor’s Office, accompanied by his brother, Mr. Charles Vancouver, when hewas met by Lord Camelford, in Conduit-street, who aimedseveral blows of his cane at him, which were averted byhis brother. The insult being thus offered, Lord Camelford retired. This occurrence is said to have pressed onthe spirits of that meritorious officer, and to have hastenedhis death, which took place on May 10, 1798. . It would be extremely unjust to the memory of CaptainVancouver to attach the slightest imputation of cowardice to his refusal of the challenge of Lord Camelford. Heonly acted in conformity with the regulations of the POLITICAL SERIES. 83 service. Many distinguished officers have done precisely the same. No one ever questioned the personal courage of Earl St. Vincent. When he commanded the fleet blockading Cadiz, in 1798, the Prince George launch was captured. He immediately issued a general order, stating that, “ It was painful to him to pass censure on many of the officers who commanded the gun-boats this morning, and recommended that the Captains should send no one on that important service but such as were of approved firmness.” Rear-Admiral Sir J. Orde considered this to convey a censure on two of his Lieutenants, Duffey and Nowell, and required a modification of the order, or that they should be brought to a Court Martial. A peremptory refusal was given. Other circumstances excited the irritability of Sir J. Orde. Finally, Lord St. Vincent dispatched Sir Horatio Nelson (afterwards Lord Nelson) on the Nile expedition. Sir J. Orde indignantly remonstrated against the appointment of an officer who was his junior. Earl St. Vincent replied, that as he was responsible for the conduct of the squadron, it was only reasonable he should nominate the officer who enjoyed his confidence, that his plans would be carried into complete execution. On Lord St. Vincent's return to England, in 1799, Sir J. Orde sent Captain Walrond with a challenge to him ; but he declined by letter, on the ground of not being personally responsible for his public measures.” See Captain Brentoffis Life of Earl St. Vincent, vol. i. p. 374 to 409. Lord Camelford fell a victim to his own impetuosity in the 29th year of his age. He received a mortal wound on the 7th of March, 1804, in a duel he had provoked with Captain Best. He would have died unregretted, being considered overbearing and insulting in his general con- duct ; but on opening his will, two codicils were found written with his own hand the night before the fatal duel

the one evincing a generous feeling towards his antagonist, 84 gillray’s caricatures. the other marking the eccentricity and waywardness of mind, which perhaps unconsciously influenced many of his actions. “In the present contest I am fully and entirely the aggressor, as well in the spirit as the letter of the word ; should I therefore lose my life in a contest of my own seeking, I most solemnly forbid any of my friends, or relations, let them be of whatever description, from in- stituting any vexatious proceeding against my antagonist

and should, notwithstanding the above declaration on mypart, the law of the land be put in force against him, I desire that this part of my will may be made known to the King, in order that his royal heart may be moved to ex- tend his mercy towards him.” “ I wish my body to be removed as soon as may be convenient to a country far distant, to a spot not near the haunts of men, but where the surrounding scenery maysmile upon my remains. It is situated on the banks of St. Lampierre, in the Canton of Berne, and three trees stand on the particular spot. The centre tree to be taken up, and my body being there deposited, immediately re- placed.” He leaves .£1000. to the proprietors of the spot described. He desires his relations will not go into mourning for him. 155 . PROMISED HORRORS OF THE FRENCH INVASION; OR, FORCIBLE REASONS FORNEGOCIAT1NG A REGICIDE PEACE. October 20th, 1796. THE PRINCE AND HIS BROTHERS. JENKINSON AND CANNING. FOX. M. A. TAYLOR. PITT. THELWALL. LORD GRENVILLE. DUKE OF BEDFORD (Bull). BURKE. ERSKINE. DUKE OF GRAFTON. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. DUKE OF NORFOLK. LORD DERBY. DUKE OF RICHMOND’S HEAD. LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD STANHOPE. CARLISLE. PEPPER ARDEN. HEAD OF WINDHAM. SHERIDAN. HEAD OF DUNDAS. The threats of a French invasion became serious in the POLITICAL SERIES. 85 year 1796, and caused much alarm throughout the country. In this animated picture, the horrors of the French Revolution are parodied on a rather extensive scale. The Whigs are taking full revenge on their Tory rivals. Fox is scourging Pitt. The Bedfordshire ox (the Duke of Bedford), urged on by the Radical Thelwall, is tossing Burke

while Lord Stanhope, behind him, is balancing the head of Lord Grenville against his more bulky part. At Brookes’s, the Whig club-house, there is rejoicing—Derby, Norfolk, and Grafton, are exulting at the scene before them ; Lansdowne, in command of the guillotine, holds forth in triumph the Chancellor’s wig, while Erskine exhibits on a platter the heads of Lord Sydney, Windham, and Pepper Arden. Sheridan, below, is taking shelter in the grand nest of Whiggery, with what he has plundered from the treasury. The scene at Whitens, on the other side, is of a different character. The Revolutionists have forced their way in ; they are tossing the murdered Princes from the balcony ; the E. O. table and the cards are broken and scattered ; Jenkinson (afterwards Lord Hawkesbury) and Canning are suspended to the lamp ; and we see the head of Richmond floating down the gutter of blood. Little M. A. Taylor struts between the legs of Fox, as a bantam cock, on the fatal axe. Other allusions explain themselves. In the distance is seen St. James’s Palace in flames. 156. GLORIOUS RECEPTION OF THE AMBASSADOR OF PEACE, ON HIS ENTRY INTO PARIS. October 28tk, 1796. LORD MALMESBURY. In the autumn of 1796, a general wish for peace prevailed throughout the country. The arms of France were triumphant in Italy and Germany, and the whole continent of Europe was awed by the successful progress of her generals. In England, the commercial interest had 86 gillray’s caricatures. suffered by the depression of trade, and the other classes of society felt the unusual weight of the increased taxation. To appease the spreading dissatisfaction, Mr. Pitt deter- mined to open a negotiation for peace with the Republic of France, by which, either a satisfactory peace might be obtained, or the nation reconciled to the continuance of the war. The Portland party in the Cabinet was adverse to any overtures being made, and predicted a failure from the arrogance of the enemy, inflamed by their recent successes. Mr. Burke enforced these views by his “ Letters on a Regicide Peace,” a work exhibiting all the mightypowers of his splendid genius, combining every topic whichargument, wit, eloquence, and rhetorical skill, could suggest to shame his countrymen out of the unworthyfears occasioned by the reverses of the war, and to stimulate them to new exertions. He did not disguise, nor gloss over the difficulties of the crisis, nor the disasters of our allies. He freely admitted the calamitous events which had followed one upon another in a long, unbroken, funereal train. He saw in these, however, only additional motives to more vigorous exertions. Austria was defeated, but not dispirited, and was prepared to renew the contest with increased energy, and the determination of a people fighting for their independence. Mr. Pitt’s resolution to negotiate was unshaken, and Lord Malmesbury was sent as ambassador to Paris. He arrived at Calais on the 21st of October, and was courteously received by the constituted authorities. As he passed through the towns andvillages, the inhabitants generally expressed hopes that his mission would terminate successfully, and such seemed to be the general sentiments. “ At Evreux (a post on the English side of St. Denis), a deputation from the Poissardes, and another from the Musique et Tambours du Directoirey as they styled themselves. They opened the carriage doors ; the Poissardes made a speech in their way, and gave me nosegays, ‘ en attendant des Lauriers/ as they POLITICAL SERIES. 87 said, and ended by embracing me and my companion.* The musicians were equally violent, but both ended by asking for money.”—Lord Malmesbury’s Diary, vol. iii. p. 268. “ At Ecouen,t a deputation from the Poissardes of Paris, and another from the National Music (to use their own method of styling themselves) met me. They presented me with nosegays, and insisted on embracing me and my companions. They, and the musical deputation, vied with each/ other in their wishes for my success ; but as they both ended by asking for money, their sincerity may justly be questioned.”

Diary, vol. iii. p. 2/1. Lord Malmesbury reached Paris, October 22. The next day he writes to Lord Grenville: —“ My coming into Paris was attended with nothing remarkable. I was suf- fered to drive very quietly through the streets to my hotel, and have been allowed to remain in it very quietly since my arrival.” Delacroix, Minister for Foreign Affairs, was the person appointed by the Directory to conduct the negotiation with the English ambassador. The reader of the present day will be amused, and perhaps surprised, by the subjoined extracts from Lord Malmesbury^s first despatches to Lord Grenville. He really seems to have thought that the Republican minister must necessarily be a man of ferocious manners, unacquainted with the usages of polished society, or diplomatic etiquette ; for he thinks it necessary to introduce into his public despatches the following paragraph: — went to M. Delacroix at the appointed hour. He received me as I have always been received before under the same circumstances, and gave me the upper place in the room .”—Lord Malmesbury’s Diary, vol. iii. p. 2 72. Again: —“I went to him dressed in His Majesty’s uniform. He appeared to have taken as much pains to

• George Ellis, Esq.

t A small town, twelve miles distant from Paris. 88 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. be well dressed, as a man at his time of life, and in thepresent fashion of his country, could do.” —“ Therecannot, however, be a doubt, that he was ordered to re- ceive me in the manner he did, which was unexceptionable.”—Vol. iii. p. 2?4. It is only necessary to add,that the negotiation dragged on for about two months, whenDelacroix peremptorily insisted on Lord Malmesbury deli- vering in his ultimatum. Lord Malmesbury requestedfirst to communicate with his own Government. M.Delacroix, thereupon, sent his passport, with orders to quit Paris within forty-eight hours, as he seemed only apassive agent, and not furnished with sufficient powers to bring the treaty to a termination. 157. OPENING OF THE BUDGET; OR, JOHN BULLGIVING HIS BREECHES TO SAVE HISBACON. November I'Jth, 1796.FOX. JOHN BULL. PITT. BURKE. LORD GRENVILLE.DUNDAS. On the heavy taxation of the year 1796, and the demandfor voluntary contributions, w rhich were forced from poorJohn Bull by the continued alarm of a French invasion. Dundas, Grenville, and Burke, are busy helping themselves,while Fox, excluded from his share in the regular way, is calling in the assistance of his friends, the Sans-culottes ofFrance, who were supposed to be preparing their invasionat Brest. 158. BEGGING NO ROBBERY; i. e. VOLUNTARYCONTRIBUTION; OR, JOHN BULL ESCAPINGA FORCED LOAN. December 10th, 1796.JOHN BULL. PITT. BURKE. LORD GRENVILLE. DUNDAS.Another caricature on the voluntary loan, and other POLITICAL SERIES. 89 methods of raising the revenue. It is a parody on a wellknown scene in Gil Bias. The trio of banditti, Dundas, Grenville, and Burke, who were the great supporters of the cry of alarm which terrified John Bull into parting quietly with his money, are bravely supporting their chief. As this is the last time the name of Burke occurs in the series of Gillray’s Prints, we are persuaded our readers will be gratified by the insertion of the following extract of a private letter from Canning to his friend George Ellis, dated 13th July, 1^9?, announcing the death of Burke. “ Burke is dead. It is of a piece with the peddling sense of these days that it should be determined to be imprudent for the House of Commons to vote him a monument. He is the man that will mark this age, marked as it is in itself by events to all times.” Fox in the debate on the Quebec Bill on May 6, 1791, having lamented in the most affecting terms his difference with Burke, “his Master, for so he was proud to call him,” thus speaks of the advantages he had derived from his association with this wonderful man : “ That all he ever knew of men, that all he ever read in books, that all his reasoning faculties informed him of, or his fancy suggested to him, did not give him that exalted knowledge, that superior information, which he derived from the instructions, and learned from the conversation of his Bight Hon. Friend. To him he owed all his fame, if fame he had any.” 159. END OF THE IRISH INVASION; OR, THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FRENCH ARMADA. January 20th, 1797- PITT. DUNDAS. GRENVILLE. WINDHAM. FOX. SHERIDAN. DR. LAWRENCE. ERSKINE. HALL. M. A. TAYLOR. TIIELWALL. On the French expedition to Bantry Bay, at the end of 1796. Pitt, Dundas, Grenville, and Windham are the 90 gillray’s caricatures. four winds which blow up the storm to destroy the in-vaders. Fox, as the carved figure at the head of the Revolution, is represented as influencing the United Irishmen.The crew of the jolly-boat are Sheridan, Liberty Hall,Erskine, M. A. Taylor, and Thelwall, who, it is insinuated,were all approvers, at least, of the Irish rebellion. 160. THE GIANT FACTOTUM AMUSING HIMSELF.January 21st, 1797*PITT. CANNING. WILBERFORCE. DUNDAS. ERSKINE.SHERIDAN. FOX. WINDHAM. M. A. TAYLOR. Pitt is seated with his legs astride the top of theSpeaker’s Chair. The air of consequence with which hesits is strongly depicted in his countenance, and throughout the whole figure. With his left foot he has crushedthe Opposition. His right foot is supported by Dundasand Wilberforce, and is extended to be submissivelykissed by the Ministerial followers, foremost of whomisCanning, who is pointed out to special notice by cc TheTrial of Betty Canning” hanging out of his pocket. Pittis playing at cup and ball with his right hand. Theball is a globe to denote his influence over foreigncountries, as well as at home. On his left side is a document labelled “ Resources for supporting the War,” witha collection of coin, evidently destined for foreign subsidies. On his right side are various official returns ofvolunteers, seamen, regulars and militia. He is thusprepared to carry on the war abroad, and maintain tranquillity at home. 161 . THE LION’S SHARE. January 2nd, 1 7^7-Sir John Jervis is seated at a table, contemplatingu Hints on St. Eustatia Prize Money,” borrowed from Sir POLITICAL SERIES. 91 George Rodney’s conduct in 1781, which he seems to propose as a model for himself. He cannot raise his eyes without encountering the view of Martinique. Behind him is “ St. Vincents.” The following narrative will illustrate the other allusions, and elucidate a transaction warmly canvassed at the period. In the latter part of the year 1793, the English Government decided upon sending an expedition to attack the French West India Islands, and reduce them to submission. Sir John Jervis was appointed to command the naval force, and Sir Charles Grey received the command of the troops which accompanied it. The armament sailed from St. Helen’s on the 26th of November ; Martinique was the first object of attack ; a capitulation having been proposed to the inhabitants, hut not acceded to, it was, after some resistance, carried in a gallant style. The neighbouring island of St. Lucia, about six leagues south of Martinique, was next assailed and captured. The sur- render of Guadaloupe followed in April, and Great Britain was thus put in undisturbed possession of all the Leeward colonies. These triumphs accomplished, the Commanders returned to England, and received the Thanks of the House of Commons on the 20th of May, 1794. The satisfaction, however, was of short duration. The West India merchants accused the Commander-in-chief of having been guilty of most oppressive and tyrannical conduct towards the inhabitants of the conquered islands, and of having levied illegal and unheard-of contributions to gratify his avarice and enrich himself, contrary to the promises he had held out. At length on the second of June, 1795, Mr. Barham brought the subject before the House of Commons by a motion for the production of the proclamations issued at Martinique, to levy a contribution on the proprietors of the estates,’’ or to use the unprecedented expression of one of them, a to raise a sum of money adequate to the value of the conquest,’’ and for this purpose 92 gillray’s caricatures. requiring a specification of the property of the inhabitants,, and if not complied with, to order and enforce ageneral confiscation.’* Mr. Barham said, that delay mightbe imputed to him in bringing forward his motion ; buthe would anticipate and answer the objection by statingthat application had been made to Ministers in Augustlast, but no answer obtained until April. He contendedthat the resistance made did not justify the severity practised at Martinique, an island strongly fortified andcapable of the greatest resistance, the contest lasted twentythree days, and only eighty-four men were said to be lost.Guadaloupe held out for eight days, St. Lucie three days,and was said to be taken without loss. Mr. Manning, aneminent West India merchant, seconded this motion, andattacked Sir J. Jervis with great asperity; acquitting SirCharles Grey of any intentional infliction of oppression.He arraigned the proceedings as contrary to the instructions given by Government, contrary to Act of Parliament, and contrary to the Law of Nations ! The first instance of contribution had taken place at St. Lucia, asum of three hundred thousand pounds was imposed,which was afterwards reduced to an hundred and fifty thousand pounds, of this only thirty thousand poundshad been levied, a plain proof that the original impositionwas felt to be exorbitant. It had been said no complaints had been transmitted. The reason was obvious,no Notary could be found to draw up a remonstrance without the risk of being expelled from the islands. Mr. Grey (the son of Sir C. Grey) made a powerfulreply. He insisted the Mover and Seconder had con-founded capitulation and conquest. The former was anarrangement made to avoid the necessity and sanguinaryconsequences of the latter, and if rejected, no claim couldbe preferred in mitigation to the conquerors. With re- spect to one Commander in whose conduct he was deeplyinterested (Sir C. Grey) and to whose character the Hon. POLITICAL SERIES. 93 Mover had stated there did not exist the smallest reproach, and whose conduct he attributed to inadvertence or misinformation, he would only say if he did not absolutely reject praise from such a quarter, he considered it of no value. It had been broadly stated, that every thing done at St. Eustatia in the former war had been done in the late expedition, and if Mr. Burke had continued a Member of the House, that Gentleman would have denounced it with the same indignation ; but he ought to have recol- lected that Mr. Burke had subsequently declared, if he could find a bald spot on the head of Lord Rodney, he would cover it wfith laurel. With respect to the proclamation, he would not deny it was carelessly worded ; as soon as the Commander-in-chief found it was considered oppressive, he had himself annulled it—it had never been acted on, and it had been disavowed by the Secretary of State. Mr. Secretary Dundas most ably vindicated the proceedings of the Commanders. “ With regard to the easiness of the conquest, he differed widely from those who seemed to underrate the value of the services performed, and he contended that the resistance which the British forces met with fully justified every proceeding that had taken place.’* He asked, “ Did what had taken place at St. Vincent’s proceed from these proclamations, or was it not from the insurrection of the Caribs, aided by Jacobin principles, that devastation had followed in that island ?” He then moved the previous question, which was carried by sixty- seven against seventeen. Not content with this, Mr. Dundas rendered the triumphs of the Commanders still more complete by immediately moving, “That this House retains the cordial sense, which they have already expressed in their Vote of 20th May, 1794, of the distinguished merit and services of Sir Charles Grey and Sir John Jervis in the conquest of the French West India Islands.’* See Hansard*s Debates, Yol. 32. p. 54 to 74. Captain Brenton’s Life of Earl St. Vincent, and Gifford*s Life of Pitt. 94 cillray’s caricatures. This repetition of a Vote of Thanks was indeed a triumph,there was no precedent for it in the annals of Parliament,and none has ever since occurred. The Corporation of London voted the Freedom of theCity to these eminent Commanders, which was presentedto them by the Chamberlain (Wilkes), who addressed themin an elegant speech, concluding with these words, “ Permit, Gentlemen, the City wreaths to be mixed with thelaurels you have fairly won, and which a general applausemust more and more endear to you. These sentiments ofgratitude pervade the country in which we live, while theyanimate the metropolis of our empire. They give a full indemnity against the slanderous breath of envy, and thefoul calumnies of the envenomed serpent-tongue ofmalice, which in these latter times has scarcely ceased todetract from and endeavour to wound superior merit/5 See Charnock’s Biographia Navalis, vol. 6. p. 412. 162. THE TREE OF LIBERTY MUST BE PLANTEDIMMEDIATELY. February 17 th, 1797-FOX. THELWALL. LAUDERDALE. ERSKINE. WILKES.LORD DERBY. HORNE TOOKE. M. A. TAYLOR. COL. HANGER.LORD STANHOPE. SHERIDAN. The heads of the Opposition cut off, as the only measure, according to the violent Tories, which would insurethe salvation of the country, 163. THE REPUBLICAN HERCULES DEFENDINGHIS COUNTRY. February 19th, 1797.FOX. Upon the declaration of Fox, in his speeches at this time of threatened invasion, that, so far was he from wishing well to the enemies of his country, he would be one ofthe first to take up arms in its defence. POLITICAL SERIES. 95 164. THE NUPTIAL BOWER. February 13 th, 1797- PITT. HON. CATHARINE ISABELLA EDEN. FOX, THE EYIL ONE, PEEPING AT THE CHARMS OF EDEN. Whoever is acquainted with the personal character of Mr. Pitt, only from the narrative of his biographers, will conclude that he was cold, stiff, and unbending ; “Indocilis privata loqui,” incapable of descending from his dignity, and unwilling to indulge in the relaxation of familiar conversation, and the pleasures of domestic life. He is here represented in a more amiable point of view, a successful suitor for the hand of a fair lady and conducting her to ee the nuptial bower/” tC The tattle of the town (says Burke in a letter to Mrs. Crewe, dated Dec. 27, 1796), is of a marriage between a daughter of Lord Auckland and Mr. Pitt, and that our statesman, our premier des hommes, will take his Eve from the Garden of Eden. It is lucky there is no serpent there, though plenty of fruit.” (See Burke’s Correspondence as published by Earl Fitzwilliam, vol.4. p. 41 7-) This rumour obtained belief not only among the public, but by his most intimate friends and relatives. Even his favorite niece, Lady Hester Stanhope, who resided entirely with him, was fully impressed with a conviction of the truth of the report. She naturally wished to obtain a sight of her uncle’s intended bride, but the lady will tell her own story more gracefully than we could hope to do. “ Mr. Pitt loved ardently Lord A(uckland)’s daughter. She was the only woman I could have wished him to marry. I had never seen her, and as she frequented Beckenham Church, I went on a visit to Mr. Grote’s the banker to get a sight of her. I went to church with Mr. Long’s brother ; as soon as we appeared in the pew, she knew who I was, and her whole body became of one deep red ; a paleness followed, she dropped her head, put H 96 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. her hand to her face, and bent over her book as if praying. When the service was over, I considered that the meetingwith her was not a scene fit for the church-porch, but I was resolved to have a close look at her ; as we approachedher, she pretended to be talking in an animated mannerwith some of her party, but her attention was evidentlyturned towards me. When we saluted I saw she wasbeautiful—very beautiful” (Lady H. Stanhope’s Memoirs,vol. 1. p. 177.) “Next day rat-tat-tat came a carriage andfour to Mr. Grote’s door, f My dear Mr. Grote, we havebeen long neighbours, but I don’t know how it is we havenot seen so much of each other as we ought to have done.’This was Lord A. and the mother. The young lady wasmore collected by this time, and the conversation went onvery well.” “ Poor Mr. Pitt almost broke his heart whenhe gave her up. But he considered that she was not awoman to be left at will when business might require it

and he sacrificed his own feelings to his sense of publicduty.’’ “ There are also other reasons, Mr. Pitt wouldsay, there is her mother, such a chatterer, and the familyintrigues. I can’t keep them out of my house, and for my King’s and country’s sake, I must remain a single man.’’—p. 178-9. “Yet Mr. Pitt was a man just madefor domestic life. But he used to say, he considered noman ought to marry, who could not give a proper share ofhis time to his wife, for how would it be if he was alwaysat the House, or in business, and she always at the opera,or whirling about in her carriage.’’—p. 180. We will now relate, on the authority of Mr. Wilberforce,a most extraordinary proposal of marriage made to Mr.Pitt in 1783. Premising that Mr. Wilberforce was themost intimate friend and associate of Mr. Pitt in the earlypart of his political career ; and during his first Chancellorship of the Exchequer, he frequently used to go to Mr.Wilbeforce’s house at Wimbledon, and stop from Saturdayto Monday, even tho’ the master of the house was kept POLITICAL SERIES. 97 in town ; indeed, one time Mr. Pitt resided for four months in Mr. Wilberforce’s house. On the dissolution of the Shelburne Administration he resolved to visit France in company with Mr. Wilberforce, and his brother-in-law, Mr. Eliot. The three friends embarked at Dover for Calais. The French Court was then residing at Fontainebleau. Mr. Pitt’s fame had preceded him, and Marie Antoinette received him with distinguished attention, and “ expressed her satisfaction at having seen him.” At Paris whither they removed upon the 9th of September, it was hinted to him, through the intervention of Horace Walpole, that he would be an acceptable suitor for the daughter of the celebrated Necker, afterwards the cele- brated Madame de St’ael. Necker is said to have offered to endow her with a fortune of £14,000 per annum, but Mr. Pitt replied, “ I am already married to my country.”—(Wilberforce’s Life, vol. 1. p. 39,40.) We have stated that Mr. Pitt’s biographers have not done justice to his conversational talents, with which he could enliven and delight a private circle. We will adduce a most interesting instance occurring where most of our readers would least expect to find him, —in Falstaff’s Tavern, capping verses from Shakspeare. Pitt when free from shyness, and amongst his intimate companions, was the very soul of merriment and conversation. He was the wittiest man I ever knew, and what was quite peculiar to himselfhad at all times his wit under entire control. Others appeared struck by the unwonted association of brilliant images ; but every possible combination of ideas seemed always present to his mind, and he could at once produce whatever he desired. I was one of those who met to spend an evening in memory of Shakspeare, at the Boar’s Head, Eastcheap. Many professed wits were present, but Pitt was the most amusing of the party, and the readiest and most apt in the required allusions.”—(Wilberforce’s Life, vol. 1. p. 18.) h 2 98 GILLRaY’s caricatures. After the death of Mr. Pitt, in 1806, the Hon. CatharineIsabella Eden married the Right Hon. Nicolas Yansittart,(the present Lord Bexley), and died in 1810. 165. BANK NOTES — PAPER MONEY — FRENCHALARMISTS; OR, THE DEVIL, THE DEVIL!AH! POOR JOHN BULL!!! March 1^, 1797.PITT. SHERIDAN. JOHN BULL. FOX. STANHOPE.On the issue of paper money, to save the Bank from theconsequences of PitPs financial measures. The Whigs,Fox, Sheridan, Stanhope, &c. who opposed the papermoney system with all their might, are here endeavouringto persuade John Bull to refuse the notes. The gold is safely locked up under the counter. 166. THE TABLES TURNED. BILLY IN THEDEVIL’S CLAWS. BILLY SENDING THEDEVIL PACKING. March 4th, 1797.FOX. PITT. PITT. FOX. On the landing of the French force in Pembrokeshire(which was immediately captured), and Admiral Jervisesvictory over the Spanish fleet off Cape St, Vincent, on the1 4th of February, 1797- The Admiral was afterwardscreated Earl St. Vincent The Whigs were supposed toexult over the appearance of the French in Wales, as aproof of the want of foresight in the Ministers (no preparation having been made to withstand the invasion) ; andto have been equally disappointed at the signal victorywhich added laurels to the Government. POLITICAL SERIES. 99 167. POLITICAL RAVISHMENT; OR, THE OLD LADY OF THREADNEEDLE STREET IN DANGER. May 22nd, 1797- PITT. On the stoppage of payments in specie by the Bank of England, and Pitt’s measure for the issue of paper money. The Bank had been obliged to make loans to the Government on so large a scale, that its resources in specie at this time were entirely exhausted, and the heavy run upon the banks in consequence of the threats of an invasion held out by France, had absolutely reduced the Bank of England to the necessity of stopping payment. The obligation to take paper money was looked upon as an act of violence upon the Bank, as well as upon the public, and it was said that the object was less to serve the Bank, than to force the people of England to take paper for money, w r hile the money itself was sent to the Continent to support a war which was not beneficial to us. The box on which the lady is seated is supposed to contain the money of the Bank so safely locked up that it is not to be touched. 168 . MIDAS TRANSMUTING ALL INTO PAPER. March 9th, 1797. FOX. M. A. TAYLOR. GREY. SHERIDAN. ERSKINE. PITT. GRENVILLE, DUNDAS. On the same subject ; a parody upon a classic story. The political Midas is turning gold into paper, and the reeds of opposition are supposed to be moved into letting out his secret, by the effect of the wind from Brest harbour, which sends over an army of French Jacobites, armed with daggers. 100 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. 169. LE BONNET ROUGE; OR, JOHN BULL EVADING THE HAT TAX April 5th, 1797. The hat tax was one of the new ways of increasing the revenue discovered this year. It is said to have led to animmense addition to the trade in caps, as a method of evading the direct tax. John Bull himself is here trying the experiment, but has chosen an objectionable colour (red). It is intimated that the excessive and increasing taxation under Pitt’s government, was making John Bull less and less hostile to the terrible bonnet rouge. 170. THE BRIDAL NIGHT. MaylSth , 1797.lord Salisbury (Lord Chamberlain). geo. jii. queen, pitt. PRINCE OF WIRTEMBERG. PRINCESS ROYAL. PRINCESSES. PRINCE OF WALES — DUKES OF YORK, CLARENCE, ANDGLOUCESTER—PRINCE WILLIAM OF GLOUCESTER. On the marriage of the Prince of Wirtemberg (who wasremarkable for his obesity) with the Princess Royal ofEngland, on the 19th of May, 1797* It is a broad andvery clever caricature on the most distinguished personages of the English Court at this time. Pitt, as usual, produces the money necessary for the completion of this grandalliance. The Prince of Wirtemberg, who was described bysome of the wits of the age as a great Z>e%gerent, andtherefore a very warlike prince, is covered with a profusion of Orders. The allusion in the picture of the elephant, surmounted by Cupid, can hardly be misunderstood. 17L LE BAISER A LA WIRTEMBOURG. April \5th , 1797* THE PRINCESS ROYAL. PRINCE OF WIRTEMBERG. Another satire on the royal couple, the wit of which is sufficiently evident. POLITICAL SERIES. 101 172. PARLIAMENTARY REFORM; OR, OPPOSITION RATS LEAVING THE HOUSE THEY HAD UNDERMINED. May 28th, 1797- WILBERFORCE. DUNDAS. PITT. GREY. ERSKINE. FOX. SHERIDAN. M. A. TAYLOR. On the 26th of May, 1797, Mr. Grey rose to renew the oft-discussed motion for Parliamentary Reform, and was seconded by Erskine. Pitt, who began political life as a violent advocate of reform, opposed the motion. Fox made a splendid speech in favour of the motion, and Sheridan also exerted himself on the same side. Nevertheless, the Ministers had, as usual, an overwhelming majority. The Opposition, who were charged with a design to overthrow the House of Commons by their motion, and with it the Constitution of the country, and who had been so signally defeated, are represented as taking to their heels after they had done all the mischief in their power. The Opposition had seceded from the sittings of Parliament after their defeat, as a means of shewing their dis- gust at the corruption by which the Government was supported. 173. THE LOYAL TOAST. February 3rd, 1798. NICHOLS. DUKE OF BEDFORD. SHERIDAN. FOX. DUKE OF NORFOLK. On the 24th of January, 1798, a dinner took place at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, to celebrate the birth-day of Mr. Fox. The company assembled was unusually numerous. The Whigs and friends of freedom in general resolved to make a grand demonstration to shew that their confidence in the principles and conduct of Mr. Fox was unshaken by the secession of the Portland party from their ranks, by the smallness of the minority in Parlia- 102 gillray’s caricatures. ment, or any other adverse political circumstance. Thecontinued suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, andvarious coercive measures restricting the liberty of thesubject and the press, seemed to them to demand a signaldisplay of their admiration of the great champion of therights of the people, and the principles of the Constitutionas established at the Revolution of 1688. The Duke ofNorfolk presided on the occasion. As soon as the clothwas removed, the Duke of Norfolk rose and said, Weare met in a moment of most serious difficulty to celebrate the birth of a man dear to the friends of freedom. I shall only recall to your memory that not twenty years ago, theillustrious George Washington had not more than twothousand men to rally round him, when his country wasattacked. America is now free. "This day full 2000 menare assembled in this place. I leave the application to you. I propose to you the health of u Charles James Fox/’ In the course of the evening the Duke^s health wasdrank with great enthusiasm. He returned thanks, andconcluded his speech with these words, Give me leave to call on you to drink, Our Sovereign’s health, tv The Majesty of the People.” In a day or two reports reached the Duke of Norfolkfrom various quarters that his conduct had excited theutmost indignation at St. James’s, and that he wouldprobably be deprived of his Lord-Lieutenancy of the WestRiding of Yorkshire, and his Colonelcy in the Militia. He accordingly waited on the Duke of York, and assuredhim that he had been misrepresented, or misunderstood ; that he had only endeavoured to inculcate an admirationof those principles, which had seated his Majesty^s family on the throne ; but as it was generally believed that the enemy meditated an invasion of the kingdom, he requestedhis regiment might be assigned the post of the greatest danger, to give him an opportunity of proving his loyalty POLITICAL SERIES. 103 and attachment to the throne. The Duke of York listened with great courtesy, and assured him his request should be immediately laid before the King; then abruptly breaking off the conversation, most annoyingly asked him, 41 if he had seen Blue Beard,” a dramatic romance just brought out with great splendour at Drury Lane. The Duke of Norfolk of course perceived that no interference was to be expected from this quarter, and immediately retired. A few days after, he received a letter from the Duke of Portland, Secretary of State for the Home Department, informing him that the King 44 had no further occasion for his services,” and on the 6th of February Earl Fitz william was gazetted as Lord-Lieutenant of the West Riding of York, 44 vice the Duke of Norfolk, resigned.” The Ministerial writers and their partisans highly extolled the dismissal of the Duke of Norfolk, and represented the toast of 44 the Majesty of the People,” as highly seditious, and emanating in the principles of the French Revolution. We are surprised to find this latter assertion repeated by writers of historical memoirs of the times. We shall proceed to give irrefragable proof that the toast was not unprecedented, that it did not originate with the Duke of Norfolk, and that it had been drank during the administration of the Marquis of Rockingham, many years anterior to the Revolution in France. In the General Advertiser, of the 13th of April, 1782, then edited by the late Mr. Perry (afterwards the eminent proprietor of the Morning Chronicle), we find an account of a dinner of the electors of Westminster held the preceding day at the Shakspeare Tavern, Earl Fitzwilliam in the chair. The first toast given by his Lordship was, 44 The Majesty of the People.” It was drank by the Earl of Effingham, the Earl of Surrey (afterwards Duke of Norfolk, and the subject of the present remarks), Mr. Secretary Fox, Burke, Windham, Dean Jebb, J. Churchill, Brand Hollis, Dr. Brocklesby, &c. &c„ Thus the identical toast was proposed and drank by Earl 104 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. Fitzwilliam, to whom the Lord-Lieutenancy now taken from the Duke of Norfolk was given. It is not a little remarkable that Earl Fitzwilliam himself was dismissed by his new Tory Allies in 1819, from the same LordLieutenancy of the West Riding of York, for presiding at a county meeting in Yorkshire, at which resolutions werepassed condemning the measures of Ministers respecting the Manchester meeting called by Hunt. On the 6th of February, the next monthly meeting ofthe Whig Club was held at the London Tavern. TheDuke of Norfolk presided. He gave as a toast, “ TheMan who dares be honest in the worst of times — “ Charles James Fox.” Mr. Fox returned thanks, and then toasted <c The Sovereignty of the People.” He subsequently proposed the health of the Duke ofNorfolk in a most powerful speech. He adverted to the dismissal of the Duke. No reason had been officiallyassigned; it was, however, generally understood that it had arisen from the eulogium pronounced on GeneralWashington. Was it to be wondered at, that the nobleDuke, who had uniformly opposed the American war, should have done so? What Englishman, what man ofany country, whose heart was animated with a love offreedom, did not venerate the name of that illustrious patriot ? It seems also “ a toast has given offence—the Majesty of the People. I do not know upon what times we are fallen, but the sovereignty of the people of GreatBritain is surely a thing not new to the language, to the feelings, nor the hearts of Englishmen. It is the basis of the whole system of our Government. It is an opinion, which if it be not true, King William was an usurper. By what right did the glorious and immortal King Williamthe Third, whose portrait is placed on our chair, come to the throne of these realms, if not by that of the sovereignty of the people ? . . . The King holds his title by an POLITICAL SERI ES- 105 Act of Parliament. Who called that Parliament ? King William the Third. By what right did he obtain it ? By a Convention representing the sovereignty of the people. The Convention of Representatives in fact did the thing. It is whimsical enough to deprive the noble Duke of his appointments for an offence, which if he had not committed during the reigns of George I. and George II. would have subjected him to the charge of being a Jacobite, and an adherent of the exiled family. . . Of the persons of his Majesty’s Ministers I will not say a word. There are several of them to whom I may fairly say this sentiment is not new. One member of the Cabinet (the Duke of Portland) is still a member of this Club ; another (Mr. Windham) was a member, and a third (Earl Spencer) long gloried in holding the same tenets. How often with the two first have we drank the sentiment in this room ! What did they mean when they drank the Sovereignty of the People ? What, but that they recognized by this approved and customary method a truth which belongs to all people in reality, but is the avowed basis of the Government of England, that the people of every country are its legitimate Sovereign, and that all authority is delegated from and for them ? I should be ashamed on account of my old respect for those persons, if they did not honestly avow this to be their sense of the sentiment .” 174. THE FRIEND OF HUMANITY AND KNIFEGRINDER.—Scene, BOROUGH. Dec. 4th} IJ97. TIEENEY. After the secession of Fox, Sheridan, and the leading Whigs, the Opposition Benches presented a dreary and barren waste. A feeble resistance to the Ministerial measures was indeed maintained by Nicholls and a few others, but the Genius Loci had departed. 106 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. “ No streams as amber smooth, as amber clear, Were seen to flow, or heard to warble here when a New Luminary ascended the political horizon.The electors of Southwark returned Tierney as theirrepresentative to Parliament. He was known to havedrawn up the celebrated petition of the Society of theFriends of the People for a reform in the House of Commons, in which the defects of the representation wereexposed with consummate skill. He now evinced acompass of information, and practical knowledge of businessand its details, which won and secured the attention of theHouse. His manner was peculiarly calculated to make animpression on a popular audience. He appeared alwaysto treat a subject with the greatest candour, and hiselocution was remarkably fluent and easy,* partakingrather of the style of superior conversation, than of a formalharangue. The most withering sneer, or the most cuttingsarcasm, seemed to fall from him without effort, and as if he were unconscious of the wound he had inflicted on hisopponent. Finance was his favourite battle-field, but hecould discuss every topic of foreign and domestic policywith the ability of an enlightened statesman. His modeof taking to pieces the arguments of the persons to whomhe replied, and reconstructing them in his own way, sur-prised his hearers, who wondered they themselves had* We have stated above that Tierney always spoke with ease and fluency, we only recollect his having faltered once in a very perceptible manner. This we shall record from the pleasantness of the remark it drew from Dudley North when Tierney had joined the Addington administration, and accepted the Treasurership of the Navy, he made an able reply to Pitt’s motion for an inquiry into the state of the Navy. After sneering at the Rt. Hon. shipwright, he alluded to the difficulties the Pittites and Foxites must have felt in passing over to join each other, and illustrated it by the puzzle of the Fox, the Goose and the bag of corn, when he suddenly faltered and hesitated for some time in eluci- dating the similitude : “ Oh !” said Dudley North, “he has just recollected he is describing himself, he has left the Fox, gone over to the Goose, and pocketed the bag of corn.” POLITICAL SERIES. 107 failed to perceive the absurdity of them during the delivery of the preceding speech. The attention of the House never flagged, for he never wearied it by prolix digressions. His private character was invulnerable, which gave additional influence and weight to his arguments. No ribaldry ever sullied his speeches, and his political adversaries, Canning and the wits of the Anti-Jacobin, paid homage to the correctness and propriety of his conduct (see the AntiJacobin, vol. i. pp. 415-16). Such was the man, who, for the remainder of his life, was destined to take a leading part in the councils of his country. The print of “ The Friend of Humanity and the Knife-grinder was intended as a graphic illustration of Canning’s parody of Southey’s Poem entitled “The Widow,” and written in English Sapphics, in imitation of the original. See Southey’s Poetical Works, vol. ii. p. 141. Southey was the son of a respectable tradesman at Bristol. He was educated at Westminster School, and went from thence to Balliol College, Oxford, “ destined for the Church.” At both places he prosecuted his studies with zeal and laudable perseverance, and might be reckoned among the “ multa etpraeclara minantes.” Unfortunately Coleridge, then a student at Cambridge, visited Oxford, and formed an intimacy with Southey, which soon ripened into friendship, Coleridge found Southey a republican, and made him a Unitarian. He was too honest to entertain any further thoughts of taking orders in the Church. He went to his mother at Bristol. His evil genius Coleridge visited him there, and opened to him a plan for emigrating to North America, and establishing a Socialist colony on the banks of the Susquehannah. The youthful Southey (for he was only in his twentieth year) embraced his proposal with ardour. The two friends enlisted Lovell, a clever young Quaker, and G. Bennett, a fellow collegian of Southey at Oxford. From this new republic all the deteriorating passions were to be excluded, “injustice, anger, 108 gillray’s caricatures. wrath, clamour, and evil speaking,’5 and they were to set anexample of human perfectibility. (See Cottle’s Recollections of Coleridge.) Twelve was the number originallyproposed to found the colony. Females were indispensableto the colonists. Every associate was therefore to be amarried man, or to marry previous to their departure.They seemed to have lost sight of their favourite simplicitywhen they dignified their new scheme of government withthe magniloquent title of Pantisocracy. The precedingparticulars of the Socialist scheme, have been collectedchiefly from Cottle’s Recollections of Coleridge. Thefollowing is the narrative of the Rev. Cuthbert Southey,given in his recently published life of his father. “ Theirplan was to collect as many brother adventurers as theycould, and to establish a community in the new world uponthe most thoroughly social basis. Land was to be purchased with their common contributions, and to be culti- vated by their common labour. Each was to have his portion of work assigned him, and they calculated that alarge part of their time would still remain for social converseand literary pursuits. The females of the party, for all were to be married men, were to cook and perform all thedomestic offices, and having gone so far as to plan thearchitecture of their cottages, and the form of their settle- ment, they had pictured as pleasant a Utopia as everentered an ardent mind.”—Southey’s Life, vol. 1, p. 281,1849. A ship was to be freighted, and implements ofhusbandry, and all other necessaries were to be purchased.The cost was estimated at about two thousand pounds; but neither the requisite funds, nor the required associates could be obtained. Southey then proposed to Coleridgeto found this Pantisocracy in some retired part of Wales.Coleridge, however, seems to have awakened from this romantic dream, and in a sensible letter to Southey pointedout the insuperable difficulties of the scheme. Fortunatelyfor his happiness ; fortunately for his fame, and fortunately POLITICAL SERIES. 109 for the literature of his country, Pantisocracy was abandoned. His kind uncle, the Rev. Mr. Hill, Chaplain to the British Factory at Lisbon, who had defrayed the expenses of his education, invited him to accompany him to Lisbon. He accepted the invitation, but privately married Miss Edith Fricker,* on the 14th of November, 1795, the very morning he left Bristol to join his uncle, assigning as his reason for this extraordinary step, that in case of his death he had kind relations, who would assist his widow, who might not have felt themselves called upon to aid his affianced bride. Previous to leaving Bristol he sold the copyright of his Joan of Arc to Cottle, a bookseller at Bristol; on his return home he published his Letters from Spain and Portugal, and went to Bristol to bring his wife to London. In November 1796, he entered himself a member of Gray’s Inn, intending to become a barrister. He now supported himself in a great measure by his literary publications. A deeper study of the Scriptures, a more mature judgment, and an intimate acquaint- ance with the writings of our more celebrated Divines reclaimed him from Unitarianism, and henceforward he became a sincere and enlightened member and advocate of the Church of England. His republican principles were also abandoned, and he became an ultra-tory. There is no reason to doubt his conversion in either instance was the result ofhonest conviction. In 1801, he was appointed private secretary to Mr. Corry, Chancellor of the Exchequer for Ireland, and on that gentleman’s resignation of office, Southey retired to Keswick in Cumberland. His circumstances were now sadly straitened. His old friend and schoolfellow at Westminster, Mr. (now the Rt Hon.) Charles Winn, munificently allowed him from his own moderate fortune an annuity of £160. till he could obtain something equal or superior. In 1807, when Lord Gren-

• There were three sisters of the name of Fricker. One was married to Lovell, the second to Coleridge, and Southey married Edith.

110 cillray’s caricatures. ville was quitting office, he proposed to the King to grantSouthey a pension of £200. per annum, to which his Majesty ct graciously assented.’* In 1813, by the inter- vention of Sir Walter Scott he succeeded Pye as PoetLaureate, and was exempted from paying the degradingquit-rent of an annual birthday ode. When the Quarterly Review was established, he was for several years one of its most valuable contributors, and his articles greatly extended its reputation and sale. Hisnumerous compositions in verse and prose have beenvariously estimated. The public has confirmed, and perhaps many of his personal friends will accept the follow- ing as a candid and discriminating sketch of his literary character, though drawn by the hand of his inveterate enemy Lord Byron. “ His prose is perfection; of his poetry there are various opinions, too much of it for the present generation. Posterity will probably select. Hehas passages equal to anything. At present he has a party, but no public, except for his prose writings. His Life ofNelson is beautiful.” See Note to Byron’s Vision ofJudgment . 175. THE STORM RISING; OR, THE REPUBLICANFLOTILLA IN DANGER. February ls£, 1798. FOX. SHERIDAN. DUKE OF BEDFORD. TIERNEY. PITT. On the assistance which it was pretended the Whigswere giving to the threatened French invasion. In the dis- tance the Evil One, mounted on the guillotine,* is dancing* So called from the name of the original proposer of the machine. Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a physician of Paris, a Member of the States-General, and the Constituent Assembly. He is said to have been a very humane man, and to have suggested this mode of execution, as the least painful to the sufferer. Towards the close of the Reign of Terror he was arrested, imprisoned, and narrowly escaped decapitation by the instrument he had himself introduced. On his liberation from prison, he abandoned his political career, and resumed the medical profession. He died at Paris in 1814. POLITICAL SERIES. Ill in the highest glee, and playing the popular tune of “ Over the water to Charley.” (Fox.) 176 . LA PROMENADE EN FAMILLE. A SKETCH FROM LIFE. April 23rd, 179?. THE FITZCLARENCES. MRS. JORDAN. DUKE OF CLARENCE. On the relations between the Duke of Clarence and Mrs. Jordan, a subject of much scandal at this time. 177. THE ESPLANADE. June 1st, 1?97 LORD CATHCART. GEORGE III. SIR D. DUNDAS. A caricature on the undignified appearance of royalty in the person of George III. As the motto seems to inti- mate, the King is steering a clear course between two gallant officers, who are no less caricatures than himself. It is to be supposed that Majesty is relaxing in its retreat at Weymouth. 178 . CONSEQUENCES OF A SUCCESSFUL FRENCH INVASION.—No. I. Plate 1. WE COME TO RECOVER YOUR LONG LOST LIBERTIES.— * Scene: the House of Commons. March ls£, 1798. DUNDAS. PITT. SHERIDAN. FOX. These illustrations of what it was anticipated would be the consequence of the success of revolutionary principles, if violently established in this country, were not originally designed by Gillray, as stated in the inscription below, but in transferring the designs to copper, he seems to have given them much of his own spirit and manner. Pitt and Dundas appear in the first as two convicts, chained together for transportation, with the rest of the Members of 1 112 gillray’s caricatures. the House of Commons, to the Colonies; while Foxisbreaking the Mace, and Sheridan burning the Records,In other respects these Plates are sufficiently explained bythe description at the bottom. In this first subject, however, the copper of this description has been lost (havingbeen engraved on a separate piece), it is therefore hereinserted. Description as published by Gillray. —OneFrench soldier putting handcuffs, and another fetters, onthe Speaker, whose mouth is gagged with a drumstick.The rest of the Members, two and two, tied together withcords, (Mr. Pitt and Mr. Dundas by the arms with an ironchain, which has three padlocks, but the keyholes spikedup). They are all dressed in the uniform of the Convicts ofBotany Bay, to wit, coats of two colours, long breeches,no stockings, and their heads close shaved ; French guardsopposite to the Members, with their hats on ; one of whomcarries an axe, and a blazon of a Death’s head on hisbreast. Two clerks near him, with their pens in theirears, hanging their heads. Republicans in the galleries,wearing their hats, in which are triple-coloured cockades,and clapping their hands. An English blacksmith, in hiswaistcoat and cap of liberty, breaking the mace in pieceswith a fore-hammer. The Statutes tumbled on the floor.The cap of liberty raised high behind the Speaker’s chair,below which is painted, in capital letters

£C This Houseadjourned to Botany Bay, £ sine die/”—The chaffers andburning charcoal continuing to stand in their presentplaces in the House, but filled with red hot irons to searone cheek of the Members before they set off ; and theother, if they shall be found guilty, by the verdict ofaFrench jury, of returning to their own country, withoutleave of the French Directory, in writing. An Englishcobbler, in the cap of liberty, blowing with a bellows oneof the chaffers ; the fuel, the Journals of the House. POLITICAL SERIES. 113 179. No. I. Plate 2.—WE EXPLAIN DE RIGHTS OF MAN TO DE NOBLESSE. March 1st, 1798. The scene is here transferred to the House of Lords, which is undergoing a fate similar to the House of Commons. 180. No. I. Plate 3.— WE FLY ON THE WINGS OF THE WIND TO SAVE THE IRISH CATHOLICS FROM PERSECUTION. The treatment which the Irish were to expect on the arrival of the French, whom their agitators had so often invited over as their deliverers. 181. No. I. Plate 4.—ME TEACH DE ENGLISH REPUBLICANS TO WORK.—Scene : a Ploughed Field. March ls£, 1798. The English are at length tasting the sweets of the French Constitution. The description, which has been lost, is here supplied. Description, as published by Gillray.

A row of English people in tatters, and wooden shoes, hoeing a field of garlic. A tall, raw-boned Frenchman, with a long queue behind, like a Negro driver, with a long waggoner’s whip in each hand, walking by their side. The people very sulky, but tolerably obedient and tractable for so short a time ; John Bull being a bad lad only when you are very good to him. The group of the hoers are, a husbandman, his wife, a manufacturer, a curate, and an old man. In another part of the field, four other English people, a father and son (husbandmen), with two seamen, in a yoke, drawing a plough ; a French farmer guiding it 1 2 114 gillray’s caricatures. with one hand, and with the other flourishing and crackinga French postillion’s long whip ; a French boy walkingby the side of the yoke with a goad, which has a point assharp as a needle. The French hoe-driver gives his in-structions thus; ££ Jacques JRoastbeef, hoe straight, deep,quick, and rest not.”—The instructions of the Frenchholder of the plough are : £< Monsieur John Bull. MonAmi.” (in English) tc My friend, Mr. John Bull, pull hard,plough deep, trot quick, turn sudden, rest not.” A MessagerdEtat, (in English) a Messenger of State, in his HabitofOffice, with a letter in his hand, comes to hurry on thework for the exigencies of war. In another part of theplate stand the Farm Offices ; a vast oak, withered, abovethem. A cauldron boiling, on which is engraved ££ SoupMaigre,” with a stack of onions and turnips close byit. On a large board is painted

££ Regulations of this“ Farm.

At five o’clock in the morning, the hogs and“ English slaves are to be fed ; at twelve o’clock at night“ they are to be suppered, and littered up with the besttc straw that the Scotch and Irish part of the slaves can66 steal from the neighbouring farms, and then locked up.“ But there are holes in the bottom of the walls for thehogs to go out, and get the benefit of fresh air. Punish-££ ment of laziness—for the first offence, five hundred££ lashes • for the second, the guillotine. All other crimes,K except those which affect Frenchmen, are forgiven, on££ promise of amendment.”—A ballad is lying on theground, in the English language, entitled

£t Recantationof British and Irish Republican Husbandmen and Manufacturers.”—The burden of the Song is—

£ Oh ! England,“England!—King, Wife, Sons and Daughters of our££ King, of whom the sons are all brave, and the daughters££ all beautiful : Parliament and Judges, who covered us££ with blessings, which we repaid with reproaches : Clergy,££ who taught us to die as well as to live for our country ££ LandafF, Landaff! Nobles and Squires, in whose hos- POLITICAL SERIES. 115 <c pitality and bounty we shared : St. Vincents, and Dun- “ cans : Merchants, Master Manufacturers, who lived as “ simply as ourselves, but both of us well ; how could we “ forget you ? You would not have deserted us, but we “ deserted you. But with the same weapons which have “ defended you, we will punish ourselves. We despise “ life, we could submit to misfortune, but cannot bear the “ consciousness of not having stood or fallen with you. “ Oh ! England, England, country of every bliss, for ever “ farewell P’ 182. LORD LONGBOW, THE ALARMIST, DISCOVERING THE MISERIES OF IRELAND. March 12th, 1798. EARL MOIRA. The Earl of Moira, a gallant soldier, an eloquent senator, and accomplished statesman, was born 9th of December, 1754. During the lifetime of his father he bore the second title of his peerage, that of Lord Rawdon. He very early conceived a strong predilection for the military service, and embraced it as a profession. In the early period of the American war he embarked with his regiment for that country, and arrived there panting for military distinction. An opportunity soon presented itself. He was present at the memorable battle of Bunker’s Hill, 16th of June, 1775, serving as a Lieutenant in the fifth company of Grenadiers, and was one of the seven of the whole company who was not wounded. On that occasion he exhibited extraordinary valour and activity. He is particularly pointed out in the official report of General Burgoyne, the Commander-in-Chief, “Lord Rawdon has this day stamped his fame for life.” His exemplary con- duct and military talents caused him to be raised to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Adjutant to the British Forces in 1778, before he had completed his 24th year. 116 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. He was then appointed to a separate command, and invarious engagements with Generals Gates and Greene hegained fresh laurels, and pursued his bright career till ill-ness obliged him to return home. He was received withgreat distinction, and created an English Peer by the titleof Lord Rawdon. The American Peace consigned himtoinactivity until 1794, when he embarked for Ostend witha small force. The skill and rapidity with which he effecteda seasonable junction with the Duke of York,* elicited greatpraise from military men. The retreat of the DukeofYork and return of the British army again consigned himto unwelcome inactivity. He had indeed the commandofa body of troops quartered at Southampton, but very littleeffective authority. Several battalions of French emigrantswere placed under his directions. He entertained theirofficers with absurd splendour and profuseness, and mightbe said to have almost kept a Court at Southampton forthem. He is supposed to have expended at least thirtythousand pounds of his private fortune in entertaining them.He now devoted his comparative leisure to politics. Thesituation of Ireland attracted his particular attention. Invain he brought forward conciliatory measures in theBritish House of Peers. On the 19th of February, 1798, he brought the subjectbefore the Irish House of Peers. Never had expectationbeen raised to a greater height in that country. LordMoira commenced his address by candidly avowing thathe had brought the same subject unsuccessfully before thenotice of the British House of Peers, but he had failed toobtain an inquiry into the grievances of Ireland, although hehad offered to substantiate his statements by proofs at thebar. He entertained more sanguine expectations from thePeers of Ireland, for the heart-rending scenes he shoulddetail had passed more immediately under their cognizance.* Lord Moira was second to the Duke of York in his duel with ColonelLennox. POLITICAL SERIES. 117 He then entered on an appalling narrative of persons torn from their families, and imprisoned without being confronted with their accusers, or even knowing the charges brought against them. In some instances torture had been applied, in others picketing had been resorted to, and in some cases the unhappy victims had been half-hanged. He understood it had been stated that the district about his own house had been tainted not only with disaffection but rebellion, as much as any other part of the kingdom. These infamous aspersions he had ascertained originated with a Government informer, whose character was so in- famous that no Justice of the Peace would receive his attestation on oath. Again he urged on Government a more lenient course. ££ The time for recovering the affec- tions of your countrymen has not yet passed ; conciliation may be deferred, but every day increases the difficulty of suppressing the spirit of discontent. Be united, you may then defy France and the world, although you had not a ship on the sea.” The Chancellor (Lord Clare) was happy in discussing the subject with the Noble Earl, as his speech in the British House of Peers had done so much mischief, and aggravated the disaffection in Ireland. He said that from the time of Lord Townshend concessions had constantly been made, that after each the people had professed themselves satisfied and grateful ; yet after a month or two their turbulence returned with increased vigour. The present discontent dated from the formation of the Society of United Irishmen after the rejection of the Bill for Parliamentary Reform. The principle of that Society was separation from Great Britain. Wolfe Tone, an AdjutantGeneral in Hoche’s army, was at this hour residing as Envoy at Paris from the Society of United Irishmen. They had also another agent residing at Lisle during the negociation of Lord Malmesbury, whose business it was to defeat the British Ambassador. The persons arrested 118 CILLRAy’s CARICATURES. had been treated with greater lenity than they deserved.He mentioned the case of Shaw, who had been stated byhis Lordship to have been half hanged : this he deniedA rope had only been tied round his neck to induce himto confess ; and with regard to the picket punishment, it had been only done on a blacksmith, who had madeanumber of pikes, which on examination he denied ; butbeing brought to the Guard Room, he confessed for whomhe had made them, and where they were, by which meansabove a hundred had been found. The temporary punishment of this man was more than compensated by thenumber of lives saved by the detection of these instruments of murder. With respect to the burning ofhouses, it could not, to be sure, be strictly justified, butsome examples were necessary to be made ; and whenit became necessary to call out the military, it was not alwayspossible to restrain their excesses. Lord Moira’s Motionfor an address to the Lord Lieutenant, recommendingthat conciliatory measures should be devised, was rejectedby 44 to 9. Lord Moira had doubtless been misledin some instances by aggravated accounts of the excessescommitted by the Government authorities, civil andmilitary ; but the Lord Chancellor Clare himself admittedthat considerable severity had been exercised towardssome persons, and that a vigour beyond the law, which<<r could not be strictly justified/’ had been employed.In the course of his speech, Lord Moira had stated thathe had assembled the tenants on his own extensive domain at Ballynahinch, and received the most satisfactoryassurances of their devoted sympathy. Unfortunately hisconfidence proved to have been misplaced ; for an openinsurrection broke out in his own town of Ballynahinchshortly after, and a large number of pikes were foundsecreted by the peasantry in his own woods, which gaverise to the following spirited song — POLITICAL SERIES. 119 BALLYNAHINCH, A NEW SONG. I. A certain great Statesman, whom all of us know, In a certain Assembly, no long while ago. Declared from this maxim he never would flinch, “ That no town was so Loyal as Ballynahinch.” II. The great Statesman, it seems, had perused all their faces, And been mightily struck with their loyal grimaces ; While each townsman had sung, like a Throstle or Finch, “ We are all of us Loyal at Ballynahinch.” III. The great Statesman returned to his speeches and readings, And the Ballynahinchers resum’d their proceedings ; They had most of them sworn, 11 We’ll be true to the Frinch,”* So Loyal a town was this Ballynahinch. IV. Determin’d their Landlord’s fine words to make good, They hid pikes in his haggard, cut staves in his wood ; And attack’d the King’s troops—the assertion to clinch, That no town is so Loyal as Ballynahinch. V. O ! had we but trusted the rebels' professions, Met their cannon with smiles, and their pikes with concessions, Tho’ they still took an ell, when we gave them an inch, They would all have been Loyal—like Ballynahinch. 183 . ST. GEORGE'S VOLUNTEERS CHARGING DOWNBOND STREET, AFTER CLEARING THE RING IN HYDE PARK, AND STORMING THE DUNGHILL AT MARYBONE. March 1 st, 1797. CAPTAIN FOSTER. A satire on the volunteering mania of this period, when

• Hibernice for French.

120 gillray’s caricatures. the country was threatened with so many dangers. Thevolunteer regiments of the West End performed their manoeuvres in Hyde Park, and the scene of their peaceful campaigns extended to Marylebone and the surroundingdistricts. The St. George’s Volunteers formed the first metropolitan corps, commanded by the then well-knownCaptain Foster. 184. SEARCH NIGHT; OR, STATE WATCHMENMISTAKING HONEST MEN FOR CONSPIRATORS. March 20th, 1798. MOIRA. FOX. SHERIDAN. DUKE OF BEDFORD. HORNETOOKE. NICHOLS. TIERNEY. NORFOLK. PITT. DUNDAS. Some arrests had been made in England in the beginning of March, 1798, of persons implicated in the troubles which were disturbing Ireland, and were the object of severe animadversions by some of the opposition papers. The subject is here made the ground for a satire on the Whigs. Pitt and Dundas, the two State Watchmen, are breaking in upon the conspirators. The two leaders, Foxand Sheridan, make their escape by the cock-loft, while the Dukes of Bedford and Norfolk take to the chimney. Three of the party have sought a refuge under the table. Lord Moira alone stands his ground. 185. HABITS OF NEW FRENCH LEGISLATORS ANDOTHER PUBLIC FUNCTIONARIES, No. L—Le Ministre d’Etat en Grand Costume. April 18th, 1798. CHARLES FOX. The National Convention of France flattered the vanity of the revolutionary statesmen under the Directory, andgratified the love of the populace for external show, byappointing a special costume for the different Officers of POLITICAL SERIES. 121 State. It was pretended by the Court Party in England that the Whigs aimed at imitating the French revolutionists in this country, and Gillray has, in this series of “ habits,” clad each of the more prominent of c< the party” in the peculiar costume which was presumed to be the object of his ambition, if the present order of things were once overthrown. Fox, the great man of the Opposition, was supposed to aim at nothing less than the place of First Minister. 186. FRENCH HABITS, No. 2.—Les Membres du Conseil des Anciens. April \8th, 1798. DUKE OF NORFOLK. THE MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. GRAFTON. Two Dukes (Norfolk and Grafton), and a Marquis (Lansdowne), were to form at least part of the Council of Ancients, that important branch of the French Republican Legislature, and of the future Republican Legislature of England. 187 . FRENCH HABITS, No. 3. —Les Membres du Conseil des Cinq Cents. April 18 th, 1798. MR. BYNG. M. A. TAYLOR. LORD LAUDERDALE. EARL OF DERBY. LORD STANHOPE. A group of the future English Council of the five hundred, no less characteristic of the persons and tempers of those who were to compose it. 188. FRENCH HABITS, No. 4.—Membre du Directoire Ex^cutif. April 18th, 1798. DUKE OF BEDFORD. The rich and zealous Duke of Bedford is represented in the gay costume of a Member of the Executive Directory, which at this time was dictating the fortunes of Europe. 122 GILLRA Y 5 S CARICATURES. 189. FRENCH HABITS^ No. 5.

President D’Administration Municipale. April 18 th, 1798. HORNE TOOKE. The notorious agitator Tooke, who had never ceased to be identified with political turmoil since the beginning of this long reign, was to receive a less elevated place, at the head of a municipal government. 190. FRENCH HABITS, No. 6.

Le Boureau. April 18th, 1798. TIERNEY. Tierney was harshly dealt with, when he could obtain nomore honourable appointment than that of the State Executioner ; he was to be appointed to a presidence, but to preside only over the fearful guillotine. 191. FRENCH HABITS, No. 7-—L’Avocat de la Republique. Map 21 st, 1798. ERSKINE. The great Whig lawyer, Erskine, was supposed to aimat placing himself at the head of his profession, in the neworder of things. 192. FRENCH HABITS. No. 8.

Membre de la hauteCour de Justice. May 15th, 1798. SIR JOHN SHUCKBOROUGII. There is the sedateness of age, if not dignity, in this highexpounder of the justice of the Republic. POLITICAL SERIES. 123 193. FRENCH HABITS, No. 9. — Juge du Tribunal Correctionel. May 21 st, 1798. COURTNEY. Courtney, wlio here occupies a position which at this time offered frequent opportunities for sallies of humour, was distinguished as one of the wittiest of the Opposition orators in the House of Commons. 194. FRENCH HABITS, No. 10.—Juge de Paix. May 1 5th, 1798. NICHOLS. Nichols was a very zealous and a very active partizan of the Opposition in the House of Commons, although not one of those whose talents or influence have obtained a prominent place in the memory of posterity. The satirist appears to have thought him best fitted for the office of a Republican justice of peace. 195. FRENCH HABITS, No. 11.—Le Tresorier. May 21 st, 1798. SIR WILLIAM PULTENEY. Sir William Fulteney seated : a book lies open before him entitled tc Etat des Finances de la Republique.” The key of office is attached to his coat. In the year 1 7 97^ before Easter, a very considerable number of Members of the House of Commons, dissatisfied with the conduct of the war, the embarrassed state of the finances, and the alarming situation of the country, formed themselves into “ A Third Party,” and requested an in- terview with Lord Moira, with a view to effect a change of Ministry. As there is no account of this negotiation in 124 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. Gifford’s Life of Pitt, in various other historical memoirs ofthe times, nor in Cooke’s History of Party, we shall furnish the reader with some extracts from a letter of LordMoira addressed to Col. MfMahon, dated Bonington,June 15, 17975 but not printed till January 2, 1798. Theywill shew why Gillray has invested Sir William Pulteneywith the habit of “Le Tresorier” in this Print. “ They requested that I would endeavour on the assur-ance of their support to form an administration, on theprinciple of excluding persons who had on either side made themselves obnoxious to the public.” 66 1 strenuously recommended them to form an alliance with Mr. Fox’s party, that might be satisfactory to themselves, and reduce to strict engagement the extent of themeasures, which Mr. Pox when brought into office bythemselves would propose.” Ct Hitherto nobody has been designated to any particular office, but Sir William Pulteney. The gentlemen hadsaid that he w ras the person whom they should be mostgratified in seeing Chancellor of the Exchequer,and I had professed to them and to him that there was notany person with w r hom I could act more confidently.” “ I added, the introduction of Lord Thurlow, Sir WilliamPulteney, and myself into the Cabinet would not assurethe public of a change of system.” The Third Party, however, disapproved the admissionof either Fox or Pitt into the Cabinet. Sheridan, and theother friends of Fox, at once rejected Lord Moira’s overtures, and would only act in conjunction with him. Afterthe negotiation was broken off, Colonel M‘Mahon sent Foxa copy of Lord Moira’s letter, addressed to himself. Fox,in acknowledging the receipt of the letter, says : “ Hisconduct appears to have been, what I never doubted it would be—honourable and judicious. I had as little doubtof his good wishes to, and favourable opinion of, me.” Canning, in ie An Ode to Lord Moira,” in the Anti- POLITICAL SERIES. 125 Jacobin of January 22, 1798, glances at the proposed appointment of Sir William Pulteney to the Chancellorship of the Exchequer. <{ Old Pulteney, too, your influence feels. And asks from you th’ Exchequer Seals, To tax and save the nation.” See Anti-Jacobin, vol. i. p. 382. 196. FRENCH HABITS, No. 12.

Messager D’Etat. May 2 Rtf, 1798. SIR FRANCIS BURDETT. Burdett, who was at this time coming into notoriety as a patriot, is placed last in the list. Though his office of a Messenger of State is not a high one, his costume, at least, is equal to that of most of his superiors. 197. LONDON CORRESPONDING SOCIETY ALARMED. April 20th, 1798. Another caricature on the political events in the spring of 1798, and on the prosecutions against the members of the political clubs, which was striking no little alarm into the latter, at the head of which was the celebrated London Corresponding Society. The intention of this caricature is to expose to ridicule the low materials of which the secret societies were often composed. 198. MEETING OF UNFORTUNATE CITOYENS. May 12 th, 1798. DUNDAS. PITT. FOX. DUKE OF NORFOLK. Fox and the Duke of Norfolk are represented in this print as condoling with each other. Fox, as “ scratch’d off—dished—kicked out.” A list of the Privy Council is exhibited, with the name of “C. J. Fox” run through. 126 gillray’s caricatures. The Duke of Norfolk, who had been deprived of his Lord Lieutenancy, and Colonelcy of the Yorkshire Militia, ex- claims— How ! What ! Kicked out ! Ah, marhleu ! chacun a son jour. Ah, marhleu !” Dundas and Pitt are standing sentinels at St. Jameses Palace. A dinner of the Whig Club took place at the Free- masons* Tavern, on the 1st of May, 1798. Mr. Fox was in the chair. He gave, as the first toast

6i The Sovereignty of the People of Great Britain.” The Duke of Norfolk proposed The health of the Manwho dares be honest in the worst of times

“ Chakles James Fox.” Mr. Fox responded in a most impressive speech; he said, “ On any other occasion he should have contented himself with returning thanks, but in the very peculiar embarrassments in which the country was now plunged, he thought it necessary to say a few words in the only place in which he thought it might be useful for him to deliver his sentiments. The circumstances and events of public affairs of late had induced him and many of his friends to abstain from their usual assiduous attendance in Parliament. Their exertions for the preservation of the Constitution had been of no avail ; two years ago they had seen the repeal of the Bill of Rights carried by a triumphant majority ; they had seen the functions of the Constitutional Law suspended, on alarm created by the Ministers themselves ; and however well founded the alarm might now be, he scorned the idea that it was necessary for him to attend in his place in the House of Commons, for the purpose only of vindicating himself from the vulgar calumny that he was not an enemy to a foreign invasion. It would be an insult on his whole life if such a declaration could be expected from him. He believed there was not a voice POLITICAL SERIES* 127 in the assembly he addressed, which was not in unison with his own—namely, that every man who heard him was both ready and willing to stand forth in the defence of his country, with the spirit that belongs to Englishmen. Hefound no fault with those who thought it necessary to make these professions elsewhere. Thus much only he would say in this place for himself. The present Government of the country , he had no hesitation in saying , was a Government of Tyranny. They had adopted the principles of Robespierre, and their object was to establish tyranny in England. Look at the situation of the Sister Kingdom ; our own will soon be the same. He had no remedy to recommend, but that the friends of freedom should be united and firm, and wait for better times. Tyranny was now the order of the day in every country in Europe. Notwithstanding the arbitrary proceedings of our own Ministers, he was persuaded the unanimous feeling of the country, the universal determination of every man in it was to be ready to take the field against a foreign foe ; and indeed, they had a powerful motive to do so, for if they were united, they had a better chance to get rid of the tyranny of their own Ministers than they could possibly have by the success of a foreign invasion. Even in his present retirement he should be ready to come forward, in every constitutional effort, to regain our lost liberties ; and he should be in the foremost of the ranks to repel the invasion of a daring enemy.” We have been thus particular in recording Fox’s speech on this occasion, as it led to a most important consequence, —the erasing from the Privy Council Book the name of one of the most illustrious statesmen, which had ever adorned it. Fox’s name was struck out by the King on the 9th of May. Fox must have anticipated this result, indeed he seems to have courted or rather provoked it. In the preceding February, after giving the toast of “ The Sovereignty of the People,” in commenting on the K 128 GILLRAY? S CARICATURES. dismissal of the Duke of Norfolk from his Lord- Lieutenancy and Colonelcy of Militia, he remarked, “ I have nothing the Ministers can take from me. I am still indeed a Privy Counsellor, at least I know nothing to the contrary, and if this sentiment entitles the Noble Duketo this animadversion, I shall certainly feel that I amequally entitled to this mark of his Majesty’s displeasure.” George III. was perhaps not sorry to embrace the opportunity, thus afforded, of inflicting an indignity uponFox by depriving him of his rank of Privy Counsellor.* For he entertained as strong a personal dislike of Fox, as George II. had done to the elder Pitt. As far back as the early part of 1784, when a large assemblage of Membersof the House of Commons, of acknowledged weight and independence, from both sides of the House, met at the St. Alban’s Tavern, and endeavoured to effect a union between Pitt and Fox, with a view to the formation of a strong Administration, George III. wrote a private letter to Pitt, commencing thus : u Queen’s House, February 15, 1784. Mr. Pitt is well apprized of the mortification I feel at any possibility of ever again seeing the heads of the Opposition in public employments, particularly Mr.Fox, whose conduct has not been more marked against my station in the empire than against my person,” &c. &c. Both Sovereigns, however, were compelled by the public voice and the exigencies of the State, eventually to call to their councils the object of their respective aversion. On the death of Mr. Pitt in January, 1806, Fox was* On the 6th of June, after the dinner at the Whig Club, the Duke of Bedford proposed ‘‘The Health of Charles Fox,” and animadverted in severe terms on Ministers having caused the King to strike his name out of the list of the Privy Council. Mr. Fox said, “ It would be most unfit for him to say a word respecting the Noble Duke’s allusion to a circumstance personal to himself. Would to God the time of the Ministers had been always employed in such frivolous fooleries as settling who should be Honourable and who Bight Honourable, and deliberating on the titles most befitting their friends and supporters.” POLITICAL SERIES. 129 appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and virtually Prime Minister.* The ability and address with which he conducted public affairs,—his attractive manners, and the uniform attention and deference he paid to the King, overcame the preconceived prejudices of the King, and conciliated his esteem. Unfortunately his ministerial career was very short : he died September 13, 1806. 44 Little did I think,” said his Majesty to Lord Sidmouth at the first interview with which he honoured him after the fatal event, 44 little did I think that I should ever live to regret Mr. Fox's death.” 44 Mr. Fox’s powers of attraction must have been extra- ordinary, indeed, to overcome as they did, not only the feebler resistance of Lord Sidmouth’s political prepossessions, but also the more deeply rooted predispositions, which were believed to prevail in the Royal mind, yet that such was the case is unquestionable.”

FelleuPs Life of Lord Sidmouth, vol. 2. p. 435. A pension of £936, was granted to Mr. Fox’s widow.— See 44 Report from the Select Committee on existing Pensions,” July 24, 1838, p. 42.

44 Fox, Elizabeth Bridget, aged 88, £936. widow of the Right Hon. C. J. Fox.” 44 He had not,” says Lodge, 44 like Mr. Pitt, the honour of a funeral and monument voted by the Parliament of his

• Gillray’s other “ Unfortunate Citoyen’ ’ was appointed Lord Lieutenant

of the county of Sussex. A circumstance occurred during the Regency, which reflected the highest honour on the Duke of Norfolk. A vacancy having occurred in the Order of the Garter, the Regent communicated to the Duke of Norfolk his intention of conferring the vacant Blue Ribbon on the Duke, as a mark of his private friendship for the Duke, and wholly independent of all political considerations. The Blue Ribbon had always been the favourite object of the Duke’s ambition ; but in an interview with the Regent, he ex- pressed his deep sense of the high honour proposed to be conferred on him, and which was greatly enhanced by the terms in which the communication had been conveyed, but respectfully and firmly declined the honour, stating that it was contrary to his political principles to accept a favour from the Crown, while he felt it to be his imperative duty to oppose the principles and measures of the Ministers who enjoyed its confidence. 130 gillray’s caricatures. country; but the spontaneous affection of his countrymen, and the number of his private friends and political adherents, in some measure supplied the place. The attendance of rank, talent, distinction, and numbers, at the last mournful ceremony which consigned him to the grave, was almost unexampled ; and a splendid monument in the Abbey, together with a bronze statue in Bloomsbury Square, were raised to his memory by munificent sub' scriptions.” Another generous political opponent paid a tribute to his memory,, “ For talents mourn, untimely lost. When best employ’d and wanted most

Mourn genius high, and lore profound, And wit that loved to play, not wound ; And all the reasoning powers divine, To penetrate, resolve, combine

And feelings keen, and fancy’s glow, They sleep with him, who sleeps below.” Sir Walter Scott also beautifully alludes to the proximity of Fox’s tomb to that of his great rival, and the remarkable circumstance of the two graves being placed in immediate opposition to each other, as their illustrious occupants had been during their political career. He bids us mourn for “ Genius, and taste, and talent gone, For ever tomb’d beneath the stone, Where—taming thought to human pride !

The mighty chiefs sleep side by side, Drop upon Fox’s grave the tear, ’Twill trickle to his rival’s bier ; O’er Pitt the mournful requiem sound, And Fox’s shall the notes rebound. The solemn echo seems to cry,

‘ Here let their discord with them die Speak not for them a separate doom, Whom Fate made brothers in the tomb ; But search the land of living men, Where wilt thou find their like agen ?” Introduction to Canto the First o/Marmion. POLITICAL SERIES. 131 199. SHRINE AT ST. ANNE’S HILL. May 26th, 1798. NICHOLES. TIERNEY. LORD LAUDERDALE. DUKE OF BEDFORD. DUKE OF NORFOLK. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. FOX. Fox is kneeling before the busts of Robespierre, Egalite, and Buonaparte. A Tablet is placed on the democratic altar, on which is inscribed “ Droit de L’Homme,” a Political Parody on the Decalogue, the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Articles may be taken as a specimen—VI. “ Right to Kill;’’ VII. “ Right to commit Adultery;’’ VIII. Right to Plunder.’’ Nicholls, the Duke of Norfolk, and others, as stated in the above title, are represented as harpies, &c. hovering around. As St. Anne’s Hill is consecrated to immortality from having been the favourite residence of Fox, we will give —first, some account of the place; and secondly, of the domestic habits and pursuits .of its illustrious occupant at this time. “ On the hill is a house, the residence of the late Right Hon. C. J. Fox, who spent much of the latter part of his life here, and improved it by plantations, &c. It is copyhold, held of the manor of Chertsey. In 1769, Lady Trevor surrendered it to the use of Lord Charles Spencer, or of such person as he should appoint. In 1778* her Ladyship joined with Lord Charles in surrendering it to the use of the Duke of Marlborough, who soon after sold it to Mrs. Armistead, now the widow of Mr. Fox, and who resides here, 1811.”—Manning and Bray’s History of Surrey, vol. iii. p. 227. 6 ‘ St. Anne’s Hill,’’ says Trotter, iC is delightfully situated ; it commands a rich and extensive prospect. The house is embowered in trees, on the side of a hill, its grounds decline gracefully to a road, which bounds them at the bottom. Some fine trees are grouped round the 132 GILLRAY5S CARICATURES. Iiouse^ and three remarkably beautiful ones stand in the lawn, while a profusion of shrubs are throughout distri- buted with taste and judgment. Here Mr. Fox was the tranquil and happy possessor of about thirty acres of land; and the inmate of a small but pleasant mansion. Thesimplicity and benignity of his manners, speaking the integrity and grandeur of his character, soon dissipated those feelings of awe, which one naturally experiences on approaching what is very exalted/5—Trotter’s Memoirs of the latter Years of Fox, p. 9 and 10. “ Far from me and my friends be such frigid philosophy, as may conduct us indifferent and unmoved over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom, bravery, or virtue. That man is little to be envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of Marathon.55 Such is the eloquent exclamation of Dr. Johnson. We should likewise esteem it impossible that any man of enlightened mind could visit the mansion, tread the ground, or breathe the air of St. Anne’s Hill, without feeling his love of liberty, and the British constitution invigorated and ex- panded. We recall to our recollection the splendid exertions of our British Demosthenes in the cause of Freedom, in the advocacy of Peace, in his triumphant establishment of the Right of Juries to decide on the Law, as well as the Fact in the case of Libels, and his virtual Abolition of the Slave Trade in his last short ministerial career. In the year 1793, it became known to some of Mr. Fox’s intimate personal and political friends, that he was greatly embarrassed in his pecuniary circumstances. They did not suffer their regret to evaporate in unavailing expressions. A meeting was arranged to take place on the 1st of June, at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, ct for the purpose of offering to Mr. Fox an effective Testimony of Gratitude for his long and unwearied Political Exertions in their cause, and that of the Public.” Mr. Francis assured the meeting that every precaution had been POLITICAL SERIES. 133 taken to keep the intention from the knowledge of Mr. Fox.—At a second Meeting, on the 11th of June, the Committee announced that the plan had been seconded with such success as to enable them to present Mr. Fox with an annuity, neither unworthy of him nor themselves. Mr. Fox thus became possessed of one of the first of earthly blessings—Independence ; and he never, by any subsequent imprudence, abused the well-placed generosity of his friends. We will now give a slight sketch of Mr. Fox’s domestic habits, occupations, and literary pursuits, after his secession from Parliament in 1797> when he enjoyed the quiet and tranquillity of a comparatively private life ; from which he would not have emerged had not his detestation of the War, induced him to return to the House of Commons in 1802, to defend the Peace of Amiens, and he was persuaded to continue his parliamentary attendance by the urgent request of friends, with whose wishes he felt himself bound to comply. Mr. Fox was an early riser. In the summer he arose between six and seven, and breakfasted at eight ; in the winter he rose at eight, and breakfasted at nine. At breakfast he read aloud some of the newspapers to Mrs. Fox and any visitors, who might be residing with them. f< At such times,” says his Private Secretary, “ when the political topics of the day were naturally introduced by the papers, I never could observe the least acrimony or anger against the party, which so sedulously, and indeed so successfully, had laboured to exclude him from the management of affairs by misrepresentations of his motives, rather than by refutation of his arguments,” Gibbon, in a letter to Lord Sheffield, bears a similar testi- mony to the delightful amenity of his disposition. In describing the pleasure he derived from Fox passing a day with him at Lausanne just after he had lost all hope of restoration to power by the triumphant majority which Pitt had obtained by the general election ; he adds, u We 134 gillray’s caricatures. had little politics, though he gave me, in a few words, such a character of Pitt, as one great man should give of another, his rival/’ And in his autobiography, says, “ I admired in Mr. Fox the powers of a superior man, as they are blended in his attractive character, with all the softness and simplicity of a child : no human being was ever freer from all taint of malignity, vanity, or falsehood.” After breakfast Mr. Fox regularly read some Italian author, with Mrs. Fox. He then retired to his library, and pursued his studies until dinner time. These he prosecuted with almost youthful ardour. The Greek Dramatic Poets occupied much of his attention at this time, and he corresponded with Gilbert Wakefield on subjects of classical literature. An ardent politician who had seen a letter on his table directed to Charles Grey, would have supposed he had discovered that some political project was in agitation, and would have been surprised to learn that the long epistle was a defence of the epithet “ Merry,” to the note of the Nightingale,* with a reference to Chaucer, “who of all poets seems to have been the fondest of the singing of birds references are made to Theocritus ; “ Sophocles is against us ; but see what Homer says, you will find the passage somewhere in one of the twelve last books of the Odyssey, and if you do not readily find the passage, you will be amply repaid by the pleasure of the perusal.” The reader may judge from this what were the nature of Fox’s studies at this time. In summer Mr. Fox dined at half-past two or three, and in winter at four, that time might be afforded for walking, and other rural amusements. After tea, the evening was usually spent in conversation, or Mr. Fox would read aloud some historical work, or some other literary production

• Dryden seems to have been startled at Chaucer’s application of u Merry”

to the note of the Nightingale, and in his modernization of the Flower and the Leaf has changed the bird into a Goldfinch. Sir Walter Scott does not notice this change. POLITICAL SERIES. 135 the lighter departments of the Belles Lettres, however, were not neglected; and Mr. Fox would gratify the circle of his friends by reading the Mysteries of Udolpho, or other popular novel or romance. At ten a light supper was served, and soon after the party retired to rest. Planting and gardening were favourite occupations of Fox, and he is universally allowed to have laid out the grounds at St. Anne’s Hill with skill and taste. He considered the five years of his secession from Parliament (from 1797 to 1802) as the happiest period of his life. Mrs. Fox’s efforts to promote his domestic comforts were exemplary and untiring. On the 24th of Jannary, 1799, he attained his fiftieth year, and on his birthday addressed these verses to Mrs, Fox. “ Of years I have now half a century past, And none of the fifty so blest as the last

How it happens my troubles thus daily should cease, And my happiness still with my years should increase. In defiance of Nature’s more general laws, You alone can explain, who alone are the cause.” The reader will, perhaps, be amused with the following Physiognomical Portrait of Fox, executed by the Coryphaeus of Physiognomists—Lavater. It is contained in a letter of Sir Ralph Payne (afterwards Lord Lavington) to Sir Robert Murray Keith, dated Lyons, Nov. 1, 1788. “ When I was at Zurich, where I staid a couple of days, I paid a visit to, and spent two or three hours each day with Lavater, and I will annex a memorandum, which I copied from his note-book, on Charles Fox’s Physiognomy, which he had an opportunity of examining about a couple of months ago, at Berne, where he met him accidentally.” Physiognomy of Fox by Lavater. Front. Inepuisable : plus de Richesses d’idees et d’images> que je n' ai jamais vu peint sur aucune Physiognomie au Monde. Sourcils. Superbes, regnants, dominants. 136 gillray’s caricatures. Nez. Mediocre. —Les Yeux. Remplis de genie, pergans, fascinants, magiques. Les Joues. Sensuelles. —Bouche. Pleine d’une volubilite surprenante et agreable, et le bas da visage doux, affable, et sociable/’ —Lavater Pinxit. — See Sir Robert Murray Keith’s Correspondence, Yol. ii. 200. THE TREE OF LIBERTY,—WITH THE DEVILTEMPTING JOHN BULL. May 23rd, 1798. FOX. Fox, as the serpent of political evil, attempting to seduce John Bull with the apple of Reform. Political excitement prevailed in England at this time with extraordinary intensity and rancour. The Whigs accused the Ministers of a systematic design to establish despotic power in the kingdom, and using the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, the Restrictions of the Liberty of the Press, and other coercive measures as means to facilitate that object. The Tories, in their turn, branded their opponents as Jacobins, plotting to subvert the Monarchical Institutions of the country. This Print may be regarded as a clever specimen of the exaggerated misrepresentations on the Tory side of the question. From the branches of the “ Tree of Liberty/’ which Fox has planted, sprout, not only £tf Reform, Democracy, Conspiracy, Treason, and Revolution,” but £fi Atheism, Deism, Blasphemy,” &c. ; sentiments abhorrent from his nature. Such attacks, however, were considered legitimate warfare in those days of over-excitement. “ We live in times of violence and extremes,” says Fox, in a letter to one of his correspondents, <£ and all who are for creating, or even for retaining checks upon power, are considered as enemies to order.” Fox was accordingly represented as a Republican, though he had given a most POLITICAL SERIES. 137 lucid exposition of his sentiments, in his speech on the Army Estimates in 1790. £ ‘ He always thought any of the simple unbalanced Governments bad, simple Monarchy, simple Aristocracy, simple Democracy,—he held them all imperfect, or vicious; all were had by themselves : the composition alone was good. Those had always been his principles, in which he had agreed with his friend, Mr. Burke.35 And again, in his speech for giving a Constitution to Canada, in 1791. With regard to Government, he would express his mind freely and explicitly ; and that was, that there could be no good or complete system of Government without a proper mixture of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy. These had always been his sen- timents; and whoever thought otherwise, had entirely misunderstood him, especially if they supposed that he was an enemy to Aristocracy.55 201 . THE EXPLANATION. May 30th, 1798. LORD CAMELFORD. PITT. TIERNEY. SIR F. BURDETT. On Friday, May 25, 1798, Pitt moved to bring in a Bill 44 for the more efficient Manning of the Navy, by an augmentation of 10,000 men to the present force,55 at the same time intimating, “ that as the present alarming situa- tion of the country made it necessary that this measure should be passed without any delay, he should wish that the Bill might this day be passed through its different stages, with a suitable pause at each, if required; and that it should be sent to the Lords for their concurrence. 55 Tierney complained of the precipitancy of the Right Hon. Gentleman. He had heard no arguments that proved its propriety. He knew of no sudden emergency that urged its necessity ; even if he had, some time ought to have been allowed him to weigh and to examine the nature of such an emergency, before he proceeded to give three or 138 GILLRAYS CARICATURES. four votes on a measure of which no notice had been given.” Pitt repeated the urgency of the measure, and said : 44 If the measure be necessary, and that a notice of it would enable its effects to be eluded, how can the Honourable Gentlemans opposition to it be accounted for, but from a desire to obstruct the defence of the country.” Tierney called the Right Hon. Gentleman to order, the language was unparliamentary, and he appealed to the Chair for protection. The Speaker (Addington) said it was unparliamentary to impute improper motives to any Hon. Gentleman, and the House would wait for the Right Hon. Gentlemans explanation. Pitt replied, 44 He was afraid the House must wait for a long while before they heard such an explanation as was demanded of him, for he must adhere to his former declaration,” which he repeated. 44 He knew that he had no right to impute motives to the language used by the Honourable Gentleman, however impossible it might be not to suspect such motives. He must say, he would neither retract, nor further explain his former expressions.”* Mr. Tierney immediately withdrew from the House, which ought to have been a sufficient indication to the Speaker of what would take place, and he should have exerted the authority of the Chair to constrain each party to give a pledge that no hostile proceeding should ensue. On the next day, Saturday, May 26, as the Speaker was dining with Lord Grosvenor, a letter was brought him from Pitt, stating that he had received a hostile message from Mr. Tierney, and requesting to see him. The Speaker immediately repaired to Downing Street. 44 Onmy arrival,” he says, “I found Pitt had just made his will.”—See Pellew^s 44 Life of Lord Sidmouth.” On Sunday, May 2?5 at three o’clock in the afternoon, Mr. Pitt, accompanied by Mr. Ryder, and Mr. Tierney by

• Hansard’s Debates, vol. 35. pp. 1460—62.

POLITICAL SERIES. 139 Mr. George Walpole, met, by appointment, on Wimbledon Common.* After some ineffectual attempts on the part of the seconds to prevent further proceedings, the parties took their ground, at the distance of Twelve paces. A case of pistols was fired at the same moment, without effect : a second case was also fired in the same way. Mr. Pitt fired his second pistol in the air. The seconds then interfered, and insisted that the matter should go no further, it being their decided opinion that sufficient satisfaction had been given, and that the business was ended with perfect honour to both parties.”—See “ Pellew^s Life of Lord Sidmouth.” On the following Wednesday, May 30, Mr. Wilberforce gave notice of his intention to bring the subject before Parliament, with a view to prevent the recurrence of a similar event. Mr. Pitt addressed a letter to him, from which the fol- lowing is an extract :

u Downing-street, May 30, 1798. Whatever may be your general sentiments on subjects of this nature, they can have acquired no new force, or additional argument from any thing that has passed in this transaction. You must be supposed to bring it forward with reference to the individual case. In doing so you will be accessory to loading one of the parties with unfair and unmerited obloquy. With respect to the other party, myself, I feel it a real duty to say to you, frankly, that your motion is one for my removal. If any step on the subject is proposed in Parliament, and agreed to, I shall feel from that moment that I can be of more use out of office than in it; for in it, according to the feelings I entertain, I could be of none. I state to you, as I think I ought, distinctly and explicitly, what I feel. I hope I need not

• The Annual Register, and the Editor of Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, erroneously state the duel to have taken place on Putney Heath.

Speaker Addington pointed out the exact spot to his son-in-law Pellew. “ The duel occurred in the hollow beneath the windmill which crowns the Common, and at some little distance to the left of the high road, where it descends the hill towards Kingston, and on the spot in which he himself stood awaiting the result.”—Pellew’s “ Life of Lord Sidmouth,” vol. i. p. 206. 140 gillray’s caricatures. repeat what I always feel personally to yourself”—Wilberforce’s Life, vol. ii. p. 28 1,—Pitt’s threat of resignation induced Wilberforce to relax the sternness of his determination to discharge this moral and political duty. Heabandoned his motion, and contented himself with enter- ing in his Diary, at the bottom of Pitt’s letter—66 Strange length to which he carries the point of honour.” “ The Speaker was censured at the time, especially bythe Opposition, for not having insisted on a more satisfac- tory explanation from Mr. Pitt, This was said to have been the only occasion on which he had erred in judgment, or failed to enforce the authority of the House, and cer- tainly it does appear doubtful whether, in his anxiety lest he should make the matter worse by interference, he exerted his influence sufficiently.’’—Pellew^’s Life of Lord Sidmouth, vol. i. p. 204. Such is the lenient stricture of his biographer, who would have represented the public feeling more correctly, if he had said, the Speaker was universally censured, and his presence near the scene of the duel was considered an aggravation of the original error. “ Some one,” said Addington, observed that the Speaker knew of the meeting, and ought to have prevented it but Lord Chatham remarked, es that I could not have taken any step so injurious to his family ; in fact, as I had received the information from Pitt himself, my interfering would have looked too much like collusion.” Vol. i. p. 205. It seems extraordinary that the Speaker’s nerves, or his judgment should have failed him on this occasion. Hehad given many proofs of his strict impartiality and independence. On the 25th of May, 1?92, in the debate on the celebrated Proclamation against Seditious Publications, Mr. Grey (afterwards Earl Grey), made a most acrimonious attack on Pitt. He said—“ One intention of the Proclamation seemed to be to divide the Opposition. It was a measure contrived by him, whose supreme delight was to see discord supersede harmony among those who POLITICAL SERIES. 141 opposed his measures ; by him whose whole political life was a tissue of constant inconsistency, of assertion and retraction ; by him who never proposed a measure without intending to deceive his hearers, promising every thing, but performing nothing, and perpetually breaking his word with the public ; who studied all the arts of captivating popularity, without ever intending to deserve it ; and who was a complete apostate from the very commencement of his political life ; by him whose malignity sought its grati- fication in the separation of the dearest of friends, and whose whole conduct was an uninterrupted series of con- temptuous disdain towards the rights of the people, and the privileges of that House. Mr. Grey was repeatedly called to order, but suffered to proceed by the Speaker, who did not think his language disorderly.” Rivingtorfis Annual Register for 1792, vol. i. p. 376. The Speaker, who thus decided, cannot be suspected of having had a dis- position to succumb to the Minister, or of improperly consulting his personal feelings. When Mr. Pitt had complied with the despotism of custom, and given the satisfaction required by a barbarous code of honour, it would have been more consonant with true dignity if he had retracted the injurious imputation which he must have known to be groundless,* but his pride overcame his magnanimity. No one ever passed through

• It was generally reported at the time that Pitt had partaken rather too

freely of the convivialities of the dinner-table on the afternoon of the debate which gave rise to the duel. u Narratur et Prisci Catonis Saepe Mero caluisse Virtus. ,, Occurrences of this sort were not unfrequent in those days with Members of the House of Commons. The Rolliad has a pointed allusion to a scene of this description in an epigram on Pitt and Dundas. “ I can’t see the Speaker, Hal ; can you ?” “ Not see the Speaker, Will ? why I see two.” Gillray has several caricatures on the symposia of Pitt and Dundas. 142 gillray’s caricatures. a long parliamentary career with a higher character for political worth, or more respected by friends or opponents, than Tierney did. After Tierney’s death, the most honourable tribute was paid to his memory by the Duke of Wellington, to whomTierney had always been opposed in politics. In thejdeport of the Select Committee of the House of Commonson Pensions, we find, under the head of Pensions granted in connexion with Political and Parliamentary Services, the following entry—“Tierney, Anna Maria, aged 73, widow of the late Right Hon. George Tierney ; this pension was unsolicited, and was recommended to the Crownby his Grace the Duke of Wellington, then at the head of the Government. ”—Page 42. 202. OPPOSITION TELEGRAPHS; or, THE LITTLESECOND-SIGHTED LAWYER GIVING A TRUESPECIMEN OF PATRIOTIC INFORMATION. June 23rd, 1798. JEKYLL. Early in May, 1798, the English Government deter- mined to send a naval and military expedition to Ostend, under the command of Captain Sir Home Popham and Major-General Coote, <e for the purpose of blowing up the basin, gates, and sluices of the Canal of Bruges, and destroying the internal navigation between Holland, Flanders, and France/’ The wind proved extremely unfavourable to the operations of the squadron, and caused considerable delay. On the 18th they had anchored in the Ostend Roads ; and, as the weather appeared something more favourable, Sir Home Popham had made the signal to approach the coast, when the wind suddenly veered, and threatened to blow so violently against them, that Sir Home Popham and General Coote were deliberating, whether it would not be better POLITICAL SERIES. 143 to go to sea, and wait for a more favourable opportunity ; “ when a boat from the Vigilant so convinced us/5 says Sir Home Popham, “ of the small force at Ostend, Nieuport, and Bruges, that General Coote begged he might be landed, to accomplish the great object of destroying the Canal, even if the surf should prevent his retreat being so successful as I could wish.”* Early in the morning of the 19th, about a thousand men were landed, many of them before they were discovered. The greatest spirit and energy animated the troops, and General Coote completely succeeded in accomplishing the object of the expedition. The troops then commenced their retreat to their ships, and had proceeded as far as the Sand hills, when the wind blew a hurricane, and the vio- lence of the surf rendered it impossible to re-embark a single man. They then made every possible exertion to entrench themselves, and strengthen their position. They passed an anxious night, hoping the wind might abate in the morning, and enable them to regain their ships. But the winds and the surf were adverse. “ Both Coote and I thought,” says Colonel Burrard, in a letter to Captain Popham, “ that if we could not get off at day-break, we should be surrounded by a host of enemies.—Too truly. When the day was clear, one large column appeared in front—four more with horse artillery attacked us in dif- ferent directions. The action lasted nearly two hours, when, surrounded on all sides, we found we could do no more.” They capitulated., General Coote and Major Donkin were severely wounded, and Colonel Campbell killed. The total loss, including seamen, amounted to about 100 killed and wounded, and 900 taken prisoners. “The object of the expedition,” says Lieut.-Colonel Warde, “ was completed by burning a number of boats destined for the invasion of England, and by so completely destroy-

• See Sir Home Popham’s Dispatch, dated May 20, 1798. L

144 gillray’s caricatures. ing the Locks, Basin, and Gates of the Bruges Canal,* that it was this morning (May 20) without a drop of water; and as I understand all the Transports fitting out at Flushing were intended to be brought to Ostend and Dunkirk by the inland navigation, to avoid our cruisers, that arrangement will be defeated, and it will be a long time before the works can be repaired, as they were jive years in finishing, and were esteemed the most complete works of the kind in Europe” In this Print Jekyll is represented working aTelegraph, erected on the top of the MorningChronicle Office ; impatient to obtain theearliest intelligence respecting the result ofthe Expedition to destroy the Canal of Bruges. On the 20th of June he exclaims : Ay, now let us see what are the fruits of this miserable Expedition ! Ay, I see that the intelligence I had from Bruges was of un- doubted authority ! Yes, yes, our informations are always to be depended upon ! Ay, sure enough, there’s the great Sluice of Sluykens, which was the great object of the Expedition, has not been blown up ; the damages have all been repaired in a week, and the Canal now as full as at any former period ! O Lord ! O Lord ! this is the waythat poor John Bulks money goes ! ! !

On the 21st he exclaims : — Why, what the devil do I see ? Zounds ! why, here^s incontestable evidence that the Sluices are all destroyed ! The masonry all blown up ! and the navigation of the Canal at an end. O Lord, what damages they have done ! Why, it canT be repaired by any efforts in less than twelve months. Mercy upon me ! What will my Lord Malagridaf say, when I tell him about this business ?”

• The Canal of Bruges was about thirteen miles long, and in most parts nearly one hundred yards wide. It formed one of the most important re- ceptacles for the boats and other craft destined for the invasion of England.

t Marquis of Lansdowne. This appellation, derived from the name of the POLITICAL SERIES. 145 Personal Satires and Political Caricatures, which excited the laughter and merriment of contemporaries, from the felicity and pungency of the allusions, frequently become obscure and nearly unintelligible in the next generation. That is the case in the present instance. The Caricature .alludes to statements made in the House of Commons by Jekyll, on the 20th and 21st of June, 1798, of which no record is to be found in Hansard’s Debates. The gallery of the House was ordered to be cleared on the former day, and the editor of Hansard has most strangely omitted all notice of the proceedings of the House on the 21st of June. On the 20th, Jekyll stated, in the course of his speech, that the Expedition to Ostend had virtually failed, as the damage done to the Canal of Bruges could be re- paired in a very short time. On the meeting of the House on the following day, Jekyll said : “ He hoped the House would give him credit when he said, that nothing could give him more pain, than to make any representation that was not well founded. Yesterday he stated in the House, from the authority of letters he had seen, and which were received in London, that the Canal and works at Ostend, the destruction of which was the object of the late Expedition thither, had not been effected ; that we had not put an end to that Canal. He had, however, this morning received information from a distinguished officer (Captain Popham), assuring him that his statement of yesterday was erroneous, and that officer gave him evidence from various quarters. He had no ocular demonstration of the fact himself, for he remained on board ; but he referred to an American officer, who had, and he declared that the celebrated Portuguese Jesuit Malagrida, was first given to Lord Shelburne (Marquis of Lansdowne), by Junius, who, in a letter to the Public Advertiser, under the signature of “ Corregio,” dated Sept. 1, 1767, characterizes him as “ Heir apparent to Loyola—a perfect Malagrida.” Our readers may recollect the unfortunate speech addressed by Goldsmith to Lord Shelburne, with his usual simplicity and characteristic blundering, “ I wonder why they call you Malagrida, for Malagrida was a good man.” L 2 146 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. works were blown up, and entirely demolished ; that the navigation of the Canal was entirely put an end to, andthat there was no current of water there now, except at the flowing of the tide ; and that the works cannot be put in a state of repair in less than twelve months. He thought it necessary to say this, lest it should go abroad, as he hadstated yesterday, that the object of the Expedition was not attained ; he did this to quiet the mind of the gallant officers in the Expedition, and the more so, as the Commander-in-chief, General Coote, was there wounded. Hewas aware the former information he had received, andwhich he had stated in the House, would give pain to every feeling mind in the country. He was now persuaded, that the work of that expedition was fully done, as far as depended on the gallant persons concerned in it.” Mr. Secretary Dundas said after this, “ No man could have any idea that the work was not done, nor was it possible to say that the Hon. Gentleman had mis-stated the thing wilfully.” Gillray has frequently introduced Jekyll into the series of his Political Prints, it may therefore be proper to makea few remarks respecting him. He was descended froman eminent lawyer, Sir Joseph Jekyll, Master of the Rolls in the reign of George I. He was himself a barrister, andpractised at the common law bar. By the friendship andinfluence of Lord Shelburne (first Marquis of Lansdowne)he was one of the representatives for Caine for a long series of years. His parliamentary speeches were enlivened bywit, and enforced by cogency of argument. The gaiety ofhis conversation, his bon mots, entertaining puns, andagreeable manners, made his company much sought after by the best society. He was a great favourite of the Princeof Wales, and frequently a guest at Carlton House. In the spring of 1815, a Mastership in Chancery havingbecome vacant, the Prince Regent was unremitting in his application to Lord Eldon to confer the appointment on POLITICAL SERIES. 14 ? Jekyll ; but he could not obtain his reluctant consent before June. Some of the circumstances attending his appointment to the office are so singular and whimsical, that we shall relate them nearly in the words of Lord Eldon, as given in his Anecdote Book, or in his account to his relative, Mrs. Forster. “The fact is, Jekyll was a great favourite with everybody. Everybody wished him to be well provided for in a proper way. Nobody wished it more than I did. But I hesitated weeks and months before I made the appointment. His most anxious and most powerful well-wisher was the Prince Regent, who was very much attached to him, and with whom Jekyll had spent many convivial hours. He was a person of great humour and wit, and indulged himself in manifesting his wit and humour to a very considerable extent, and, I believe, without ever having said an ill-natured, provoking, or rude thing of or to any man,* whilst he was so indulging himself. The Prince Regent, after having repeatedly applied to me at Carlton House to appoint Jekyll the Master without effect, and having observed that a man of his sense would soon be able to learn his business, at length took the following step in furtherance of his purpose. He came alone to my house in Bedford Square ; upon the servant opening the door, the Prince observed, that as the Chancellor had the gout, he knew he must be at home ; he therefore desired he might be shown to the room where the Chancellor was.

• The Chancellor’s brother, however, seems to have been annoyed at what

most men would have considered a harmless pleasantry. On Sir William Scott’s marriage with the Marchioness of Sligo, he had two brass plates placed on his street door. On an upper compartment was one bearing the name of the Marchioness of Sligo ; on the other, in a lower compartment, was the name of Sir W. Scott. Jekyll, meeting Sir W. Scott shortly after, said to him, “ I had the pleasure of leaving my card at your house the other day. I found you had already began to knock under.” Sir William, on his return home, or- dered his servant to have the position of the plates reversed. 148 gillr^y’s caricatures. My servants told the Prince I was much too ill to be seen. He, however, pressed to be admitted, and they respectfully informed him that they had positive orders to admitno one. Upon which he asked to be shown the staircase, which they could not refuse to do. He immediatelyascended, and pointed first to one door, and then to another, asking, 4 Is this your master’s room ?’ They answered4 No,’ until he came to the right one, upon which he opened the door, and seated himself by my bedside. Well, I was surprised to see his Royal Highness, and inquired his pleasure, he said he had come to request that I wouldappoint Jekyll to the vacant Mastership in Chancery. I respectfully answered, that I deeply regretted his RoyalHighness should ask that, for 1 could not comply. Heinquired why ? Simply because, in my opinion, Mr.Jekyll was totally unqualified to discharge the duties of the office ; he continued to urge his request, and I said I could never agree. His Royal Highness suddenly threw himself back in the chair, exclaiming. 4 How 1 do pity LadyEldon !’ Good God ! I said, what is the matter? ‘ Nothing,’ answered the Prince, 4 except that she never will see youagain, for here I shall sit in this chair until you promise to make Jekyll a Master in Chancery.’ Well, I was obliged at length to give in, I could not help it. However,” addedLord Eldon, ‘ 4 Jekyll got on capitally. One of my friends met him after he was appointed, and asked him, how in the world he came to be picked out for that office, and he answered, 4 he supposed it was because he was the mostunfit man in the country.’ Now you see the very consciousness of his want of ability led him in all difficult cases to consult two or three other Masters in Chancery, and being guided by two or three experienced heads, never went wrong. He continued in office a considerable time, till indisposition and age obliged him to retire upon the usual pension. I met him in the street the day after his retirement, when, according to his usual manner, he ad- POLITICAL SERIES. 149 dressed me in a joke, Yesterday, Lord Chancellor, I was your Master, to- day I am my own.’ ^We have already spoken of JekylPs colloquial talents, it only remains to add, he sometimes indulged in epigrammatic effusions. We can only afford space for one specimen connected with a branch of his profession. ON THE SERJEANTS-AT-LAW. “ The serjeants are a grateful race. Their dress and language show it

Their purple robes from Tyre we trace, Their arguments go to it.” 203. LE COUP DE MAITRE. November 24th, 1797- FOX. On the revolutionary principles attributed to the Whigs, and the ultimate designs which were still ascribed to their leader. Fox, who, it was pretended, aimed at nothing less than the subversion of the Constitution. 204. UNITED IRISHMEN IN TRAINING. June 12,1798. On the Irish Rebellion of 1798. This print requires little explanation. 205. UNITED IRISHMEN UPON DUTY. June 12thy 1798. A sequel to the foregoing. It is rather an exaggerated picture of the horrors which attended, or rather which were expected to attend the sanguinary Rebellion of 1798. French revolutionary principles are here brought into full play, in the shape of plunder, rape, and murder, and every description of outrage and devastation.

• See Twiss’s Life of Lord Eldon, vol. ii. p. 266—268.

150 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. 206. PIG’S MEAT; OR, THE SWINE FLOGGED OUTOF THE FARM YARD. June 22nd, 1798. NIC ROLLS. LORI) DERBY. DUKE OF NORFOLK. FOX. TIERNEY. DUKE OF BEDFORD. ERSKINE. BURDETT. PITT. DUNDAS. M. A. TAYLOR. Pitt and Dundas driving the Opposition Pigs, the re- presentatives of the “ swinish multitude/’ out of JohnBull’s farm-yard. In all the speeches and writings of Burke, there was no phrase or sentiment which was so bandied about, or provoked such general indignation, as the term “ swinish multitude,” applied to the people. It was denounced in public meetings, clubs, and epigrams, and assailed in every variety of shape and form. The expression was more keenly resented as proceeding from one who had uniformly justified the revolt of the Americans, and triumphed at the success of their arms ; ee Who had rejoiced with Fox at the victories of a Washington, and sympathized with him almost to tears at the fate of a Montgomery.” (See Hansard’s Debates, vol. 29, p. 379.) A seditious incendiary, of the name of Thomas Spence, who kept a small bookseller’s shop in Little Turnstile, Holborn, and was also a dealer in copper coins, published a series of cheap tracts, entitled “ Pig’s Meat;” and as a Lion’s Head* was placed before the door of the publisher of the Spectator, to receive the contributions of correspondents in its mouth, so Spence placed a trough before his owndoor, as a recipient for contributions to “ Pig’s Meat.’’ He also struck a medalet, on the obverse of which was, A PIG TRAMPLING UPON EMBLEMS OF ROYALTY ANDreligion ; the cap of liberty radiated above ; the legend, tc Pig’s Meat, published by T. Spence, London.”A copy of this is preserved in Sir George Chetwynd’s

• Now in the possession of the Duke of Bedford, at Woburn.

POLITICAL SERIES. 151 Collection. Spence was prosecuted for high treason, convicted, and sentenced to stand in the pillory, and be imprisoned seven months. To commemorate this, he struck a medalet ; on the obverse is a bust in profile, 1794 ; the legend, “T. Spence, seven months imprisoned for high treason." (See Sharp’s Catalogue Raisonne of Sir G. Chetwynd’s most interesting and valuable collection of Copper Coins, Medalets, &c. 4to.p. 144, Privately printed, 1834.) These inflammatory medalets were industriously circulated by Spence, Daniel Isaac Eaton, and other kindred spirits. The celebrated expression, “swinish multitude," occurs in Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution of France, where speaking of the destruction of the French nobility and clergy, he predicts that learning will soon follow in their train. “Nothing is more certain, than that our manners, our civilization, and all the good things which are connected with manners and with civilization, have, in this world of ours, depended for ages upon two principles and were indeed the result of both combined ; I mean, the spirit of a gentleman, and the spirit of religion. The nobility and the clergy, the one by profession, the other by patronage, kept learning in existence, even in the midst of arms and confusions, and whilst Governments were rather in their causes than formed. Learning paid back what it had received to Nobility and to Priesthood, and paid it with usury, by enlarging their ideas, and by furnishing their minds. Happy if they had all continued to know their indissoluble union, and their proper place ! Happy if Learning, not debauched by ambition, had been satisfied to continue the instructor, and not aspired to be the master ! Along with its natural protectors and guardians, Learning will be cast into the mire, and trodden down under the hoofs of a swinish multitude."*

• In Burke’s own copy of his Works, his Son had inserted the following note in manuscript : “ See the fate of Bailly and Condorcet, supposed to be

152 GILLRAY^S caricatures. 207. NIGHTLY VISITORS AT ST. ANNE’S HILL. Sept. 21 st, 1798. FOX. LORD EDWARD FITZGERALD. Fox, aroused from his sleep, has started up in his bed, horror-struck at the apparition of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who thus addresses him :

“ Who first seduc’d my youthful mind from virtue ? Who plann’d my treason, and who caus’d my death ? Remember poor Lord Edward, and despair ! ! !” Fox answers

“ Why dost thou shake thy gory locks at me ? Dear, bravest, worthiest, noblest, best of men ! Thou canst not say I did it.” Around his room are seen the headless bodies of Quigley, Shears, &c. The Confessions of Arthur O’Connor are suspended over Fox*s head, and “ The Plan of the Irish Rebellion” lays by his side. All these are, of course, intended to imply that Fox and the leading members of the Opposition* had been the authors and abettors of the recent Irish Rebellion. Lord Edward Fitzgerald was the fifth son of the first Duke of Leinster, by his wife Emilia Mary, daughter of Charles, second Duke of Richmond ; he was born the 15 th here alluded to. Compare the circumstances of the trial and execution of the former with this prediction.” After Burke’s death, his executors inserted this note in their first edition of his Works, stating that it was approved by Mr. Burke, and illustrated his meaning.

• More than half a century having elapsed since the detection of the

conspiracy of the United Irishmen, it may be convenient that the reader should be reminded that neither Reynolds, the original informer, nor Arthur O’Connor, nor any of his confederates, ever implicated any of the English Opposition in any connection with the Society of United Irishmen, or knowledge of their real objects, which were to overturn the Irish Government, and establish a republic in that kingdom. POLITICAL SERIES. 153 of October, 1733; his father died in 1773. Not long after, his mother married William Ogilvie, Esq , a gentleman of an ancient family in Scotland. Young Edward’s education was thenceforward principally superintended by Mr. Ogilvie. tC As the youth,” says Moore, ee was from the first intended for the military profession, to the studies connected with that pursuit his preceptor principally di- rected his attention. Luckily, the tastes of the young learner coincided with the destiny marked out for him, and in all that related to the science of military construction, —the laying out of camps, fortifications, &c., he was early a student and a proficient.” In 1779, he commenced his military career in the Sussex Militia, of which his uncle, the Duke of Richmond, was Colonel. A youth of his aspiring ambition was not likely to remain long contented with the inglorious campaigns of the Sussex Militia, though even there he had an early opportunity of displaying his knowledge of castrametation, for “the persons intrusted with the task of making the encampment having proved themselves wholly incompetent, with the permission of his uncle he undertook and performed it to the surprise and satisfaction of the regiment,” In the autumn of 1780, a Lieutenancy was procured for him in the 96th Regiment of Foot, but he exchanged into the 19th early in 1781. His regiment was ordered to America, and in June he landed at Charlestown. He soon had an opportunity of achieving “ a service which was not brilliant, but useful, and brought him both honour and reward.” His Colonel having retreated before General Lee, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who was upon the rear-guard, covering the retreat of the regiment, kept the American corps in check till he was able to break up a small wooden bridge over a creek, which completely prevented pursuit by the enemy. Lord Rawdon (afterwards Lord Moira) was so pleased with this readiness of resource in so young an officer, that he immediately appointed him an aide-de-camp on his staff. He 154 gillray's caricatures. remained in America till the termination of the war ; at the peace he returned to Ireland, and was elected Member for the borough of Athy, then in the nomination of the Dukeof Leinster. At this time he found Parliamentary life very insipid. Nearly about the same time he became enamoured of Lady Catharine Mead, second daughter of the Earl of Clanwilliam, and afterwards married to Lord Powerscourt. He subsequently formed another attachment. Moore only designates the young lady by the initial G***. The Dukeof Richmond, who felt a strong interest in both parties, endeavoured to promote the union ; but her father, considering Lord Edward’s fortune totally inadequate to the maintenance of a wife and family in a style of the elegant competence to which his daughter had been accustomed, peremptorily forbade him his house. His spirits sank every day more and more under the disappointment, and he resolved to join his regiment (now the 54th), at NewBrunswick, in Nova Scotia. It is not our purpose to trace his operations during his residence in New Brunswick, or his excursions among the savage tribes ; we introduce the subject for the purpose of stating that this was the period in which he first contracted his republican principles, and imbibed the partiality for equality in society. His disappointments in love seem to have had an influence over this preference. In a letter to his mother, dated Frederick’s Town, New Brunswick, Sept. 2, 1778, he says, (e Savages enjoy the love and com- pany of their wives, relations, and friends, without any interference of interests or ambition to separate them. To bring things home to oneself, if we had been Indians, instead of its being my duty to separate from all of you, it would be my duty to be with you, to make you comfortable, and to hunt and fish for you ; instead of Lord G*** being violent against letting me marry G***, he would be glad to give her to me, that I might maintain and feed her: no cares for children,—no devilish politics, &c.” POLITICAL SERIES. 155 (See Moore’s Life of Lord Edward.) He returned to England in 1790, and contrary to his mother’s earnest remonstrances, the Duke of Leinster returned his brother Edward to the Irish Parliament for the borough of Kildare. In October, 1792, he went to Paris. He tells his mother, “ I lodge with my friend Paine.* We breakfast, dine, and sup together. At Paris he saw the beautiful and accomplished lady, then known and celebrated by the name of Pamela, and who was designated by the surname of Sims ; but was really the daughter of the Duke of Orleans (Philippe Egalite), by Madame Genlis. In less than a month they were married at Tournay. Philippe Egalite, his son Louis Philippe (the Count de Neuilly), and Madame Genlis were present at the nuptials, and were attesting witnesses to it. On November the 18th, Lord Edward attended a Public dinner of the English at Paris to celebrate the triumph of the French armies. The most violent Republican toasts were drank ; among others, u May the Patriotic Airs of the German legion Ca ira, the Carmagnole, and the Marsellaise Hymn become the fa- vourite music of every army ; and may the soldier and the citizen join in the chorus.” As soon as this was known in England, he was dismissed from the army. In January, 1793, he arrived in London with his young bride. He now plunged into politics. He had unfortunately formed a friendship with Arthur O’Connor, but it is believed that it was not till about the beginning of the year 1796 that Lord Edward became a member of the Society of United Irishmen, one of the most formidable conspiracies ever formed against the Irish Government, and if it had not been ultimately betrayed by one of the confederates (Reynolds), might have deluged Ireland in blood, and endangered the existence of the Government.

• The Author of the Rights of Man, &c.

156 gillray’s caricatures. Lord Edward’s military knowledge rendered his accession a most important acquisition to the Society. Henceforward he was one of the principal advisers and organisers of that body. He was appointed to accompany Arthur O’Connor to Hamburgh to negociate with the French Directory for the invasion of Ireland. The failure of General Hoche’s expedition is well known. O’Connor, in company with Quigley, attempted to go to Paris by the way of Calais. They were arrested at Dover for high treason. Quigley was convicted and hanged. O’Connor was acquitted, but instantly arrested in the dock by a warrant from the Duke of Portland, and sent to Ireland. Being now convinced that Government was in possession of the fullest proofs of his guilt, and alarmed for the safety of his life, he, with several others, entered into terms with the Government, and made a full disclosure of every thing connected with the conspiracy. Lord Edward was sensible of his imminent danger, and the fatal consequences which must attend his capture. With the greatest skill he for a long time eluded pursuit ; perhaps, however, partly from the great clemency of the Government, and their desire to avoid the public execution of a man of unblemished pri- vate character, brother of the first peer of Ireland, and otherwise highly related. Even Lord Chancellor Clare, usually described as stern and inexorable, in an interview with Lord Edward’s father-in-law, Mr. Ogilvie, expressed himself, says Moore, with the most friendly warmth on the subject, “ For God’s sake get this young man out of the country ; the ports shall he thrown open to you, and no hinderance offered.” A most generous offer ! But Lord Edward was immoveable. In vain Mr. Ogilvie tried every means of argument and persuasion ; he replied, It is now out of the question ; I am too deeply pledged to these men to be able to withdraw with honour.” No alternative remained to the Government. A proclamation, offering a thousand pounds for his arrest was issued, and in May, POLITICAL SERIES* 157 17&8 , he was discovered and arrested at the house of Murphy, a feather merchant, in Thomas Street, Dublin. Lord Edward Fitzgerald had only just finished his dinner with Murphy and Neilson, and retired to his bed-room, and laid down on his bed without his coat, when the Town Major Sirr, Major Swan, who was a magistrate, and Mr. Ryan, the publisher of FaulkeneFs Journal, entered the room. Lord Edward shot Mr. Ryan in the stomach (the wound proved mortal), and wounded Swan with a dagger in two places. Lord Edward was himself wounded in the right arm, by a pistol discharged at him by Major Sirr, and after lingering a considerable time, died on the 3rd of June from the effects of the wound. It is difficult to sketch a character of this unfortunate nobleman, who in private life was uniformly courteous, frank, conciliatory and generous, a good son, an affec- tionate brother, and a most tender husband and fond father. The latter portion of his public life unfortunately presents a melancholy contrast

“We scarcely can praise him, or blame him too much.” A writer in the Quarterly Review (we believe Mr. Croker) writes thus : Johnson said, that he c delighted in that intellectual chemistry, which can separate good qualities from evil in the same person/ It is easy to make this separation in the case of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. In his private relations the generosity of his better nature were manifest; his errors (to use the lightest term) are fatally exemplified in that portion of his life which belongs unhappily to the history of his country.”—(Quarterly Review, vol. xliv. p. 213.) He must have been an extraordinary man, who could conciliate the esteem of men of such different views and opinions Party feelings too often embitter the conduct of political opponents, and dismember private friendships. The Prince of Wales was anxious to interfere 158 gillray’s caricatures. in his behalf, and declared he would have written to LordChancellor Clare to endeavour to obtain a delay of his trial., until the passions of men should be cooler, but wasafraid to do harm.* The Duke of York actually did write to Lord Clare, and was successful in his application^The Duke of Portland, Secretary of State, wrote consolatory letters to his family, and sent them bulletins ofLord Edward’s health. We have already stated the unsolicited benevolence of Lord Clare. Major-GeneralSir John Doyle, under whom he had served, writes thusafter his death: “ Of my lamented and ill-fated friend I should never tire of speaking ; I never knew so loveable a person, and every man in the army, from the General to the drummer, would cheer the expression,” It is almostsuperfluous to say his relatives were overwhelmed withaffliction at his unhappy fate.J Who does not heave a sigh, and wish that such talents and good qualities had been beneficially employed in upholding the laws, constitution, and real interests of his country. Cum Talis Esset, utinam Noster Esset ! The affectionate solicitude of his father-in-law, Mr. Ogilvie, for Lord Edward during his life, and his unremitted exertions for the welfare of his widow and children are beyond all praise. By his unwearied perseverance, unitedwith those of Lord Edward’s family, the Prince Regentconsented that a Bill should be passed to repeal his attainder. When the Bill was brought into the House of* It is pleasing to record that the Prince Regent evinced his regard for the memory of Lord Edward by giving his only son a commission in his own regiment, the 10th, as soon 'as the youth attained his sixteenth year. It is equally pleasing to add he did credit to the appointment. f The Duke of York, who had always been much attached to Lord Edward, expressed a wish to obtain some relic of his lamented friend. Mr. Watson Taylor, who had been Private Secretary to Lord Camden, hearing this, pre- sented to him the Rebel uniform of Lord Edward ; what has become of it since the Duke’s death is not known. t See Moore’s Life of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, passim. POLITICAL SERIES. 159 t Lords, Lord Holland was affected to tears, and pronounced it “ the act of a w rise, gracious, and high-minded Prince and the Muse of Byron celebrated the royal clemency. 207*. EXTIRPATION OF THE PLAGUES OF EGYPTDESTRUCTION OF REVOLUTIONARY CROCODILES;—or, THE BRITISH HERO CLEANSING THE MOUTH OF THE NILE. Oct. 6th, 1798. NELSON. On the battle of the Nile, August 1, 1798. The news of this great event arrived at the beginning of October, on the 4th of which month the metropolis was illuminated. 208. JOHN BULL TAKING A LUNCHEON ; or BRITISH COOKS CRAMMING OLD GRUMBLE GIZZARD WITH GOOD CHEER. Oct. 24th, 1798. SHERIDAN. FOX. ADMIRALS WARREN, GARDINER, HOWE, BRIDPORT, NELSON, ST. VINCENT, DUNCAN. On the splendid victories which crowned the British navy at this period. Fox, Sheridan, and the Whigs, who, it was pretended, sympathized with the republican French, are alarmed in the utmost degree, at the destruction which is going on. 209. NELSON’S VICTORY; or, GOOD NEWS OPERATING UPON LOYAL FEELINGS. Oct. 3rd, 1798. SIR F. BURDETT. DUKE OF NORFOLK. LORD LANSDOWNE. DUKE OF BEDFORD. SHERIDAN. ERSKINE. FOX. Another satire on the supposed mortification of the M 160 gillray’s caricatures. Whigs at the destruction of the French fleet. The leaders of the party are expressing their feelings in a variety ofdifferent ways. They had predicted a very different ter- mination of the war. 210. STEALING OFF; or, PRUDENT SECESSION. Nov. 6th, 1798.SHUCKBOROUGH. ERSK1NE. BURDETT. TIERNEY. SHERIDAN.M. a. taylor. fox. lord grey (as a Greyhound.) On the secession of Fox from Parliament during this session, to lament, as his party said, in his retirement, the evils which his zeal and talents could not avert. TheTories said, on the contrary, that he had deserted his post, because he could no longer conceal his mortification, that all his endeavours to do mischief had failed; and he is here represented making his exit in a panic, caused by the discoveries of his pretended secret practices with the Irish rebels, and by the recent successes of Government, accompanied only by his two faithful dogs, Grey and the diminutive M. A. Taylor. Sheridan and the rest of the partykeep their places, although thrown into the utmost confusion by the overthrow of their hopes. 211 . THE HERO OF THE NILE. Dec. 1st, 1798.NELSON. The hero of the Nile dressed in and attended with thehonours and rewards which were showered upon him for that great achievement. In the month of November LordNelson was licensed by royal authority to bear the follow- ing augmentations to his armorial ensigns, viz. “ A chief POLITICAL SERIES. 161 undulated argent, thereon waves of the sea, from which a palm tree, issuant between a disabled ship on the dexter, and a ruinous battery on the sinister, all proper and, for his crest, “ on a naval crown, or, the chelengk, or plume of triumph,’5 presented to him by the Sultan, as an ac- knowledgment of his services in the recent great victory ; with the motto, Palmam qui meruit ferat ;* and to his ori- ginal supporters, which were a sailor on the dexter, and a lion on the sinister, he was allowed the augmentations fol- lowing, viz. i£ In the hand of the sailor, a palm branch, and another in the paw of the lion, both proper, with the addition of a tri-coloured flag and staff in the mouth of the latter.5 ’ Gillray has represented Nelson’s arms, as thus augmented, with some slight improvements of his own. 212. FIGHTING FOR THE DUNGHILL; or, JACKTAR SETTLING BONAPARTE. Nov. 20th, I?98. John Bull giving Boney his “ bellyfull.’ 5 This subject needs no explanation. 213. DESTRUCTION OF THE FRENCH COLOSSUS. Nov. 1st, 1798. Another illustration of the feeling of exultation caused in England by the recent successes of the British flag. The

• Palman qui meruit ferat. We have often been asked from what author

the motto of Lord Nelson’s arms is taken. The words occur in the last stanza of an ode of Jortin, “Ad Ventos,” written in 1727. We will transcribe the passage, that a reader who may not be already acquainted with it, may see the peculiar felicity of the application. “ Concurrant pariter ratibus rates : Spectent Numina Ponti, et Palmau qui meruit, ferat.” See Jortin’s Tracts, vol. i. p. 17. 162 gillray’s caricatures. colossus of French revolutionary tyranny was not, however, yet overthrown, and it required some years to fulfil the anticipations embodied in this allegory. 214. IMPROVEMENT IN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES;or, SIR JOHN SINCLAIR DISCOVERING THEBALANCE OF THE BRITISH FLAG. Dec, 1st, 1798. SIR JOHN SINCLAIR. In this print the tall figure of Sir John Sinclair is seen weighing, with a pair of stilliards, 44 the Navy of England,” with the following inscriptions—

to be retained, viz. 50,000 Seamen, and half a dozen Ships of War, and6,000,000 Sailors to be sent to plant Potatoes.” 44 Advantages of Cold CEconomy.” 44 10,000 heavy Reasons for giving the Enemy a fair Chance of getting out of their Ports.” Vegetables, &c., are attached, and a cap of liberty, with a tri-coloured cockade, depends from the bottom. Across the beam of the stilliards is inscribed 4 ‘ ViveiAEgalite ;” round the staff of the stilliards the flag of the British navy is entwined. Behind him is seen a 44 ATable of Weights and Measures, laid down upon the true democratic principle of the Stilliards of Egalite.” By his side are 44 Improvement in the Art of Political Dunging,”44 Pursuits of Agriculture,” 44 The Apostate Laird, a Parliamentary Romance, together with the 44 Loss of the Agricultural Chair,”* &c. Sir John Sinclair is astonished to see the British flag in the ascendancy, and completely outweigh the collective objects of his favourite pursuits. This spirited caricature was provoked by a speech of

• An allusion to the Ministers turning him out of the Presidential Chair

of the Board of Agriculture. POLITICAL SERIES. 163 Sir John Sinclair on the Navy Estimates on the 27th of November, 1798. On the preceding day Lord Arden, one of the Lords of the Amiralty, had moved that 120,000 men be employed for the sea service. The next day, on the bringing up the Report, Sir John said—“ He hesitated not to declare that 110,000 men was the utmost to which we could possibly go, with any attention to propriety. The principal grounds on which he rested this opinion was, the ruined state of the French navy, and the skill and spirit uniformly displayed by our own. He urged the necessity of public economy, and the prudence of a gradual disbandment of our soldiers and sailors, and leaving hands sufficient for the purposes of agriculture and commerce.” (See. Hansard, vol. xxxiii. p. 1562.) Mr. (afterwards Sir John Sinclair), may justly be ranked amongst the eminent men of the reign of George III. He was born in Thurso Castle, in the county of Caithness, on 10th of May, 1754. At the general election in 1780, he was returned to Parliament as representative of his native county, and continued a member of the House of Commons for upwards of thirty years. He entered Parliament unfettered by party connections, and gave his support to Lord North. He was an assiduous attendant on his Parliamentary duties, and soon evinced talents, and a knowledge of business. We shall, however, pass at once to the formation of PitPs administration in 1784, as he then began to take a more active and prominent part in general politics and financial measures. The celebrated Westminster Scrutiny engaged public attention, and was generally condemned by the friends, as well as the opponents, of the Minister. It was viewed as a measure intended to ruin a rival by the enormity of the expense, and each member considered a similar engine, might be employed against himself at some future election. Early in 1785, Mr. Sinclair addressed a private remonstrance to the Minister, pointed out in very friendly, but energetic 164 gillray’s caricatures. terms* the unpopularity of the scrutiny* and suggested a mode of putting an end to it without discredit, or appear- ance of defeat. The unwelcome communication made noimpression on Pitt, and in the plenitude of his power, hewas deserted by his friends, and left in a minority, andMr. Fox seated for Westminster. Mr. Pitt had also the mortification of receiving from the King a private letter, on March 20* 1?85* in which he complains of havingheard that* Mr. Pitt had stated to some of his friends* that his motion for Parliamentary Reform had been defeated by the secret influence of his Majesty* and the Kingadds this cutting sarcasm, “ The conduct of some of Mr.Pitt’s most intimate friends on the Westminster Scrutiny, shews, there are questions* men will not, by friendship* bebiassed to adopt.” (See Tomline’s Life of Pitt* vol. i. 4to. p. 450.) Mr. Sinclair also privately remonstratedwith Mr. Pitt on some of the clauses in his East IndiaBill, and reminded him that, as we had recently lost America* chiefly through unwise Parliamentary Legislation* how necessary it was to guard against exciting anyjealousy among the East Indians. Neither remonstranceproduced an effect, and Sinclair began to suspect that theyoung minister was impatient of control or remonstrance,either public or private —perhaps, however, it may be fair to surmise that the member for Caithness did not view withcomplacency the neglect of his useful suggestions. In 1785 Mr. Sinclair put forth the first volume* in quarto* of an important work, a “ History of the PublicRevenue from the earliest Period to the Time of Publication.” No similar work had appeared ; particular periodshad been treated of, but no systematic history* embracingthe whole financial history of the British empire had beenpublished. The utility, accuracy* and value of this workwas universally recognised by the statesmen of the period.In the course of the work he had occasion to institute acomparison between the system of taxation adopted in POLITICAL SERIES. 165 England and France, and condemned the unequal system of taxation and class exemption which prevailed in France, and the general corruption in the administration of the finances of that country. He adds this remarkable observation (the reader will recollect it was written in 1785), it may be considered the earliest prediction of the French Revolution. “ The Court of France, like every other arbitrary administration, is nothing but a faction, confederated together for the government of that great and powerful kingdom ; and this faction is upheld, and re- ceives perpetual accessions from the hopes that every individual belonging to it entertains of having some share in the plunder of the nation. But if ever these hopes are destroyed,—if ever frugality is carried to any extreme,—if all expectations of sharing in the spoils,—if these public hopes are annihilated, —if the power of the faction should cease, a revolution would be the consequence.” The embarassment of the French finances induced Lewis XYI. to call Necker to his councils. He discharged the duties of First Minister of Finance with zeal and ability, and introduced a real and substantial reform in the administration of the French system of taxation. The consequences predicted by Sinclair in 1785 followed,—the Revolution ensued. We have already stated that the publication of Sinclair’s “ History of the Revenue” was received with general approbation, and it has sustained its reputation. Many years afterwards, Mr. Rush, the American Ambassador in London, asked Mr. Yansittart, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, “ What was regarded as the best account of the British finances ?’’ He said, “ It was difficult to arrive at a knowledge of them from any single work ; but, on the whole, he considered Sir John Sinclair’s, for the period it embraced, as the most satisfac- tory.”* (See Rush’s Account of his Residence in London.) In 1784, Mr. Pitt had offered a baronetcy to Mr. Sin-

• The best Edition is in 3 vols. 8vo.

166 G1LLRAY S CARICATURES. clair; and, on the 2nd of November, wrote a letter, telling him he had been rambling in the country during the Recess, but he should return to town very shortly, and would see it carried into effect. As the baronetcy was not conferred until the 14th of February, 1786, we many infer “ the Friendly Remonstrances/5 and some symptoms of independent voting might defer the creation. The baronetcy did not, however, compromise his independence, as was soon evinced by his conduct in the proceedings against Warren Hastings. He considered Hastings had supported the interests, extended the empire of the English in the East Indies, and enriched his native country by his able government. He therefore voted against his impeachment, more particularly as the proceedings against him appeared to be carried on with a spirit of persecution, rather than the calmness of a judicial inquiry. He was indignant that his independent vote, in a solemn legal investigation, should give offence. In a letter to Hastings, he says, “ but, after all, there are many difficulties to struggle with. I am muchless afraid of your open enemies than of hollow friends. I suspect that Pitt and Dundas are particularly hostile. They have never forgiven me for voting against the impeachment, and are now so inveterate as to be actually carrying on an opposition to me in my own county, with every exertion of influence that Government can muster.55 Sinclair became now gradually estranged from Pitt. Hesupported Fox on the Regency Question . In 1790 he formed the project of a Statistical History of Scotland, an undertaking which, at that time, had never been paralleled by an individual, we believe we might add, nor by any society nor public institution in Europe. Heproposed to publish an account of every Parish in Scotland, its History, Antiquities, Population, Habits, and the Condition of the People, and of its Soil, Cultivation, and Present State. This gigantic effort, and the expenses attending it, might well have appalled the stoutest nerves ; but he POLITICAL SERIES. 167 delighted in overcoming difficulties. He saw at once that this object could only be obtained by the assistance of the parochial clergy of Scotland., and he resolved to enlist the sympathy of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. That intelligent body entered immediately into his views, and passed an unanimous vote to contribute, with all expedition in their power, to complete a work of such apparent utility. Thus encouraged, and with a view to give an uniformity to his work, he drew up a series of one hundred and sixty queries, arranged under the heads of “ Geography, Natural History, Population, Productions, and Miscellaneous subjects.” The success was beyond his most sanguine expectations. The first volume was published in 1791,* and the entire work was eventually completed in 21 vols. 8vo. In 1825 he published an Analysis, or condensed account of the whole in 2 vols. 8vo. A new and revised edition of the entire work has been printed since his death. His activity was untiring : he now became the chief promoter of the African Association, whose object was to promote the cause of science and humanity. “ The result of their labours,” says Murray, “ has thrown new lustre on the British name, and widely extended the boundaries of human knowledge.” (See Murray’s African Discoveries, vol. i. p. 5.) Among the most valuable services to the public performed by Sir John Sinclair was the formation of a “Society for the Improvement of British Wool,” at Edinburgh, in January, 1791, “which, says the Rev. J. Sinclair, the

• It is remarkable that the words Statistics and Statistical were so little known in the British Nomenclature of Economic Science, that they could not

be found in any English Dictionary. Walker adopted them, and Todd has introduced them into his edition of Johnson’s English Dictionary ; and Richardson, in his admirable Dictionary, thus inserts ei Statistick (Fr. Statis- que) is a word for which we are said to be indebted to a living writer (meaning Sir John Sinclair.) Statistic is applied to every thing that pertains to a State—its population, soil, produce, &c.” 168 gillray's caricatures. depressed state of pastoral economy, rendered peculiarly necessary. Wool had for centuries been the staple commodity of Great Britain,* but attention to it had of late been most strangely neglected, and few combined a theoretical with a practical knowledge of the subject. The consequence was, English Wool, had greatly deteriorated.w The Society proved eminently beneficial in reviving due attention to this national object. We will now conduct the reader to the breaking out of the war in 1793. England had enjoyed ten years peace, and the commercial treaty with France had led to an extensive trade with that country. No sooner was war declared, than a sudden stoppage of the exports to that country ensued. The unexpected event struck terror into the merchants. Perhaps the

1. greatest commercial

panic which had ever occurred in Great Britain, now prevailed. Universal distrust predominated throughout the kingdom. To add to the calamity, the Bank and Bankers, refused to discount to any extent for their best and oldest customers. The trade of the merchants and manufacturers, might be said to be suspended. TheMinisters seemed astounded and paralysed by the extent of the commercial convulsion. But neither they, nor the merchants themselves, could suggest any plan for the relief or mitigation of the general distress ; when Sir John Sinclair communicated to Dundas a plan he had devised, and

• In a scarce and curious little volume, entitled “ The Golden Fleece/’ by W. S., 1657, 12mo. p. 2, the following enthusiastic panegyric on the importance of wool to the trade, manufactures, and prosperity of England,

occurs. It would have delighted Sir John Sinclair. “ Wool is the flower AND STRENGTH, THE REVENUE AND BLOUD OF ENGLAND ; a bond Uniting the people into societies and fraternities for their own utility ; the milk and honey of the grazier and countryman, the gold and spices of the West and East India to the merchant and citizen ; in a word, the Exchequer of Wealth, and Sceptre of Protection to them, as well at home as abroad, and therefore of full merit to be had in remembrance, defence, and encou- ragement.” POLITICAL SERIES. 169 desired him to lay it before Pitt. The Minister was struck with its originality, boldness, and efficacy of the plan, but alarmed at the extent of the risk the nation would incur by its adoption. Mr. Pitt desired an interview with Sir John, who convinced him both of the expediency and safety of the proposed plan for the relief of trade. The proposition was, that an Act should be passed authorising His Majesty to issue five millions of Exchequer bills, which twenty unpaid Commissioners should be empowered to lend in various sums to merchants and traders, who could give adequate security for the repayment. The Act was passed in May 1793. The effect was almost magical. Trade revived, and confidence was restored; and so beneficial was the result of this bold and novel operation, that it has since been successfully repeated in periods of commercial panic. The projection and organization of this measure, was sufficient to confer celebrity on any man ; and so sensible was Mr. Pitt of the magnitude and value of the benefit derived by the public, that he very honourably proclaimed it in the most unqualified manner, and in a letter addressed to Sir John Sinclair, says, cc there is no man to whom Government is more indebted for support and useful information on various occasions than to yourself, and if you have any object in view, I should attend to it with pleasure.” Sir John Sinclair replied to this courteous letter, that Ci he sought no favour on his own behalf, but that the reward most gratifying to his feelings, would be the support of the Minister to the Institution by Parliament of a great national Corporation, to be called the Board of Agriculture.” Another interview took place between Mr. Pitt and Sir J. Sinclair. The Minister consented to the; establish- ment of a Board of Agriculture, with an annual allowance of £3500, to be placed under the management of unpaid i7o GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. Commissioners. With the sanction of the Minister, therefore, Sir J. Sinclair introduced a Bill into Parliament, on the 15th of May, 1793, “he pointed out the advantages which would result from an improved breed of Farming Stock, from improved Instruments of Husbandry, and from the general adoption of useful practices peculiar to certain districts, and also from the introduction of foreign discoveries in Agriculture into our own country.5 ’ The Act was passed, and he was unanimously elected President at the first meeting of the Board. He continued to preside over it for several years ; but having been dissatisfied with the management of the war, and the prodigal expenditure of the Government, he took an active part in the formation of a Third Party, whose great objects were to procure Peace ; and if peace were unattainable, to carry on the war with greater vigour, united with greater economy ; and also to effect some Reform in the Representation of the People. Upon this the Ministers resolved to eject him from the Presidential Chair of the Board of Agriculture. This was effected with great difficulty, and only by the votes of the official members, who voted in right of their offices, and who had never attended before ; yet even by those means Ministers only carried the election against him by a majority of one. Many of the Tory members were disgusted by the exercise of Ministerial influence in the election of the President of a purely Scientific Institution. A vote of thanks for his conduct in the chair passed unanimously, and was ordered to be transmitted to him by the newly elected President, Lord Somerville, who had allowed his name to be put in nomination with the greatest reluctance. The Archbishop of York (Dr, Markham), wrote a letter of condolence to him, in which he stated that, “ he had been applied to by Ministers, but that he would not be made a tool to do a POLITICAL SERIES. 171 dishonourable act. 5 ’ Eight years afterwards, on the death of Lord Somerville, he was earnestly solicited to resume the Presidentship, and he consented. His agricultural reputation was not confined to his own country. In April, 1800, Otto, the Ambassador from the Consular Government of France, applied to Sir John Sinclair, for a list of the Works relating to Agriculture, as were most likely to promote the internal improvement of France. While complying with this request. Sir John Sinclair inclosed copies of a paper he had drawn up on experimental farms and circular cottages. The French Government transmitted his plans and papers to the National Institute, who submitted them to the examination of two of their members, Tessier and Cels, who reported favourably on them. The National Institute voted their thanks to Sir John, and expressed their admiration of his exertions in the cause of humanity. We may now hurry over the remaining portion of his life. Mr. Percival considered Sir John had rendered such important services by his speeches and pamphlets on the Bullion Question, or, as Cobbett would have called it, in the contest of ee Paper against Gold,55 that in July, 1811, he appointed him Cashier of the Board of Excise in Scotland, with a salary of £2000 per annum ; “a sum (says his son, the Rev. John Sinclair), much smaller than the interest of the debt he had accumulated as President of the Board of Agriculture.’5 This appointment disqualified him from sitting in the House of Commons, and his public life may be said to have terminated. In 1807 he had published his Code of Health and Longevity. In 1811 he published his Code of Agriculture, in one volume octavo. Mr. Coke, of Norfolk (an oracle on this subjeci) told Mr. Rush, “ He considered the Code of Agriculture, the most useful work on the subject.5 ’ Weshall conclude with Sir John Sinclair’s remarks on the Codean System. “ The object of this system was the 172 gillray’s caricatures. Condensation of Human Knowledge. Knowledge (he used to say) scattered promiscuously through a multitude of books, resembles ore in amine; but knowledge collected, arranged and condensed, is like the pure metal separated from the dross, substantial, portable, accessible and useful.” (See the Rev. J. Sinclair’s Life of his Father, passim.) Sir John Sinclair died May 21, 1835. His family wished the funeral to have been strictly private, but the magistrates of Edinburgh, and a deputation from the Highland Society, requested permission to pay their lastTRIBUTE OF RESPECT TO A MAN, WHOM THEY CONSIDERED TO HAVE BEEN A PUBLIC BENEFACTOR. 215 . HORRORS OF THE IRISH UNION; BOTHERATION OF POOR PAT; or, A WHISPER ACROSSTHE CHANNEL. Dec. 24th, 1798. TIERNEY. FOX. M. A . TAYLOR. A humorous caricature on the opposition shewn to the project of the Irish Union, when it was first agitated at the end of 1798, after the entire suppression of the rebellion. Pat is thoroughly 66 bothered” between the alluring offers of the lady (Britannia), and the awful warnings of the Opposition. 216 . MEETING OF THE MONIED INTEREST;—CONSTITUTIONAL OPPOSITION TO THETEN PER CENT. ;—i.e. JOHN BULL’S FRIENDSALARMED BY THE NEW TAX. Dec. 13^, 1798. SIR W. PULTENE Y. LORD MOIRA. COL. TARLETON . SIR J. SINCLAIR. TIERNEY. M. A. TAYLOR. HORNE TOOKE. LORD STANHOPE. FOX. SIR J. SHUCKBOROUGH. ERSKINE. DUKE OF BEDFORD. D. OF NORFOLK. LORD DERBY. NICHOLLS. SIR F. BTJRDETT. Fox is addressing the principal Members of Opposition, and denouncing in the most energetic manner the proposed income-tax. They respond in terms equally energetic. POLITICAL SERIES® 173 The enormous expenditure caused by the military and naval armaments of England, and the ruinous amount of the subsidies remitted to our Allies, had drained England of her metallic stores, and completely changed the face of the monetary and fiscal system of England. Burke in his Reflections on the Revolution of France in 1790, had contrasted with just pride the relative monetary situations of France and England. In France, gold and silver, the representatives of the conventional credit of mankind had disappeared, and a forced paper currency was the only cir- culating medium : —

In England not one shilling of paper money of any description is received, but of choice, the whole has had its origin in cash actually deposited, and is convertible at pleasure in an instant, and without the smallest loss, into cash again. Our paper is of value in commerce, because in law it is of none. It is powerful on ^ Change, because in Westminster Hall it is impotent. In payment of a debt of twenty shillings a creditor may re- fuse all the paper of the Bank of England.” But these halcyon days w T ere passed. The Bank, by its improvident advances to the Government had been compelled to suspend cash payments. One and two pound notes were now issued for the first time in England, and formed material ingredients in the circulating medium

taxation had been raised in every department ; the duties in the Customs and Excise had been seriously in- creased ; these, however, and the triple assessment of the assessed taxes did not equal the public expenditure The Land-tax, too, which had hitherto been an annual grant, was made perpetual, and actually sold ; still the exigencies of the state required further supplies. One resource re- mained,—to substitute an income tax of 10 per cent, for the triple assessment of the assessed taxes, by which a large revenue would be derived from landed proprietors, rich bankers, merchants, fund-holders, lodgers, and others who contributed but little, in proportion to their means. The Minister estimated the probable produce of the tax at 174 gillray’s caricatures. ten millions. The inquisitorial nature of this tax excited general discontent. Meetings were called in every county, city, and borough, to oppose it. Pitt, however, persevered ; the oppressive weight of the tax was admitted, but justified by state necessity. With a view to mitigate in some degree the severity of the pressure on persons with large families, a deduction of ten per cent, on the income tax, was allowed to persons who had above a certain number of children. The Duke of Northumberland did not hesitate to avail himself of this clause. We can make a large al- lowance for the violence of party politics, for indignation against a war, said to be rashly entered on, and badly conducted ; but the days of chivalry were indeed gone, when the representative of the title, honours, and domains of the noble and illustrious House of Percy, could stoop to claim a deduction for his children, and publicly register them as a burthen, entitling him to relief. This exposed him to merited obloquy and ridicule, particularly in a satirical ballad, which deserves to be rescued from the ephemeral fate, usually attending such effusions. It is a happy parody on Chevy Chace. Party politics are transient, but wit survives, when the circumstance in which it originated is forgotten, or sunk into insignificance. CHEVY CHACE. God prosper long our noble King, Our lives and safeties all

A woeful story late there did In Britain's Isle befall. Duke Smithson of Northumberland,

A vow to God did make ; The choicest gifts in fair England, . For him and his to take. * Sir Hugh Smithson married the Lady Elizabeth, daughter and only child of the Duke of Northumberland, who died in 1750. In the same year, he obtained an Act of Parliament, authorising him to assume the surname and arms of Percy. In 1767, the King created him Earl Percy, and Duke of Northumberland. The hero of this ballad was the eldest son of this marriage. POLITICAL SERIES. 175 Excise and Customs, Church and Law, I’ve begg’d from Master Rose; The garter too,—but still the Blues I’ll have, or I’ll oppose.

• • Now, God be with him,” quoth the King, “ Sith ’twill no better be ; lt I trust we have within our realm “ Five hundred good as he.” And soon a law, like arrow keen, Or spear, or curtal-axe, Struck poor Duke Smithson to the heart In shape of Powder Tax.

Sore leaning on his crutch, he cried, “ Crop, crop, my merry men all

il No guinea for your heads I’ll pay> “ Though Church and State should fall.” Again the taxing-man appear’d™ No deadlier foe could be ; A schedule of a cloth-yard long, Within his hand bore he. “ Yield thee, Duke Smithson, and behold “ The assessments thou must pay ; “ Dogs, horses, houses, coaches, clocks,* “ And servants in array.” “ Nay,” quoth the Duke, “ in thy black scroll “ Deductions I espye,

<l For those who poor, and mean and low, “ With children burthen’d lie. “ And tho’ full sixty thousand pounds “ My vassals pay to me, e‘ From Cornwall to Northumberland, le Through many a fair country. “ Yet England’s Church, its King, its Laws, u It’s cause I value not, “ Compared with this my constant text, “ ‘ A penny saved is got.’

• A tax had recently been imposed on watches.N

176 gillray’s caricatures. “ No drop of princely Percy’s blood* ‘ ‘ Through these cold veins doth run

u With Hotspur's castles, blazon, name, “ I still am poor Smithson. “ Let England’s youth unite in arms, “ And every liberal hand “ With honest zeal subscribe their mite, “ To save their native land. “ I at St. Martin's Vestry Board “ To swear shall be content, “ That I have children eight, and claim ‘ f Deductions ten per cent." God bless us from all factious foes, And French fraternal kiss ; And grant the King may never make Another Duke like this. 217. CITIZENS VISITING THE BASTILE. Jan. lGth, 1799.SIB- F. BURDETT. On some conversation which took place in the HouseofCommons on the oppressions exercised in prisons, andespecially in the new state prison in Coldbath Fields, whichwas now popularly characterized as the Bastille, and whichwas also known among offenders as the College. SirFrancis Burdett having received private information ofgreat and scandalous abuses being practised upon themiserable inmates of that prison, visited it, and, havingassured himself of the facts, brought the subject beforeParliament, and excited public indignation against the dis-cipline of the prison. The Home Secretary, therefore, gave* The late Duke of Hamilton paid a visit to the Duke of Northumberlandone autumn, on his road to Scotland. They were taking a ride together onthe Cheviot Hills, when the Duke of Northumberland turned round, and,without consideration, said, “ My Lord, many years have elapsed since aPercy and Douglas met on these hills.” The pride of the Douglas wastouched, and he haughtily replied, “ Nor have they now.” POLITICAL SERIES, 177- orders to the Governor, Airis, not to admit the Baronet again. At a subsequent period, an examination of the charges proved that the management of this prison was an outrage upon humanity, and Airis himself received punishment for his conduct* A reference to the debate in the House of Commons will explain the complaint here put into the mouth of Sir Francis ; it may be observed, merely, that one part of them refers to a statement that an unfortunate woman, imprisoned for disorderly conduct, was confined in an unhealthy cell, and was not allowed even medical attention, although she was known to be suffering under the loathsome disease to which her wretched calling exposed her. 218. BUONAPARTE HEARING OF NELSON’S VICTORY, SWEARS BY HIS SWORD TO EXTIRPATE THE ENGLISH FROM OFF THE EARTH.Dec. 8th, 1798. Another caricature, which needs no other explanation than a reference to Buonaparte’s vain-glorious boasting after the disaster which had overwhelmed the French fleet at the mouth of the Nile. It may be observed, that Napoleon’s features were not at this time w T ell known to the English caricaturists. 219. THE APOTHEOSIS OF HOCHE. 1798. One of Gillray’s finest conceptions, in which all the crimes of the French revolution are crowded before our sight in a vast emblematical panorama. General Hoche was par excellence the General of the Republic ; and his name was more particularly familiar to English ears, from the circumstance of his having been designated as the com- mander of the army for the invasion of Ireland. 178 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. 220. SIEGE DE LA COLONNE DE POMPEE.SCIENCE IN THE PILLORY. On the Institute of Egypt, formed by the body of Frenchsavans who accompanied the French army under Napoleon into Egypt, to make scientific observations in thecountries about to be conquered. This print, like the onepreceding, is sufficiently explained by the inscriptions. 221 . EGYPTIAN SKETCHES. March 12th, 1799.The expedition to Egypt was made a frequent subject ofsatire in England. The series of subjects here presentedto us by Gillray was intended more especially to ridiculethe Institute founded by Napoleon at Cairo, and the proceedings of the French savans who accompanied the in-vading army. A monkey, as the republican commander,is seen attempting to place the cap of liberty on the apexof the great pyramid, while his progress is somewhat impeded by the eagerness of Folly, represented as a nakedphilosopher, to share in the exploit. Even the Sphynxeshave become Frenchified. 222. l/INSURRECTION DE L1NSTITUT AMPHIBIE.—THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE. March 12th9 1799.We have here a forcible example of the pursuit of knowledge under difficulties. The republican naturalists havecommenced rather unpropitiously with an attempt to tameand utilize the crocodile. 223. LTNFANTERIE FRANCAISE EN *EGYPTE—LEGENERAL ASNE CONVERTED TO IBRAHIMBEY. March 12th, 1799.It appears that it was found necessary to mount the POLITICAL SERIES. 17 $ troops in the Egyptian campaign upon asses, a circumstance which could not fail to furnish subject for satire. It seems doubtful whether the commander, or the animal which carries him, is giving the word of command. 224. PRAETOR URBANUS;—INAUGURATION OF THECOPTIC MAYOR OF CAIRO, PRECEDED BYTHE PROCUREUR DE LA COMMUNE. March 12th, 1 709. On the scheme for a new political and municipal constitution of the city of Cairo. 225. THEOLOGIE A LA TURQUE—THE PALE OFTHE CHURCH OF MAHOMET. March 12th, 1799. Philosophy brought to a nonplus. The free notions of the French theologians are represented as proving by no means satisfactory to the Mahometan doctors, who are using the advantages which force has placed at their dis- posal. The renegade in the distance is covering his head with a turban to save a less honourable part of his body. 226. MAMALUCK ET HUSSARD REPUBLICAIN.GENERAL RESULT OF BUONAPARTE’SATTACK UPON IBRAHIM BEY’S REARGUARD. March 12th, 1799. In this print a French hussar is flying from the murderous attack of his Mamaluke assailant. On his sword is inscribed, “ Vaincre ou Courir’’—Victory or Flight. 180 gillray’s caricatures. 227. TIRAILLEUR FRANCAIS, ET CHEVAL LEGERDE L^ARMEE DU PACHA DE RHODES.EVOLUTIONS OF FRENCH MOUNTED RIFLEMEN. March I2tk, 1799. Another example of the advantages derived from the new style of mounting of the French cavalry. In the preceding plate we see the advantage of the ass by its swift- ness in the flight ; here it shines by its steadiness in the conflict. 228. SUPPOSED TO BE A CORRECT REPRESENTATION OF A MAMALUKE CHIEF. Dec. 1 st, 1798. This, though not belonging to the foregoing series, is connected with them by its subject. It is evidently not a design of Gillray’s, though it may owe something to his imagination. Perhaps it may have been taken from a rude sketch made by some one who was in Egypt in this war. 229. EXHIBITION OF A DEMOCRATIC TRANSPARENCY, WITH ITS EFFECT UPON PATRIOTICFEELINGS. April 15th, 1799. ERSKINE. TIERNEY. FOX. SIR J. SINCLAIR. M. A. TAYLOR. DUKE OF NORFOLK. SHERIDAN. SIR F. BURDETT. NICHOLLS. LORD MOIRA. DUKE OF BEDFORD. LORD DERBY. On the secret Committee appointed by the House ofCommons to inquire into the proceedings and designs ofthe political societies in Ireland and England. The report of this Committee pointed out an alleged and continued treasonable correspondence with the French Republicans, and was made the ground in Ireland for severe state pro- POLITICAL SERIES. 181 seditions, which are pretended to have cast dismay into the Liberal party in England. They are here represented as terror-struck at the discovery of their designs. Thelatter circumstance is represented by the four-fold trans- parency, in which the English Whigs are seen carrying into effect the lessons they had received from French democracy. 230. NEW PANTHEON OF DEMOCRATIC MYTHOLOGY. May 7 th, 1799. Another series of satirical representations of the party, but which appears not to have been completed according to the author’s full design. The attributes of the various deities thrown out of the fool’s-cap of liberty before the democratic altar, need no explanation. 231. HERCULES REPOSING. May 7th , 1799. FOX. The great leader of the Whigs had at this time seceded from his place in the political arena, and was living in temporary retirement at St. Anne’s Hill. He has here hung his harp upon the willow, while the apples of discord are rotting at his feet. The political Hercules boasts the skin of an ass, instead of the lion skin of his prototype; and his supposed declining popularity is alluded to by the figure of Fame tottering on the summit of her temple. 232. MARS. May 7th, 1799. GENERAL WALPOLE. On the fiery zeal of General Walpole, one of the warmest advocates of the liberal principles of the Whig Opposition. The crest of his helmet is a diabolical Sans-culotte, with a cap of liberty on his head. 182 gillray’s caricatures. 233. HARPIES DEFILING THE FEAST. May 7th, 1799. TIERNEY. SIR J. SHUCKBOROUGH. JEKYLL. The three political harpies defiling John Bull’s favourite roast beef, plum pudding, and porter, with their democratic pollutions. 234. CUPID. May 7 th, 1799. NICHOLES. Gillfay has introduced Nicholls into his “ New Pantheon v in the character of Cupid. He was blind of one eye, and his features were remarkably plain. His elocution was ungraceful, and his action generally much too vehement. He exhibited the contortions of the Sybil, without her inspiration. He is thus pleasantly alluded to in a duet between Fox and Horne Tooke, in the AntiJacobin

“ Fox.—Well, now my favourite preacher’s Nic/cle, He keeps for Pitt a rod in pickle ; His gestures fright th’ astonish’d gazers, His sarcasms cut like Packwood’s razors.” 235. THE TWIN STARS, CASTOR AND POLLUX. May 7 th, 1799. BERKLY. STURT. Two of the Whig politicians of the day, who were equally celebrated as opponents of the Ministry, and as brewers of ale. 236. TllE AFFRIGHTED CENTAUR, AND LIONBRITANIQUE. May 1th, 1799. DURE OE BEDFORD. The Duke of Bedford was celebrated for his taste for sporting—the turf as well as the chace. However, he is POLITICAL SERIES. 183 here represented under the form of the Centaur, half manand half horse. The roar set up against him by the British lion, or at least put into the lion’s mouth, was a sufficient subject for alarm. 237. THE INEXPRESSIBLE AIR OF DIGNITY. March Stli, 1803. THE DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH; The Duke of Marlborough of this period was distin- guished as a fop. This figure was being pointed out as a broad contrast to all our notions of the warlike character of the illustrious hero who first obtained the dukedom. 239. A MAN OF IMPORTANCE. May 1 6th, 1799. THE EARL OF MOIRA. A nobleman frequently attacked by the Tory press ofthis period, on account of the part he took in Irish politics. The verses are taken from the AntbJacobin, a Tory journal remarkable for its bitterness. He voted, however, for the Union, in opposition to his own party, the Whigs, whowere generally opposed to that measure. 240. FIELD-MARSHAL COUNT SU WARROW-ROMNISKOY. May 23rd, 1799. The great and sanguinary General of the EmperorPaul I. of Russia. In the middle of April, 1799, heassumed the command of the Austro-Russian armies in Italy, and gained repeated successes against the Frenchin Italy during Buonaparte^s absence in the East ; but his career was at length checked by Massena in Switzerland. His victories had made his name popular in England,and procured him the honour of this plate. He died in the year following (1800.) 184 gillray’s caricatures. 241. THE STATE OF THE WAR; or, THE MONKEYRACE IN DANGER. May 20th, 1799. This print appeared in the midst of the successes of the Russians and Austrians in Italy, and when Buonaparte had been driven by the Turks, aided by Sir Sidney Smith and the English, from before Acre. The Republicans, under the old satirical disguise of monkeys, are roughly treated by the Eastern crescent, the Russian bear, the Austrian eagle, and the English lion. A few months shewed the emptiness of the boasts embodied in Gillray’s caricature, and saw some of the parties here triumphant bowing before a power which they had affected to despise. 242. THE HIGH GERMAN METHOD OF DESTROYING VERMIN AT RATSTADT. May 22nd, 1799. This is a not very generous or just satire on an act which cast disgrace at least upon Austria. On the 28th of April, 1799, the French Plenipotentiaries at Radstadt, Bonnier, and Roberjot, were waylaid and assassinated near that town, by a troop of Szeckler’s hussars, or persons in their uniform. Jean Debry was also left for dead, but he reco- vered. This breach of the law of nations excited the utmost indignation in France. 243. INDEPENDENCE. June 9th, 1 799. TYRWHITT JONES. Gillray has put into the mouth of Tyrwhitt Jones this speech : — I am an independent man, Sir, and I don’t care that, who hears me say so ! I don’t like wooden shoes ! No, Sir, nor French wooden shoes ; no, nor English wooden shoes, neither ; and as to the tall gentleman over the way, POLITICAL SERIES. 185I can tell him I am no Pizarro ! I’ll not hold up the devil’s tail to fish for a place, or a pension ! I’m no skulker.No, nor no seceder neither ! I’ll not keep out of the way,for fear of being told my own ! Here’s my place, andhere I ought to speak. I warrant I’ll not sneak into taverns to drink humbug toasts that I am afraid toexplain—not I ! My motto is, c Independence and OldEngland,’ and that for all the rest of the world. There that ! —that ! —that !” We cannot trace to what speech this alludes. Pizarrowas brought out on the 24th of May ; the print is datedJune the 9th. The occurrence must, therefore, have takenplace in this interval, because he calls Sheridan “ Pizarro.”There is not the slightest allusion to any attack of this description made upon Sheridan by Tyrwliitt Jones, or anyother speaker, reported in Hansard’s Debates during theperiod. The allusion to humbug toasts, &c., is intended to refer to the speeches and toasts at the Whig Club. The collectors of prints call the first impressions ofthe “ March to Finchley” “ the Sunday print,” becauseHogarth by mistake dated it on a Sunday. Gillray hashere made a similar mistake. June the 9th, 1799, was ona Sunday. 244 . PIZARRO CONTEMPLATING OVER THE PRODUCT OF HIS NEW PERUVIAN MINE. June 4th, 1799.SHERIDAN. “ A man so various that he seemed to be Not one, but all mankind’s epitome.”* “ Whatever Sheridan has done,” says Lord Byron, “hasbeen par excellence, always the best of its kind. He haswritten the best comedy, the best opera, the best farce, and* From Dryden’s Character of Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, author of the “ Rehearsal.” 186 GILLRAy’s CARICATURES. the best address (the monody on Garrick), and to crown all, delivered the very best oration ever conceived in this country.” It would be presumption to add one syllable upon Sheridan’s dramatic works, after citing the above panegyric of Lord Byron ; but it may not be superfluous to inform the rising generation, and those who are not yet fully ac- quainted with the merits of Sheridan’s dramas, that his dramatic works and monody on Garrick have been published in a very neat volume in duodecimo by H.G. Bohn. The speech referred to by Lord Byron is that delivered in Westminster Hall, on Hastings’s trial, on opening the charge relative to the Begum Princesses of Oude ; but before adverting to that, it will be proper to notice, that he had brought forward the same charge in the House of Commons on Feb. 17s 17^7* For five hours and a half he delighted and astonished the House, and at the conclusion of his speech, Fox and Burke pronounced the most glowing eulogiums on it ; Pitt declared it had surpassed all eloquence of ancient and modern times.* “ Though the wondering senate hung on all he spoke,” a more arduous task, and greater triumph still remained to him. The impeachment was carried, and it became Sheridan’s province to open the same charge before an assembly even still more august. Westminster Hall was

• Gibbon speaking of his own Parliamentary career, says, “ The success of

liis pen discouraged the trial of his voice.’ ’ It is a very curious circumstance that after Sheridan had made his first speech, he went up into the gallery, and asked Woodfall, the celebrated Parliamentary reporter, with great anxiety, what he thought of his first attempt. Woodfall, with more candour than penetration, replied, “ I do not think this is your line —you had much better have stuck to your former pursuits.” On hearing this, Sheridan rested his head upon his hand for a few minutes, and then said, “ It is in me, and by G—, it shall come out of me.” Very different was Macklin’s prediction respecting Pitt, on hearing his first speech. The late Mr. Perry told the writer of this note that he was seated in the gallery next to Macklin, and when Pitt concluded, he asked Macklin what he thought of Pitt’s speech. Macklin answered, “ Sir, he will be grand—he will be magnificent, when he dares to be impudent.” POLITICAL SERIES. 187 fitted up as a court of justice, and Sheridan appeared before the assembled peers, as representative of the Commons of England, to prefer and substantiate this charge. The House of Commons was present, and the assembly was surrounded by an extraordinary display of beauty, of rank, wealth, and distinguished characters. Largior hie campos aether, et lumine vestit Purpureo. Expectation was wound up to the highe st pitch ; not to surpass his former effort, however brilliant his speech might be, would have been considered a failure. He re- solved to eclipse himself—and he succeeded. Never was so great an effect produced. It is to be lamented that we have no faithful report of this mighty achievement of elo- quence. Wonderful indeed must have been that oratory, which could call forth this splendid tribute from Burke, himself a consummate master of eloquence cc He has this day surprised the thousands who hung with rapture on his accents by such an array of talents, such an exhibition of capacity, such a display of powers, as are unparalleled in the annals of oratory ; a display that reflected the highest honour upon himself—lustre upon letters, renown upon Parliament, and glory upon the country. Of all species of rhetoric, of every kind of elo- quence that has been witnessed or recorded, either in ancient or modern times, whatever the acuteness of the bar, the dignity of the senate, the solidity of the judgment seat, and the sacred morality of the pulpit, have hitherto furnished, nothing has surpassed, nothing has equalled, what we have heard this day in Westminster Hall. Noholy seer of religion, no sage, no statesman, no orator, no man of any literary description whatever has come up, in the one instance, to the pure sentiments of morality, or in the other, to that variety of knowledge, force of imagination, propriety and vivacity of allusion, beauty and ele- gance of diction, strength and copiousness of style, pathos. 188 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. and sublimity of conception, to which we have this day listened with ardour and admiration. From poetry up to eloquence there is not a species of composition of which a complete and perfect specimen might not from that single speech be culled and collected.”* Gillray has drawn and habited Sheridan in the character of Pizarro. He is contemplating the product of his own Peruvian mine, and thus soliloquises, " Honour ! reputation ! —a mere bubble ! Will the praises of posterity charm my bones in the grave ? psha ! my pre- sent purpose is all ! O, gold ! gold ! for thee I would sell my native Spain, as freely as I would plunder Peru.” The sarcastic insinuation intended to be conveyed by this print is that Sheridan’s political feelings were more in unison with those of Pizarro, than with the patriotic sentiments he has put into the mouth of the Peruvian General Rolla. The play was brought out at Drury Lane on the 24th of May, 1799, and was eminently successful. George III. who for a considerable time had confined his theatrical visits to Covent Garden, now signified his intention of being present at the performance of Pizarro, and having witnessed the representation expressed warm admiration of it. Twenty-nine editions of Pizarro, consisting each of a thousand copies, were sold in a very short time, and of course added considerably to Sheridan’s gains by the play. 245. FRENCH GENERALS RETIRING ON ACCOUNTOF THEIR HEALTH; WITH LEPAUX PRESIDING IN THE DIRECTORIAL DISPENSARY. June 20ths 1799. On the return of several of the French Generals from

• It is most extraordinary that neither Prior, in his Life of Burke, nor Moore, in his Life of Sheridan, should have recorded this magnificent burst of extemporaneous eloquence, which conferred equal honour on him who pro- nounced the panegyric, as on him who was the object of it.

POLITICAL SERIES. 189 Egypt, who were allowed by the Directory to revisit their native country under the pretence of recruiting their health. This caricature hardly needs any further explanation. 246. ALLIED POWERS UNBOOTING EGALITE. September L<tf, 1799. Another caricature on the reverses which France was at this time experiencing on every side. John Bull’s jolly tar is holding the red-capped republican’s arms, while the Turk, rendered bold by the late cheek given to Napoleon at Acre, is preparing to add his nose to the string of trophies suspended at his waist. Austria, assisted by Russia, is unbooting him of his conquests in Italy, and emptying them of his golden spoils. The secret expedition is alluded to in the proceedings of the sly Dutchman, who is attempting from behind to purloin the cheese on which the British tar has established his right foot. 247. THE RECEPTION IN HOLLAND. Sept. 1*199. WILLIAM PRINCE OF ORANGE. On the English expedition to Holland in the August of 1799 to restore the Prince of Orange, who is here represented as experiencing an overwhelmingly joyful reception from his people, and especially from his country- women. This view of the “reception’’ was, however, rather premature, for the British army found no support from the Dutch, and was eventually compelled to make a somewhat disgraceful retreat.248, EXIT LIBERTE A LA FRANCOISE ! OR, BUONAPARTE CLOSING THE FARCE OF EGALITEAT ST. CLOUD, NEAR PARIS. Nov. 10th9 1799. BUONAPARTE. On the dissolution of the Directory by Buonaparte’s sol- 190 gillray’s caricatures. diers, Nov. 9, 1799, an event known in history as the revolution of the 18th Brumaire. The new constitution, in which Buonaparte was chosen first consul, was promulgated on the 13th of December. 249. EFFUSIONS OF A POT OF PORTER,—OR,MINISTERIAL CONJURATIONS FOR SUPPORTING THE WAR. Nov. 29th, 1799. PITT. On the discontent excited by the rise in the price of porter, by the increased taxes on malt and hops, and on the inclination of the populace as well as of its political leaders, to lay every kind of national calamity to the charge of the Minister. In this instance the popular clamour is made to issue from the mouth of Dr. Parr, who was a dis- tinguished Whig, and celebrated for his attachment to a pipe and a pot. Pitt, mounted on the white horse (Hanover), rises vauntingly out of the froth of the doctor’s favourite beverage, and calls down the vengeance of the elements on the unfortunate crops which ought to bring abundance to his countrymen. 250. THE FRENCH CONSULAR TRIUMVIRATE, SETTLING THE NEW CONSTITUTION. Jan. 1st, 1800. CAMBACERES. LE BRUN. SIEYES. BUONAPARTE. On the new French constitution as compiled by Sieyes, under the direction of Buonaparte. Below, a peep behind the scenes reveals to us certain imps forging new chains for France, and for Europe. Some of Gillray’s countrymen may have been hoaxed into the belief that these were true likenesses, but there was truth in his prophecy that in this " Constitution pour VAvenir” the first consul was destined to assume the character of the “grand monarqueP POLITICAL SERIES. 191 251. DESIGN FOR THE NAVAL PILLAR. Feb. 1st, 1800. This print explains itself, and can hardly be called a caricature. It was published in the midst of the popular enthusiasm occasioned by the great succcesses of our fleets, and when the public talked of the justice and propriety of raising some grand monument to the fame of our naval commanders and their gallant tars. 252. DEMOCRACY; OR, A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF BUONAPARTE. May \2th, 1800. One of those numerous productions which were at this time put forth with the object of exciting the hatred and contempt of the people of this country towards the man who had now begun to rule the destinies of France. The events of his life are here traced from his supposed introduction to a military education under the bounty of the monarch whom he afterwards assisted in dethroning, to his election to the office of first consul. The different compartments are sufficiently explained by the inscriptions on the plate ; and it is hardly necessary to state that they are grossly exaggerated, especially as far as regards his early life. 253. THE NEW SPEAKER (i. e. The Law Chick), BETWEEN THE HAWKS AND BUZZARDS. Feb. 1 5 th, 1800. M. A. TAYLOR. Michael Angelo Taylor was the son of Sir Robert Taylor, Knight, a celebrated architect, who built the Bank. He bestowed a liberal education on his son Michael Angelo, and sent him to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Michael Angelo Taylor studied the law, and was admitted a barrister. o 192 gillray’s caricatures. He seems at first to have entertained some ambitious viewsof advancement in his profession. He married the sister ofSir Harry Vane Tempest, Bart. At the general electionin 1784, he obtained a seat in the House of Commons.He took an early opportunity of declaring his determination to support the Minister, but not indiscriminately.An early opportunity occurred of evincing his sincerity, by giving an independent vote on the unpopular Westminster Scrutiny. On the 9th of February 1785, Mr.Taylor said: cc That as he should that night give a voteagainst those with whom he had agreed in general, andagainst whom he, perhaps, might never give another, hethought it right to give his reasons for so doing/’ He thenassigned his reasons for considering the High Bailiff’s Court an illegal judicature, not competent to try thevalidity of the Westminster Election. He did not pretendto contend with the learned gentleman who preceded him(the Master of the Rolls, Sir Lloyd Kenyon). He wasyoung—he was, but what he might call himself, a Chickenin the profession ; but he could not reconcile to his ideas oflaw the Westminster Scrutiny. It had been called a Court; it was ridiculous, in his mind, to call it so—it was but amockery and a jest/’ Mr. Sheridan observed, that they had that day beenhonoured with the councils of a complete gradation oflawyers ; —they had received the opinion of a Judge, of anAttorney-General in Petto (Michael Angelo Taylor) ; ofan ex-Attorney- General, and of a Practising Barrister. With regard to the acquisition of a Learned Gentleman,who had declared he meant to vote with them on that day,he was sorry to acknowledge, that from the declaration theLearned Gentleman had made in the beginning of his speech, he saw no great reason to boast of their auxiliary. The Learned Gentleman, who had with peculiar modestycalled himself a Chicken of a Lawyer, had declared that, thinking them in the right with respect to the discussion POLITICAL SERIES. 193 of that day, he should vote with thefti ; but he had at the same time thought it necessary to assert, that he had never before voted differently from the Minister and his friends, and perhaps he never should again vote with those to whom he meant to give his support that day. It was a little singular to vote with them, professedly, because he found them in the right, and in the very moment that he had assigned so good a reason for changing his side, to declare that in all probability he never should vote with them again. He was sorry, he said, to find the Chicken was a bird of ill omen, and that its augury was so unpropitious to their future interests. Perhaps it would have been as well, under these circumstances, that the chicken had not left the barn-door of the Treasury, but continued side by side with the old Cock, to pick those crumbs of comfort, which would doubtless be dealt out in due time with liberality, proportioned to the fidelity of the feathered tribe/’ -^-(See Hansard’s Debates, vol. 25, p. 42 & p. 47.) Having once exercised an independent judgment, he seems gradually to have alienated himself from his Tory connexions, and adopted Whig principles. He joined the Opposition, who cordially welcomed their new ally ; and they must have entertained a very favourable opinion of his legal knowledge, as they nominated him one of the managers of Hastings’s Impeachment, doubtless, with a view of availing themselves of his assistance, with respect to the Law of Evidence, in the examination of witnesses, which so frequently excited contention during the trial. Had George III.’s illness continued, and the Regency Bill passed in 1788, the Whigs, on entering office, would have dissolved Parliament, and it was universally understood that Michael Angelo Taylor w r ould have been appointed Speaker of the new House of Commons. The King’s recovery terminated M. A. Taylor’s brilliant prospects. This disappointment is the object satirized in this print. The Hawks and the Buzzards of the 194 gillray’s caricatures. opposing parties unite in assailing him ; and the tremendous hisses of these birds of prey terrify Taylor fromascending the Speaker’s chair. The features of his old antagonist Sheridan are conspicuous in the countenance of oneof these sibilant birds to the right of the Print. Thefactis, Taylor’s disappointment excited little sympathy, fromthe overweening pomposity of his manners. On the seces-sion of the Portland party, he steadily adhered to Mr. Fox,and continued to support that statesman and his friendsduring the remainder of his life. Michael Angelo Tayloris now scarcely remembered, except from the Act, whichhe procured for the improvement of the streets of London,and the removal of nuisances and inconveniences fromthem, popularly called Michael Angelo Taylor’s StreetAct. 254. BUONAPARTE LEAVING EGYPT. March 8th, 1800.A satirical representation of an event which changed th*eface of events in France and throughout Europe. Thedesignation of <s The Deserter op the ArmyofEgypt,” here applied to the hero of Egypt was echoedbymany of his countrymen. 255. THE WORN-OUT PATRIOT; OR, THE LASTDYING SPEECH OF THE WESTMINSTERREPRESENTATIVE. Oct. 13th, 1800.HARVEY COMBE. FOX. ERSKINE. SIB J. SINCLAIR.TIERNEY. The Twentieth Anniversary of Fox’s Electionfor Westminster was celebrated by a dinner at theShakspeare Tavern, on the 10th of October, 1800. Theappearance of Fox at a public meeting, after so prolongedan absence from Parliament, excited intense interest POLITICAL SERIES. 195 amongst his friends and partisans, who were anxious to hear his sentiments on public affairs, and demonstrate their unabated attachment to him. Before three o’clock the great room at the Shakspeare Tavern overflowed, and shortly^ after every room in the house was filled with company. After dinner, Mr. Fox’s health was drank with enthusiasm. Mr. Fox then addressed the company, and said, tf ‘ During the twenty years I have represented you in Parliament I have adhered to the principles on which the Revolution of 1688 was founded, and to what have been known as the old Whig principles of England. Amidst all the trying difficulties with which I was surrounded on so many critical occasions, it has been my good fortune to entertain those sentiments, which you have sanctioned by your approbation, and to follow the line of action which has obtained the concurrence of the majority of my constituents. Even during the last three years, when I have adopted a system of retirement from public business — a system, which to many appeared of doubtful propriety , and concerning which even my own opinion has been the least decided—yet I have had the good fortune to concur with the Electors of Westminster, and the satisfaction to know that this part of my conduct, whatever difference of opinion might have existed as to its wisdom and policy, has never been imputed to a dereliction of my principles.” Mr. Fox then reminded the company, that when he first represented them, the country was engaged in the cala- mitous war with America ; he then took a rapid review of the principal events which had occurred during the last twenty years ; and then continued thus : “ In many of the circumstances which have distinguished that interval, the part which an honest man had to act was difficult to choose and to sustain ; so difficult, indeed, that unless he had formed his conduct upon general principles, applicable to all times and to all events, he must have been unable to 196 gillray’s caricatures. guide his course in such a manner as to secure the testi- mony of his own mind, and the approbation of his country

he must have been unequal to the faithful discharge of his public duty, during a series of such eventful years, withouta system, just, liberal, and comprehensive. In such a

• system I have found the principles on which I was to act,

and the conduct I had to pursue. 55 “ Since that day last January, when, after an absenceof some time, I returned to Parliament,* I think there can- not be a doubt entertained respecting the intentions ofMinisters. We were then told, by persons high in office, that it was not to be wished that the former negotiationshould have succeeded. We were told that the negotiationentered into by Ministers had failed ; yet it had been useful, as it had contributed to bring the nation into a solidsystem of Finance / I confess, therefore, that it is withadditional dismay and grief, that I hear the news of a newfailure ; because we have reason to apprehend that Ministers will consider it as a fortunate circumstance, and thatit will prove the forerunner of another solid system ofFinance. 55 Mr. Fox, having touched on various othertopics, in an eloquent and impressive speech, concludedthus I feel the deepest gratitude to you, and to all thepeople of England who honour me with their approbation,but I must inform you that I still mean to seclude myselffrom public business. My time of action was over whenthose principles were extinguished on which I acted. Ihave at present no more to say, but that I will steadilyadhere to the principles which have guided my past conduct. These require that I should continue absent fromParliament, but I shall ever maintain that the basis of all politics is Justice—that the basis of all constitutions is theSovereignty of the People—and that from the People alone,* On the discussion on the overtures of peace from the French ConsularGovernment. POLITICAL SERIES. 197 kings, parliaments, judges, and magistrates derive their authority.”* In this Print Gillray has depicted Fox as the Worn-out Patriot, making his last dying speech TO THE ELECTORS OF WeSTMINSTFR. The reader will perceive that the words put into Fox’s mouth are a parody on portions of Fox’s speech, which was perfectly obvious at the time of publication ; but much of the point and sarcasm would be lost at the present day without reference to the extracts we have given. 44 Gentlemen, you see I am grown quite an old man in your service ! Twenty years I’ve served you, and always upon the same principles. I rejoice at the success of our enemies in the American war, and the war against the virtuous French has always met with my most determined opposition ; but the infamous Ministry will not make peace with our enemies, and are determined to keep me out of their councils, and out of place. Therefore, gentlemen, as their principles are quite different from mine, and as I am now too old to form myself according to their systems, myattendance in Parliament is useless ! —and to say the truth, I feel that my season of action is' past, and I must leave to younger men to act, for alas ! my failings and weaknesses will not let me now recognize what is for the best.” Erskine is supporting Fox, who appears 46 worn-out,” and to have scarcely strength adequate to the delivery of his speech. A pot of 44 Whitbread’s Entire’’ is placed before him to recruit his nearly exhausted energies. On the left of the print stands Harvey Combe, then Lord Mayor, above his head is 44 Vive la Liberte.’’ He holds in his right hand 44 A Petition to the Throne, or a new way to Combe the Minister’s wig.”

It is very much to be regretted that a selection of some of Fox’s Speeches at the Whig Club, and to the Electors of Westminster, was not appended to his Parliamentary Speeches, as they often throw light on the politics of the day. 198 gillray’s caricatures. The supposed cf Worn-out Patriot” lived to form an Administration in 1806, in conjunction with Lord Grenville, and to fill the office of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and George III. on the death of Mr.Fox, declared that he had never known the duties of that office more efficiently discharged. 256. THE MAGNANIMOUS ALLY. Jan. 20tli, 1801. THE EMPEROR PAUL. Mens turpis, corpore turpi. The life of Paul I. Emperor of Russia, was diversified by many extraordinary circumstances. He was the son of Peter III. and Catherine II. He was born October 1, 1754. He was the victim of the bitter dissensions whichthen subsisted between his parents. No sooner was his birth announced than Peter III. issued an Ukase, declaring his firm conviction that the child was not his son, andcaused this proclamation to be registered in the archives of the empire.* Thus abandoned by his father, his motherconfided him to the care of a physician named Epinus, and to Count Panin ; they superintended his early education, and Paul ever retained a grateful sense of their at- tentions and services. Paul early evinced a disposition for the acquisition of scientific knowledge; but his motherstudiously discouraged his attainment of any considerable advance either in literature or science. After the death of his father she entertained great jealousy of her son, anddid not permit him to hold any important appointment. She seldom allowed him to appear at Court, probably feel- ing the presence of her son a rebuke on the profligate dis-

• Catherine took ample revenge on her husband. She caused him to be

arrested. The conspirators persuaded him to sign an act of abdication, then imprisoned him in the fortress of Robscha, and within a week poisoned him. POLITICAL SERIES. 199 soluteness of his mother’s private life. It is generally understood that during her last illness she was devising means to prevent his succession to the throne, either by secretly causing his death, or by proclaiming her adoption of her grandson Alexander as her successor, but her death took place before she could carry this design into execution. The accession of Paul I. to the throne was hailed with universal joy ; his dismissal of his mother’s favourites was regarded with approbation ; singularly enough, one of the first acts of his government was to order funeral honours to the memory of his father, wdiich his mother had withheld ; considering the conduct of Peter III. on his birth, this was esteemed an exemplary instance of forgiveness and filial reverence. He took the earliest opportunity of evincing his abhorrence of the French Revolution, of French regicides, and the French Constitution and principles. He paid great attention to the exiled French princes, and assigned to Louis XVIII. the palace of Mittau for a residence, and provided him an establishment wr orthy of imperial munificence and royal acceptance . He entered into a treaty of confederation with Austria and England, to furnish a large army to operate against France. In conformity with this stipulation, the formidable Suwarrow advanced to the aid of Austria. His victorious troops advanced as far as Switzerland amidst a series of brilliant successes, and the Emperor despatched another body of troops to co-operate with the English expedition to Holland. It might now be said that Europe hailed Paul as its future deliverer from the tyranny of French oppression, and the restorer of sovereigns to their lost thrones. The press now teemed with encomiums on his magnanimity.*

• Among the encomiastic eulogiums on Paul, which issued from the London

press, was one entitled “The Sovereign, a Poem, addressed to the Emperor of all the Russias, by Charles Small Pybus, one of the Lords 200 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. But alas ! these brilliant visions vanished, and Suwarrow, unsupported by the reinforcements he had expected from Austria, and with a commissariat inadequately provided, was defeated by Massena, and retreated precipitately to Russia, where he was coolly received by the Emperor. The expedition to Holland was equally unsuccessful. The rage of Paul on these combined disasters was excessive. He declared he had been betrayed by the perfidy of the Ministers of Vienna and London, and publicly insulted the Austrian and English Ambassadors at his levee. A fur- ther cause of exasperation soon occurred. The English captured the island of Malta, of which he had chosen to constitute himself Grand Master. He withdrew from his alliance with England and Austria. For some time he re- mained quiescent, and seemed disposed to observe a neutrality between the belligerents ; when to the astonishment of Europe, there appeared a proclamation in the Court Gazette of St. Petersburgh, stating, that “The Emperorof Russia finding that the Powers of EuropeCANNOT AGREE AMONG THEMSELVES, AND BEING DESIROUS TO PUT AN END TO A WAR, WHICH HAS DESOLATED IT FOR ELEVEN YEARS, INTENDS TO POINT OUT A SPOT, TO WHICH HE WILL INVITE ALL THE OTHER Commissioners of the Treasury.” The opposition wits assailed the Treasury Poetaster with the shafts of ridicule ; the best epigram on the occasion was one in Latin, written by Porson, and put into the mouth of Pye, the Poet Laureate. Archi-Poeta

Loquitur. “ Non aurum quaerunt, sed Laurum Pittque Pybusque, Queis hujus nihil est, illius ampla seges Aurum, non Laurum desiderat Archi-Poeta, Tam raro solitus carpere dente cibos, Si non de facto, de Jure Poeta Ego, Sed nec de facto, nec de Jure Poeta Pybus.” On the death of Paul the following distich was circulated :

“ The downfall of Paul, Makes Pybus sing small.” POLITICAL SERIES. 201 Sovereigns to repair, to fight in single combat, bringing with them as seconds and esquires, their most enlightened ministers and able generals, such as Thurgot, Pitt, BernstofF, and that the Emperor himself purposes being attended by Generals Count Pahlen and KutusofF.” The imperial Quixote, however, did not find any royal Knight- errant to come forward to break a lance with him, and we presume he considered this as a confession on the part of each monarch, that he was (i impar congressus Achilli.” He who had denounced the French Revolution, and French Government, in unmeasured terms, now ordered a bust of Bonaparte to fill a conspicuous place in his palace, and entered into an alliance, offensive and defensive, with him ; one great object of this treaty was to drive the English out of India, and to humble the maritime supremacy of England. In furtherance of this latter object, he effected a confederacy of the Northern Powers for the enforcing of the claims of neutrals to a free navigation. He soon after began to exhibit decided marks of a dis- ordered mind. He issued the most arbitrary edicts. Hedid not confine himself to petty acts of annoyance, such as that, No person in the Russian Empire should wear a round hat, &c. but he conducted himself with the most brutal violence to his nobility, and to some of his most distinguished generals. No one felt himself safe from the paroxysms of his rage. The consequence was a conspiracy formed against his life, and organized notwithstanding the severity and vigilance of his precautions. Twenty conspirators entered the palace by the garden gate. The sentinels at first refused them admission, stating the Emperor had retired to rest ; but they assured them there was a fire in the city. By an extraordinary law of Russia, the Emperor is bound to attend personally at every fire in the capital.* The sentinels confiding in

• The same law prevails in China. The Emperor of China is bound personally to attend fires in his capital.

202 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. the distinguished generals, whom they recognized, gave admittance ; when they entered the palace, a Cossack on duty, perceiving they were armed, gave a shriek, and was instantly immolated. Paul, however, heard the shriek, and suspecting some treachery rose from his bed, and hid himself in a closet. The conspirators supposed he had escaped, but General Beningsen feeling the sheets, and finding them warm, was convinced that he was secreted in the room. They discovered and dragged him out of the closet. Paul made considerable resistance ; but after receiving several wounds, was eventually strangled with his own military sash in the night between the 11th and 12th of March. He died in the 47th year of his age, and the fifth of his reign. Gillray has chosen for his motto, “ Mens Turpis, Corpore Turpi •/’ but some allowance should be made for his early persecutions both by father and mother. His father had disowned him, and his mother had not only treated him with great rigour, but with almost her dying breath had endeavoured to prevent his succession to the throne. Such unnatural conduct on the part of both parents may have preyed on his mind, and engendered the seeds of insanity, and may be pleaded in extenuation of his brutality of conduct in the latter part of his life. 257. THE UNION CLUB. Jan. 2 1st, 1801. TIERNEY. DUKE OF BEDFORD. FOX. PRINCE OF WALES UNDER THE TABLE. LORD STANHOPE. ERSKINE. SIR JONAS BARRINGTON. LORD MOIRA. SHERIDAN. SIR F. BURDETT. DUKE OF NORFOLK. LORD CHOLMONDELY. MR. MANNERS (iN THE HAT.) LORD KIRKUDBRIGIIT. STURT. COL. HANGER. MARQUIS OF LANSDOWNE. DR. PARR. TYRWIIITT JONES. MARQUIS OF QUEENS- POLITICAL SERIES. 203 BERRY. NICHOLLS. LORD DERBY. COL. S. MATTHEWS* SIR LUMLEY SKEEFINGTON. The present century opened with that important national measure, the Union of Ireland, which created much agitation at the time, and among the emanations of popular feeling was the establishment of the Union Club, which held its meetings in Cumberland House, Pall Mall, and which furnished the subject of the present caricature. The Union Club was for a short time exceedingly fashionable, and its festivities were proportionally celebrated. Gillray has made a union of all shades and parties in one great scene of jovial and tumultuous ebriety. The great drinkers of the political stage, including the Prince of Wales, who has involuntarily deserted the presidential chair, and the Duke of Norfolk, are all under the table. Most of the party are easily recognized. Dr. Parr, with his pot of porter, holds a prominent place ; and Lord Lansdowne, the advocate of concession to the Irish Catholics, is using a crucifix for a tobacco stopper. The fashionable pair, Colonel Matthews and Sir Lumley Skeffington, appear together in a state of elevation at the extreme right. 258. INTEGRITY RETIRING FROM OFFICE ! February 24£/», 1801. JEKYLL. DUKE OF NORFOLK. SIR F. BURDETT. DUKE OF BEDFORD. NICHOLLS. TIERNEY. TYRWHITT JONES. SHERIDAN. CANNING. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD LOUGHBOROUGH. DUNDAS. PITT. On the resignation of Pitt’s Ministry, in the February of 1801. The Whigs whose tattered appearance would certainly entitle them to be classed under the head of i6 improper persons,” are rushing to obtain the places thus vacated, but are held back by the sentinel at the Treasury gate, who perhaps is intended to represent Addington, the Premier who succeeded Pitt. 204 gillray's caricatures. 259. POLITICAL AMUSEMENTS FOR YOUNG GENTLEMEN ; — OR, THE OLD BRENTFORDSHUTTLECOCK BETWEEN OLD SARUM ANDTHE TEMPLE OF ST. STEPHEN. March 15th, 1801. LORD TEMPLE. HORNE TOOKE. LORD CAMELFORD. Lord Camelford and Lord Temple are playing Battle- door and Shuttlecock in St. Stephen’s Chapel. The shuttlecock is Florae Tooke’s head, into which five feathers are inserted, each bearing an inscription.

44 Deceit.” 64 Vanity.”

44 Jacobinism.”

44 New Morality.”

44 Envy.” —A clerical band is fastened under the shuttlecock. Lord Camelford* calls out, 44 There’s a stroke for you, messmate, and if you kick him back, I’ll return him again, damme If I should be sent a cruise to Moorfields for it ! Go it, Coz.” Lord Temple answers : 44 Send him back ? Yes, I’ll send him back twenty thousand times before such a high flying Jacobin shuttlecock should perch it here in his clerical band.” On Lord Camelford’s coat pocket is inscribed, 44 Effusions of Loyalty and on the ground between his legs lies 44 List of Candidates for Old Sarum, J. H. Tooke, Black Dick,t and Thelwall.” Mr. Horne, who afterwards assumed the name of Tooke, was born in 1734. He was the son of a poulterer in Newport Market. His father bestowed on him a liberal education. He placed him first at Westminster School, and in 1754 sent him to St. John’s College, Cambridge,

• Lord Camelford was a Lieutenant in the Navy.

t Black Dick. It was currently reported that Lord Camelford had declared his intention of returning his Black Servant for Old Sarum in case the House annulled the election of Horne Tooke. Lord Camelford very properly dis- claimed ever having entertained the intention of offering so gross an insult to the House. POLITICAL SERIES. 205 where he distinguished himself by his assiduity and proficiency in his studies. It was his most anxious wish to have devoted himself to the study of the Law, and to have pursued it as a profession ; but was induced to enter the Church by the importunate solicitations of his father. He was ordained Priest in 1760, and in the same year was instituted into the living of New Brentford, which was said to have been purchased for him by his father. He here discharged the duties of a parish priest for some years in an exemplary manner. In 1763 he accompanied the son of the celebrated Elwes to France as his travelling tutor, or, as he himself expressed it, as “ bear-leader.5 * They remained a year in France, principally at Paris, and the society and enjoyments afforded by that gay metropolis were most probably more congenial to his taste than the duties of the parish priest of New Brentford. At the expiration of the year he returned to his vicarage, and resumed his clerical duties, and he might now perhaps say, “ While yet no patriot project pushing, Content I thump’d old Brentford’s cushion, I passed my life so free and gaily, Not dreaming of that damned Old Bailey.” At Paris, however, he had formed an acquaintance with Wilkes, and this is supposed to have given him the first taste for politics. At a subsequent period he took an active part in the Middlesex Election, and by his exertions greatly promoted the interest of Wilkes. He now plunged deeper into politics. Wilkes and Tooke subsequently quarrelled, and a most vituperative correspondence ensued between them ; it would be difficult to decide to which the palm of scurrility should be assigned. He contended with Junius, with keener, and more polished weapons, and is allowed to be the only antagonist of that formidable assailant, who retired unscathed from the field, and even left the victory doubtful. 206 gillray’s caricatures. Our limits will not permit us to follow Horne through the whole course of his political life, we can only glance at some of the leading events of it

particularly his election as member for Old Sarum, as that involved a great constitutional question.

In 1773 he resigned his vicarage of New Brentford, and applied himself to the study of the Law. He entered himself as a student at the Inner Temple, and regularly took his commons there. The kindness of four friends enabled him to do this, by presenting him with a joint bond, engaging to pay him an annuity of £480., to remain in force till he was called to the Bar. While he was pursuing his legal studies, he rendered an important ser- vice to Mr. WTlliam Tooke, one of the friends who had granted the annuity bond. Mr. Tooke despondingly stated to Mr. Horne, that his estate at Purley (near Godstone, in Surrey), was about to suffer a most serious depreciation by the oppressive conduct of a neighbouring landed proprietor, who, unable to wrest his manorial rights from him by a vexatious lawsuit, had nowr resorted to the decisive expedient of an Act of Parliament, to deprive himof them by an inclosure bill. He said the bill had been smuggled through the House ; every attempt of his Counsel to place the matter in its true light, and convince the Committee of the injustice of the clauses affecting his interest had failed by the Parliamentary influence of his opponent. He added, the bill was to be read the third time the next day, and there was no doubt it would be carried. Horne answered : “ If the facts are as you have represented, the Hovse shall not pass that bill” He hadrecourse to a most extraordinary device, wdiich wT ould have occurred to few persons, and still fewer would have had the courage or audacity to put in execution. He instantly wrote a most virulent libel on the Speaker (Sir Fletcher Norton), charging him with robbing an individual of his property in order to enrich a favoured person. He then POLITICAL SERIES. 207 repaired to the office of the Public Advertiser, and desired to have it inserted in the next day’s paper. Woodfall told him the article was so flagrant a libel on the Speaker, that it was impossible the House should pass it over. He would, however, insert it on condition that Horne would consent to his giving up the name of the author. Horne assured him this was the object he coveted. The following day, as soon as the House of Commons met, Woodfall was ordered to be taken into custody, by the Serjeant at Arms, for this libellous attack on the dignity and honour of the House of Commons. He gave up the name of the writer, and Horne, who was standing by his side at the Bar, avowed himself to be the author. The announcement of his name excited a great sensation ; Woodfall was dis- charged, and Horne taken into custody. When called upon for his defence, he disclaimed all intention of insult to the Speaker, and professed the highest respect for his impartiality ; but he had had recourse to this artifice as the only means of drawing the attention of the House and the public to the atrocious injustice of the Bill. He then in a calm manner and most luminous speech analysed the Bill, and shewed the great injustice which would be inflicted by it. His statement produced conviction on his auditory, the obnoxious clauses were expunged, and his friend’s property saved from the intended spoliation. The House also passed resolutions to prevent the possibility of such negligence of examination occurring in the passing of all future bills of inclosure. One difficulty remained to the House,—how to dispose of Horne ! It seemed impossible to punish a man for an act, which was admitted to have been the means of saving the House from committing a flagrant act of injustice. They therefore chose to resolve, that Mr. Horne be discharged from the custody of the Serjeant-at-Arms, as there was not sufficient proof of his being the author of the libel ! This was amusing enough, as he had commenced his p 208 gillray’s caricatures. address by avowing the authorship ; but the House, dis-covering its error respecting the Bill, would not allow himto criminate himself. Mr. Tooke was delighted with theresult, and at his death bequeathed him the estate atPurley, and requested he would assume the name ofTooke in addition to Horne. When the period of calling him to the bar arrived atmaturity, the Benchers of the Inner Temple refused to callhim on account of his having been ordained a priest. Wedo not question the propriety of this decision ; but wethink it would have been only candid, and even just, tohave informed him of the alleged impediment at the periodof enrolling his name as a student on the books of theirsociety, and suffering him to spend several years in studying a profession under their auspices, without communicating to him the fruitlessness of the pursuit. In 1790 he was a candidate to represent the City ofWestminster. In 1794 he was arrested and tried forHigh Treason, and was acquitted.* He displayed extra-ordinary acuteness and talents in aiding his Counsel,Erskine and Gibbs, on that occasion. In 1798 he againstood unsuccessfully for Westminster. In 1801 he was returned to Parliament for the boroughof Old Sarum on the nomination of Lord Camelford. On the 16th of February he was introduced to theHouse of Commons by Sir Francis Burdett and Mr. Wilson. The gravest countenances relaxed into a smile, whenthey saw the new Speaker, Sir John Mitford, cordiallyshake him by the hand and congratulate him on his election. It was fresh in the recollection of all, that, the sameSir John Mitford only seven years before had endeavoured,in a speech of five hours and a half, to persuade a jury to* Windham, adverting to the acquittal of Horne Tooke and his associates, intemperately called them ‘ £ Acquitted Felons.” Sheridan reminded himthat there were some “ Unacquitted Felons” in the country. POLITICAL SERIES. 209 convict him of high treason, and subject him to all the dreadful penalties attached to that crime. As soon as Horne Tooke had taken his seat, Earl Temple rose and said, “ he had observed a gentleman, who had just retired from the table, after having taken the oaths, whom he considered to be incapable of a seat in that House, in con- sequence of his having taken Priest’s Orders, and been inducted into a living. He should wait the allotted time of fourteen days to see if there was any petition presented against the return, if not, he should then move that the return for Old Sarum be taken into consideration.” Feb. 19th, he spoke on Mr. Sturt*s motion relative to the failure of the Ferrol Expedition. In the course of his speech he remarked, “ If the House refuse to go into a Committee of Inquiry, with what propriety can they enter into the merits of the return for Old Sarum and its member ? How can they plunge themselves into inquiries and discussions about who is, and who is not a priest, and whether a thirty years* quarantine is not sufficient to guard against the infection of his original character?” On the 10th of March Lord Temple moved for the appointment of a Committee to obtain proofs of the ordination of Horne, and to search for precedents respecting the eligibility of a clergyman. He supported his motion by a very elaborate speech. Horne commenced his reply by declaring, that much unnecessary time would be wasted in the search for proof of his having taken orders. “ I would,” said he, “ have saved his Lordship the trouble, acknowledging then, as I do now, that upwards of forty years I was ordained a Priest. Sir, I then understood from your authority (addressing the Speaker) that such admission cannot be received, and acted upon by this House. I ought to have some knowledge of the proceedings of this House, for I have been in the custody of the Serjeant-at-Arms, and from that knowledge I aver that it is the constant practice of this House to take the admission of parties as 210 gillray’s caricatures. evidence of facts. ‘ Habes confitentem reum/ I ask is there any specific or positive law against my sitting in thisHouse ? That there is not, is pretty evident from the coursenow pursued. The Grenville Act for regulating decisionson controverted elections does not exclude me. Will it besaid the Canon law does ? Will this House acknowledgethe Canon law to be binding on the proceedings of thisHouse,, and can the Canon law bind a person, who hastaken clerical orders and renounced them ? Must we haverecourse to the old proverb, c Once a captain always acaptain/ ” He concluded a very able speech, thus : te I amsorry to have troubled the House so long. I will just bythe way observe that, I not only entreat, but call upon theHouse to pay but little regard to any observation, whichsome men may make upon their having a large Stake inthe country, from whence they would infer that, that isevery security, which can be desired for their public virtue.Sir, I have a Stake, and a deep Stake in this country my character, a Stake not stolen from the public hedge,*but planted there ; a Stake that I would not change withthe noble Lord,—and all his connexions put together.His Stake cannot be augmented or increased but out ofthe Public Stock ; but mine is augmented when I can addto the common stock of happiness and public benefit ofmankind/’ Lord Templets motion was carried. SeeHansard’s Debates, Vol. 35. The Report of the Committee having been presented tothe House ; Lord Temple, on the 4th of May, moved that* This alludes to an occurrence in a debate a few years before, when Tierney,having strongly condemned the continuance of the war, said, that it waschiefly supported by Placemen, expectant Placemen, or persons deriving aprofit from it, and not by independent men. Lord Temple in reply said, in ahaughty manner, that the honourable gentleman must at least allow that hewas an independent member, and that he and his family had a large Stake inthe country. Tierney retorted that the Noble Lord had told them that he andhis family held a large Stake in the country, but he had omitted to add that, it was stolen from the public hedge. POLITICAL SERIES, 211 the Rev. John Horne Tooke having been ordained a priest was ineligible to sit in this House. He supported his motion in a very elaborate speech. Tooke replied with great ability, and contended that the Noble Lord had failed to make out a case. “ I have been told that I have a vote in the Convocation. It is above forty years since I took orders, and I never once was summoned to the Convocation,* spoke in it, or gave a vote in it. They say it is improper for a clergyman to sit in this house ; do things then pass here improper for a clergyman to witness. The door, however, is not absolutely barred against me. There is an unfortunate clergyman, who has lately been guilty of adultery, and the cry has been loud that he should be deprived. Were he really deprived. Sir, I suppose there cannot be a doubt that being no longer in orders he would be eligible to a seat in this House. But still, Sir, they object to me on account of being a clergyman. If I had been tainted with infidelity, and tried to make proselytes to it, I should then be as competent to sit here as any member present. This reminds me of an occurrence which took place in this city a few years ago. A poor girl in very indigent cir- cumstances, and quite destitute, went to a director of the Magdalen Hospital, and applied to be taken in. ‘ Why/ said he, c ’tis true there is now a vacancy, and I have no objection to admit you; but first let me hear something of your history. Who seduced you ? Where have you lived since ? 5 c Seduced me/ exclaimed the girl, C I am as innocent as the child unborn. I may be poor, your honour, but I 5 m very honest. 5 c You wont do for us then,’ replied the Governor, e if you wish admittance here you must go and qualify yourself by prostitution ! 5f That innocence

• Mr. Fox in the course of his speech quoted from a poet who introduced common sense as a Queen governing the world by her sway. “ Fair Common Sense, whilst thou on earth dost reign, The Convocation will not meet again.”

t This anecdote of the worthy Governor of the Magdalen recalls to our 212 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. should in any way be a disqualification !” He then continued, To exercise the functions of the Ministry a clergyman must have preferment, or the licence of the bishop, andthe moment he is deprived of them he ceases to be a priest.The Rev. Dr. Walker defended the town of Londonderry,when the military had fled, and thus prevented it fromfalling into the hands of James II. King William was sohighly pleased with his gallantry, and felt so grateful forhis services that he wished to make him a bishop. Butno ; the bishops interfered ; a man stained with blood, theysaid, was unfit to officiate in that sacred character. KingWilliam, however, gave him a regiment, and he died inFlanders, fighting bravely by his side. He made as gooda colonel as if he had never entered the church. We areperseveringly told a clergyman should not discharge anyother duty than those of his profession. The presentBishop of Lincoln, Dr. Prettyman, was private secretaryto Mr. Pitt; and the present Bishop of Meath (Dr.O’Beirne), was private secretary to the Duke of Portland.It is not long since a gentleman sat in this House, whowas then a Colonel of Militia, and who had formerly beenin orders.” Lord Temple’s motion was negatived, and theprevious question carried. This confirmed Horne Tooke’sright to sit in the House. Mr. Addington, as soon as thedivision was announced, gave notice of his intention tobring in a bill to disqualify clergymen to sit in future,and this bill was passed into a law. Tooke continued tosit during the remainder of the Parliament. In 1802Parliament was dissolved, and he was no longer eligible. Tooke acquired a high and permanent reputation byrecollection an incident in Foote’s Farce of the Minor,—“Mrs. Cole: Comealong Lucy, you bashful baggage, I thought I had silenced your scruples.Don’t you remember what Mr. Squintum said, ‘ A woman’s not worth savingthat won’t be guilty of a swinging sin, for then she has matter to repentupon.’ ” Act 3, scene 1. POLITICAL SERIES. 213 The Diversions of Purley,”* which has procured him a distinguished place among British Philologists. He died in March 1812. 260. LILLIPUTIAN SUBSTITUTES, EQUIPPING FOR PUBLIC SERVICE. May 28th, 1801. LORD ELDON. ADDINGTON. LORD HAWKESBURY. CHARLES yorke (who succeeded Windham as Secretary at War), lord hobart. vansittart and j. h. addington (Secretaries of the Treasury.) A satire upon the incapacity, as it was said by their opponents, of the Ministers who succeeded Pitt’s Cabinet. The print, with its inscriptions, sufficiently explains itself. 261. PRELIMINARIES OF PEACE !—OR, JOHN BULL AND HIS LITTLE FRIENDS MARCHING TO PARIS. October 6th, 1801. LORD MOIRA. FOX. GEN. WALPOLE. SHERIDAN. M. A. TAYLOR. SIR F. BURDETT. LORD DERBY. NICHOLLS. TIERNEY. DUKE OF NORFOLK. LORD HAWKESBURY. Lord Hawkesbury, who was now Minister of Foreign affairs, in one of his speeches at the commencement of the war, spoke of marching to Paris, and here he is introduced as putting his threat into effect, but not in a very hostile manner. The preliminaries of the hollow peace of 1801 were signed on the 1st of October.

• The title of this work was derived from the name of the estate bequeathed him by Mr. Tooke.

214 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. 262. POLITICAL DREAMINGS !—VISIONS OF PEACE!PERSPECTIVE HORRORS ! November 9th, 1801.PITT. FOX. LORD HAWKESBURY. BUONAPARTE. M. A. TAYLOR. WINDHAM. LORD DERBY. NICHOLLS.GEN. WALPOLE. COL. HANGER. ERSKINE. SHERIDAN.SIR F. BURDETT. DUKE OF BEDFORD. DUKE OF NORFOLK.TIERNEY. On the warm debates in Parliament upon the preliminaries of peace. Windham was the leader of the Opposition to the peace, and indulged in prognostications whichthe friends of the peace declared to be of the mostvisionary character. 263. PREPARING FOR THE GRAND ATTACK;—OR,A PRIVATE REHEARSAL OF THE CI-DEVANT MINISTRY IN DANGER. Dec. 4th, 1801.SHERIDAN. HORNE TOOKE. FOX. SIR F. BURDETT.Sir Francis Burdett receiving instructions in political warfare from the three great Opposition orators of the day.Soon after this period, on the 12th of April, 1802, Burdettbrought forward a motion to inquire into the conduct ofthe late Ministry. It was for this display that he is heresupposed to be preparing. 264. THE NATIONAL PARACHUTE,—OR, JOHNBULL CONDUCTED TO PLENTY AND EMANCIPATION. July 10th, 1802.JOHN BULL. PITT. On PitPs financial schemes. The parachute was thefashionable invention of the day. It is related in the POLITICAL SERIES. 215 Journals of the 21st of September, 1802, very soon after the date of this plate, that M. Garnerin (a celebrated aeronaut) descended on that day in a parachute. This newly invented machine is described as made of canvas in the form of an umbrella, having at the top a large flexible hoop of about eight feet in diameter. Beneath this was a basket or tube of wicker work, in which the aeronaut was seated. 265. SKETCHES OF THE INTERIOR OF ST. STEPHEN’S AS IT NOW STANDS. March 1 st, 1802. LORD HAWKESBURY. DICKINSON. NICHOLES. TIERNEY. ADDINGTON. ABBOT. The new Minister addressing the House, and surrounded by his supporters* a heterogeneous mass of Whigs and Tories. Lord Hawkesbury is seated behind him in his usual pensive attitude. 266. HOPE. April 8th, 1802. MR. DICKENSON. LORD HAWKESBURY. ADDINGTON. The group within the House is nearly the same as that pourtrayed in the above print. Dickenson, who is looking in from the lobby, listens to the hopeful promises of the ministerial orator. 267. DESPAIR. April 8th, 1802. ROBSON. TYRWHITT JONES. MARTIN. SIR F. BURDETT. In this Gillray makes Robson thus address the Speaker

—“ We are all ruinated, Sir! all diddled, Sir ! abused by placemen. Sir! bankrupts all, Sir! not worth £16. 10s Sir!” Behind him is Tyrwhitt Jones, who has inscribed on his coat :

“ Ignorance of the old Administration ; 216 gillray’s caricatures. Stupidity of the new Administration ; Ministerial Tricks ; Plunder ; Blunder ; Collusion ; Impeachment ; Banishment.” This refers to an occurrence in the House of Commons.Robson, who during the secession of the Whigs had been a constant attendant on Parliamentary duties, on the 4th of March, 1802, in a Committee of Supply, after expatiating on the extravagant expenditure of the country, observed :

ctf The finances of the country were in so desperate a situation, that Government was unable to discharge its bills ; for a fact had come within his knowledge, of a bill accepted by Government having been dishonoured/’ The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Addington) said:-— “The House ought to expect of the Hon. Gentleman to state the precise fact to which he had alluded ; and name a day on which he would bring it forward, and prove it ; if he did not, the next step would be for the House to proceed and censure him for the use of such expression ; for no man ought to make a heavy charge against Government any more than individuals, and allege a fact for the basis of such charge without being prepared to bring proof of such fact.” Poor Robson seems to have been afraid of being sent to the Tower, and said, te it was an expression which came out in the warmth of speech.” But Martin, the banker,# Member for Tewkesbury,

• Martin was a plain-spoken, rough, independent Member of Parliament. He sat in Parliament many years for the borough of Tewkesbury. He conscientiously supported Whig principles : but when Fox formed the coalition with Lord North, Martin scarcely ever addressed the House without denouncing the coalition in the most bitter terms, as a compromise of principles. One

day he said he wished the House would order a starling to be placed in it, to occasionally call out, “ Coalition, cursed Coalition.” Fox goodhumouredly replied, the Hon. Member might save himself the trouble of procuring the bird ; for while he remained a Member of the House, he would perform to admiration the proposed office of the starling. Martin, however, could not long support Tory measures, and returned to the ranks of the Whigs, and remained with them during the remainder of his Parliamentary career. POLITICAL SERIES. 217 advanced to his rescue, and quieted his fears. He said, that an acceptance of the Sick and Hurt Office, in his hands, had been presented, and had met the fate described by the Hon. Member. Addington now said, “ Whether or not the bill was paid, remains to be proved ; but my information comes from the same source as the Hon. Member derives his accusation. At all events, the instance of the Hon. Member of the insolvency of Government is a bill of £19. 7 Robson now took courage, and replied, “ that was so much the worse, as the bill was in the hands of a poor man who wanted the money.”— Hansard, vol. 36, p. 347-50. 268. THE NURSERY;—WITH BRITANNIA REPOSING IN PEACE December Ath, 1802. LORD HAWKESBURY. FOX. ADDINGTON. One of the happiest of Gillray’s satires. Fox, who was a zealous advocate of peace, and had lately been presented to Napoleon in Paris, is joined with the two Ministers as a triumvirate of nurses around Britannia’s apparently peaceful cradle. In this and the following plates, the brief and unsubstantial peace of 1802 seems to have brought out the artist’s best vein. 269. INTRODUCTION OF CITIZEN VOLPONE ANDHIS SUITE, AT PARIS. Nov. 1 5th, 1802. NAPOLEON. MRS. FOX. FOX. ERSKINE. ARTHUR O’CONNOR. LORD AND LADY HOLLAND. The First Consul Buonaparte is holding a Levee, seated in a Chair of State, with one hand held out to welcome Fox, who, in full court dress, is making a very low bow to him : on Fox’s coat pocket is inscribed, u Original Jacobin Manuscript.” Mrs. Fox is curtesying to Buonaparte. 218 gillray’s caricatures. Erskine, dressed in his forensic gown and wig, is bowing. Lord and Lady Holland are standing behind Fox. Thefigure prostrated on the ground, whose face cannot be seen, has a scroll above his head, inscribed “ Revolutionary Odes by Citizen Bow-ba-daro5 ’ (Bob Adair) is Robert Adair (now the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Adair), and on his body is 66 Intelligence for the Morning Chronicle/5 to intimate that he was a correspondent of that newspaper. The tall figure, standing on the left of Buonaparte, with a scroll inscribed, Trial of (PConnor, Maidstone/5 is Arthur O’Connor. We have already stated* that when Mr. Fox seceded from his attendance in Parliament in 1797 he resolved to devote a portion of his time to literary pursuits, and occupy himself with some literary undertaking. At first he meditated an * c Essay on Racine and Defence of the French Stage/5—afterwards a Treatise on the Beauties of Euripides—and subsequently he projected a Complete Edition of Dryden5 s Works, illustrated with notes; there being at that time no collected edition of the works of that eminent writer, to whom Sir Walter Scott assigns the third place among English Classics. Mr. Fox was not only an enthusiastic admirer of his poetry, but he considered his prose compositions to afford the purest speci- mens of genuine English diction, and standard of excel- lencef for beauty and harmony of style. These designs were successively laid aside, and he

• See No. 199, p. 134.

t So great was Fox’s admiration of the style of Dryden, that in composing his History, he at first intended not to use any word which had not been sanctioned by Dryden’s authority. He, however, esteemed the Commentaries of Blackstone and the writings of Middleton (the author of the Life of Cicero) models of pure English. The late Dr. Parr was equally impressed with the purity and beauty of Middleton’s English style, “ stylus est ejus ita purus ac suavis, salebris sine ullis profluens, ut numeros videatur complecti, quales in alio quopiam (prseter Addisonum) frustra queesiveris .”—Prcefatio ad Bellendenum. POLITICAL SERIES 219 eventually engaged in writing a History of James II. and the Revolution. He was naturally solicitous to obtain access to original papers and documents, which might throw new light on the period. The Peace of Amiens presented a favourable opportunity, and he resolved to visit France, and examine the archives of the Foreign office at Paris. On the 29th of July he left St. Anne’s Hill, accompanied by Mrs. Fox, Mr. St. John (afterwards Lord St. John), and Mr. Trotter, subsequently his Private Secretary. On arriving at Calais he was received with great distinction. The Municipal officers expressed a wish to entertain him with a dinner ; but he politely declined, assigning as a reason his anxiety to proceed on his journey. At Lisle he was persuaded to accept an invitation of the Municipal authorities and the Officers of the Army. We cannot accompany him in his tour through the Netherlands and Holland ; but must confine ourselves to the period of his arrival and residence at the Hotel de Richlieu at Paris. One of his first visits was to the Theatre Fran5ois to witness the representation of the Andromaque of his favourite Racine. He revisited that theatre in a few days to be present at the performance of the Phedre of Racine. <e On this occasion (says Trotter) he was very soon recognized by the audience in the pit, every eye was fixed on him, and every tongue resounded, Fox ! Fox ! The whole audience stood up, and the applause was universal. He alone, to whom all this admiration was paid, was embarrassed. His friends were gratified by the honour bestowed on this great man. It was that reward which Crowned Heads cannot purchase,—respect and gratitude from his fellow men, for his exertions in favour of humanity, and an honourable peace. So unwilling was Mr. Fox to receive the applause as personal, that he could not be prevailed upon to stand forward ; nor when his name repeatedly pronounced left no doubt of the matter, could he bring him- 220 gillray’s caricatures. self to make any obedience, or gesture of thanks. Noman had ever less vanity, or rather was so totally devoid of it as Mr. Fox, and perhaps through the genuine modesty of his nature, he seemed deficient on this occasion, in respect to the audience. The First Consul was present in his box.’* See Trotter’s Memoirs of the latter years of Fox, p. 204-5. We shall now proceed to give Mr. Trotter’s account of Fox's introduction to Buonaparte at a levee held at the Tuilleries ; only premising that as they passed through some of the State Rooms, Fox and his friends could not fail to observe busts of himself and Lord Nelson, occupying conspicuous places. “ We reached the interior apartment where Buonaparte, First Consul, surrounded by his Generals, Ministers, Senators, and Officers, stood betwixt the Second and Third Consuls, Le Brun and Cambaceres, in the centre of a semicircle at the head of the room. The numerous assemblage from the Salle des Ambassadeurs, formed into another semicircle, joined themselves to that at the head of which stood the First Consul. Buonaparte, of a small and by no means commanding figure, dressed plainly, though richly, in the embroidered Consular coat, without powder in his hair, looked at first view like a private gentleman, indifferent as to dress, and devoid of all haughtiness in his air. The two other Consuls, large and heavy men, seemed pillars too cumbrous to support themselves, and during the Levee were sadly at a loss what to do, whether the snuff-box or the pocket handkerchief was to be appealed to, or the left leg exchanged for the right. As soon as the circle was formed, Buonaparte began with the Spanish Ambassador, then went to the American, with whom he spoke some time, and so on, performing his part with ease and very agreeably, until he came to the English Ambassador, who, after the presentation of some English noblemen, announced Mr. Fox. Buonaparte was a good deal flurried, and after indicating considerable POLITICAL SERIES. 221 emotion very rapidly said, “ Ah, Mr. Fox! I have heard with pleasure of your arrival ! I have desired much to see you. I have long admired in you the orator, and friend of his country, who, in constantly raising his voice for peace, consulted that country’s best interests—those of Europe and of the human race. The two Great Nations of Europe require peace ; they have nothing to fear, they ought to understand and value one another. In you, Mr. Fox, I see with much satisfaction that Great Statesman who recommended peace, because there was no just object of war, who saw Europe desolated to no purpose, and who struggled for its relief.” Mr. Fox said little or rather nothing in reply ; —to a complimentary address to himself he always found repugnance to answer, nor did he bestow one word of admiration or applause upon the extraordinary and elevated character, who addressed him. A few questions and answers, relative to Fox’s tour, terminated the interview.” See Trotter’s Memoirs. As we have given the preceding account of the interview between Buonaparte and Fox from the narrative of Trotter, the reader perhaps may be gratified to see it confirmed by an extract from the Memoires de Constant, Premier Valet de Chambre del’Empereur sur la Vie Privee de Napoleon. Paris, 1830, Vol. iii. p. 66. “ Le Premier Consul s’avan9a vers M. Fox et lui dit je me felicite de vous voir a Paris, Monsieur. II y a long temps que je vous admire comme orateur, et comme sincere ami de votre pays a qui vous etes si desireux de rendre la Paix. Je suis tres heureux de faire votre connaissance. A ces paroles il ajouta plusieurs complimens, qui, dans la bouche d’un homme si extraordinaire ne pouvaient qu’etre tres-agreables a M. Fox.” The shyness or modesty of Fox, which prevented his making the slightest acknowledgment of the compliment paid him on this occasion, is greatly to be regretted, and must have been a disappointment to Buonaparte, as if he 222 gillray’s caricatures. underrated its value. This is clear from the account of Fox in the Biographie Universelle, “Fox approuva le traite d’Amiens et partit l’annee suivante pour Paris. II fut tres bien accueili dans cette capitale, et le Premier Consul Buonaparte lui adressa les discours les plus flatteurs, sans reussir a lui inspirer une haute idee de sa personnel In the same valuable work we find this testimony to the merit of Trotter’s Memoirs, “ Ces Memoires ecrits avec toute la partialite de l’amitie nous ont paru tres precieux, non seulement pour les details qu’on y trouve sur le sujet du livre, mais aussi par des jugements sur nombre de personages Fra^ais et Etrangers.”—Vol. 15. The next person who was presented to the First Consul was Erskine. Buonaparte merely said to him, 66 Etes vous legiste—are you a lawyer ?” This must have been a great disappointment to one so sensitive as Erskine, and whosecelebrity in his own country must have led him to expect a more distinguished reception. Mr. Fox attended a second levee of the First Consul, and was invited to dinner, it being the practice of Buonaparte to invite some of the most distinguished persons whohad been presented at the preceding levee. At dinner Buonaparte indignantly expressed his dislike of the members of Pitt’s late. Cabinet, and even designated Windhamby name, as the projector and abettor of “ the infernal machine.” Since the secession of the Portland party, Windham had particularly distinguished himself by the asperity of his attacks on Fox and his principles ; but the nature of Fox was too lofty and generous to countenance for a moment this unfounded charge, and he used every effort to remove the impression from the mind of Buonaparte. During his residence at Paris he attended every morningat the Foreign Office, accompanied by Mr. Adair, St. John, and Trotter, who assisted him in copying such documents as he esteemed useful to him. Every facility was POLITICAL SERIES. 223 given to his researches, and he obtained transcripts of many important dispatches of Barillon, and some unpublished correspondence of D’Avaux. We must now bring our narrative to a conclusion. Every attention was paid to Fox during his sojourn at Paris. On visiting the Mint they struck a medal in honour of the occasion. Talleyrand entertained him to dinner with great splendour. Many other distinguished persons paid him similar attentions. He was particularly gratified by receiving a visit from Lafayette, who had acted so distinguished a part in the early period of the French Revolution, but had been captured and for a long time imprisoned by the German allies of England. Lafayette expressed his grateful thanks to him for having obtained his liberation from the dungeons of Germany. In the course of conversation Fox said to him, “ You endeavoured to establish the solecism of a monarch at the head of a republic.55 He received similar gratification from a visit of the patriotic Polish General Kosciusko. 270. GERMAN NONCHALANCE OR, THE VEXATION OF LITTLE BONEY. January 1st, 1803. COUNT STAHREMBERG. This Austrian Minister passed through Paris on a political mission in so much haste, that he did not stop to pay his respects to Napoleon, which gave great offence to the ruler of France. 271. THE FIRST KISS THESE TEN YEARS ! OR, THE MEETING OF BRITANNIA AND CITIZEN FRANCOIS. January Is/, 1803. Another clever hit at the peace. The portraits of NapoQ 224 gillray’s caricatures. leon and King George, suspended on the wall, appear to be shaking hands, but with a very bad grace. This carica- ture is said to have excited Napoleor^s mirth to an unusualdegree. 272. A PHANTASMAGORIA;—SCENE: CONJURINGUP AN ARMED SKELETON. January 5th, 1803.ADDINGTON. WILBERFORCE. LORD HAWKESBURY. FOX.An excellent satire on the same subject as the last. Thetriumvirate of peacemakers are boiling down the Britishlion, and their incantations raise from the mystic pot theskeleton of Britannia, literally reduced to nothing butbones. 273. BAT-CATCHING. January 19th, 1803.LORD HAWKESBURY. ADDINGTON. CANNING. SHERIDAN.TIERNEY. The two Ministers catching opposition bats, by a methodwhich is well known to bat-catchers of all sorts. Sheridan,Tierney, and Canning, are in danger of being netted. 274. DOCTOR SANGRADO CURING JOHN BULLOFREPLETION. May 2nd, 1803.FOX. SHERIDAN. LORD HAWKESBURY. MASTER a(dDINGTO)n.ADDINGTON. BUONAPARTE. This caricature is said to have given great offence to theMinister, Addington, who had conferred upon his son, amere boy, one of the lucrative clerkships of the Pells.Sheridan and Fox are now holding out their hands for ashare of the blood so ruthlessly extracted from John Bull. POLITICAL SERIES. 225 275. PHYSICAL AID; OR, BRITANNIA RECOVERED FROM A TRANCE ALSO, THE PATRIOTIC COURAGE OF SHERRY ANDREW; AND A PEEP THROUGH THE FOG. March 11th, 1803. LORD HAWKESBURY. ADDINGTON. BRITANNIA. FOX. SHERIDAN. On the 8th of March, 1803, a royal message, pointing to the warlike preparations then going on in France and Holland, roused the nation to a sense of the imminence of war, attended with new fears of an invasion. Sheridan distinguished himself by his warlike language in the debates, and he appears here as the foremost and most blustering defender of Britannia, who is worse than thunderstruck at the alarming intelligence. Addington, the doctor, (as he was nicknamed, in allusion to the profession of his father) is administering relief. The peace-loving Fox remains incredulous. 276. ARMED HEROES. May 18th, 1803. LORD HAWKESBURY. ADDINGTON. BUONAPARTE. Addington acting the hero, while his colleague, Lord Hawkesburv, is very tamely repeating his grand threat of marching to Paris. The mixture of courage and fear in the attitude and language of the Minister is admirable. 277. FRENCH VOLUNTEERS MARCHING TO THE CONQUEST OF GREAT BRITAIN. Oct. 25 th, 1803. A satire on the reported eagerness of the people of France to serve in the threatened expedition against Great Britain. Many persons believed that the King and his Ministers Q 2 226 gillray’s caricatures. did not really credit Buonaparte’s threat of invasion; but thefollowing extract from a most curious autograph letterof George III. to Bishop Hurd places the King’s serious belief in the menace beyond all dispute. The letter onlycame to light last year (1849), and will be new to most ofour readers. It proves the King was making his familyarrangements with a view to that event. te Windsor,Nov. 30, 1803. We are here in daily expectation thatBonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion, the chancesagainst his success seem so many that it is wonderful hepersists in it. I own I place that thorough dependence onthe protection of Divine Providence that I cannot helpthinking the usurper is encouraged to make the trial that the ill success may put an end to his wicked purposes.Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of my troops and my other armed subjects to repel them. But as it is impossible to foresee the eventsof such a conflict, should the enemy approach too near to Windsor, I shall think it right the Queen and my daughtersshould cross the Severn, and shall send them to yourEpiscopal Palace at Worcester; by this hint I do not in the least mean they shall be any inconvenience to you, andshall send a proper servant and furniture for their accommodation. Should this event arise I certainly wouldrather have what I value most in life remain, during the conflict, in your diocese, and under your roof, than in anyother place in the island.” 278. FRENCH INVASION; OR, BUONAPARTE LANDING IN GREAT BRITAIN. June 10th, 1803. This was one of the numerous prints which assisted in sustaining the patriotic contempt of Frenchmen, amid the terror excited in the hearts of many of our countrymenduring the threatened invasion in the alarming year 1803. POLITICAL SERIES. 227 279. MANIAC RAVINGS; OR, LITTLE BONEY IN A STRONG FIT. May 24th, 1803. A parody on Lord Whitworth’s dispatch of the 14th of March, 1803, describing the violent scene which had occurred the day before at the Tuilleries. “ The exasperation and fury of Buonaparte,” says the Annual Register for the year just mentioned, “ broke out into ungovernable rage at his own Court, on his public day, and in the pre- sence of the diplomatic body of Europe there assembled. Thus violating every principle of hospitality—of decorum -—of politeness—and the privileges of Ambassadors—ever before held sacred. On the appearance of Lord Whitworth in the circle, he approached him with equal agitation and ferocity, proceeded to descant, in the bitterest terms, on the conduct of the English Government—summoned the Ministers of some of the Foreign Courts to be wit- nesses to this vituperative harangue—and concluded by expressions of the most angry and menacing hostility. The English Ambassador did not think it advisable to make any answer to this brutal and ungentlemanly attack, and it terminated by the First Consul retiring to his apartments, repeating his last phrases, till he had shut himself in ; leaving nearly two hundred spectators of this wanton display of arrogant impropriety, in amazement and consternation.” 280. DEATH OF THE CORSICAN FOX.—SCENE, THE LAST OF THE ROYAL HUNT. July 20th , 1803. GEORGE III. BUONAPARTE. PITT. This caricature of Napoleon was published after the declaration of war and recommencement of hostilities in 1803. Gillray’s prophecy was fulfilled, but long after its date, when the hunter was no longer capable of enjoying his triumph. 228 GILLRAYS CARICATURES. 281. THE HANDWRITING UPON THE WALL. August 24th, 1803.NAPOLEON. JOSEPHINE. This is an admirable parody on Belshazzar’s Feast. Buonaparte, with Josephine sitting by his side, whileregaling his courtiers with a splendid repast, is seen start- ing from his chair of state, horror-struck at the sight of theinscription on the wall, “ Mene, mene, Tekel upharsin.”A hand is seen issuing from another part of the wall, holding a balance, in which the despotism of Buonaparteis found wanting, and outweighed by the crown of LouisXVIII. under which is “ Vive le Roi.*’ Among the disheson the table are various, indicative of his visions of theinvasion of England. On one dish is, Oh, de roast beef of Old England /’ but a decapitated head suppliesthe place of the favourite sirloin. The pastry is mouldedinto representations of <c the Tower de Londres/* “ St. James*/’ “ the Bank of England/* surmounted by a tri- coloured flag. A bottle of wine is labelled “ Maidstone/*alluding to the trial of Arthur 0*Connor and Quigley,who were arrested at Dover, while proceeding to Franceto arrange the plan for the French invasion of Ireland. The three sisters of Buonaparte are standing behind Josephine, voluptuously attired. 282. DESTRUCTION OF THE FRENCH GUN-BOATS OR, LITTLE BONEY AND HIS FRIEND TALLYIN HIGH GLEE. Nov. 22nd, 1803.TALLEYRAND. BUONAPARTE. Napoleon rejoicing at the destruction of his own troops. The callousness with which the Ruler of France looks onthe fate of thousands of his soldiers who perished in sup- POLITICAL SERIES. 229 porting his ambition was proverbial. It was supposed by some that he looked forward with no feelings of regret to the immense loss of life which must attend on his attempt to effect a landing upon the British shores, as a relief to him, by checking the military spirit which he had excited to such a pitch that he could no longer manage it himself. 283. JOHN BULL AND THE ALARMIST. JOHN BULL. SHERIDAN. When originally printed as a broadside, this spirited caricature, alluding to the tone of Sheridan’s speeches in Parliament, was accompanied with the following verses, which will form the best explanation :

JOHN BULL AND THE ALARMIST. John Bull, as he sat in his old snug chair. An Alarmist came to him, and said in his ear,

<£ A Corsican thief has just slipt from his quarters, And he’s coming to ravish your wives and your daughters !” “ Let him come and be d—d,” thus roared out John Bull

ie With my crab-stick assur’d I will fracture his skull ;

Or I’ll squeeze the vile reptile ’twixt my finger and thumb. Make him stink, like a bug, if he dares to presume.” “ They say, a full thousand of flat-bottom’d boats, Each a hundred and fifty have warriors of note, All fully determined to feast on your lands, So I fear you will find full enough on your hands.” John, smiling, arose upright as a post,

“ I’ve a million of friends bravely guarding my coast

And my old ally Neptune will give them a dousing, And prevent the mean rascals to come here a lousing !” 284. THE CORSICAN CARCASE - BUTCHER’S RECKONING DAY. September, 1803. BUONAPARTE. TALLEYRAND. Napoleon restrained by his minister, Talleyrand, from 230 gillray’s caricatues. rushing too rashly into the war with Great Britain. Thepolitical butcher is furious at the roaring of the British bull, and his anger is not appeased by the stealthy visit of the bear of Russia 285. THE CORSICAN PEST; OR, BEELZEBUB GOINGTO SUPPER. October 6th, 1803. This rather coarse caricature requires no further explanation than that furnished by the verses below, which are understood to have been written by Paul Sandby, the cele- brated painter in water-colours. 286. THE KING OF BROBDINGNAG, AND GULLIVER. June 26th, 1803.BUONAPARTE. GEORGE III. This clever design is said to have been the work of Lieut.- Colonel Bradyll, of the Coldstream Guards, and not of Gillray, who, it is presumed, only etched it. 287. THE GENIUS OF FRANCE NURSING HERDARLING. November 26th, 1804. BUONAPARTE. Another of the numerous caricatures published at this time for the purpose of embittering the English people against their great and inveterate enemy. The imperial crown is the plaything after which he is straining. 288. THE KING OF BROBDINGNAG AND GULLIVER.(Plate 2.) February 10th, 1804. BUONAPARTE. PRINCESSES. THE QUEEN. GEORGE III. LORD SALISBURY. The amateur who designed this clever plate, is said to bethe same Lieut.-Colonel Bradyll, to whom we owe the POLITICAL SERIES. 231 other plate on the same subject. It probably owes something to the etching of Gillray. 289 A MORNING RIDE. February 25th, 1804. PRINCE OF WALES. COLONEL M‘MAH ON. Another subject which was only engraved by Gillray. It is said to be a most characteristic picture of the Prince of Wales and his attendant. 290. CONFEDERATED COALITION; OR, THE GIANTS STORMING HEAVEN. May 1st, 1804. SIR F. BURDETT. EARL OF CARLISLE. DUKE OF NORFOLK. MARQUESS OF STAFFORD. FOX. LORD HAWKESBURY. LORD TEMPLE. ADDINGTON. WILBERFORCE. LORD STANHOPE. M. A. TAYLOR. DUNDAS. PITT. ST. VINCENT. GREY. EARL OF DERBY. WINDHAM. SHERIDAN. ERSKINE. DR. LAWRENCE. A caricature in Gillray*s best style, on the grand coalition which overthrew the Addington Administration, which led to the re-appointment of Pitt. The triumvirate, Addington, Lord Hawkesbury, and Lord St. Vincent, are defending the Ministerial heaven, assaulted on one side by Pitt and Dundas, and their immediate supporters, and on the other by Fox, who is now supported by Lords Grenville and Temple. The numerous other assailants are carrying on their attacks in different quarters, and by different means. 291. MIDDLESEX ELECTION, 1804. —“A LONG PULL, A STRONG PULL, AND A PULL ALTOGETHER.” August 7 tk, 1804. LORD MOIRA. LORD CARLISLE. COL. BOSVILLE. DUKE OF BEDFORD. GREY. LORD DERBY. ST. VINCENT. MARQUESS OF LANSDOWNE. FOX. DUKE OF NORFOLK. HORNE TOOKE. SIR W. CURTIS. SHERIDAN. TIERNEY. ERSKINE. TYRWHITT JONES. GENERAL FITZPATRICK. On the great struggle for the representation of Middlesex 232 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. in the summer of 1804, between Mainwaring, the Court Candidate, and Sir Francis Burdett. The former gained the election by a majority of five, the numbers of votes being, for Mainwaring, 2828, and for Burdett 2823. Burdett is here carried to the hustings, dragged in by the Whig party, with his political preceptor, Horne Tooke, for coachman, and Erskine, Tierney, and Sheridan, as footmen. The scene represents the hustings at Brentford. 292. BUONAPARTE FORTY-EIGHT HOURS AFTERLANDING! —VIDE JOHN BULL5 S HOMESTROKE, ARMED EN MASSE. July 2 6th, 1803. Another of the patriotic caricatures provoked by the threats of invasion in 1803. 293. UNCORKING OLD SHERRY. March 10th, 1805. ADDINGTON. PITT. SHERIDAN. TIERNEY. FOX. WINDHAM. SIR F. BURDETT. GREY. ERSKINE. The Uncorking Old Sherry was one of the most popular of Gillray’s Political Prints. Pitt is drawing the cork of a bottle of sherry ; but instead of the generous wine of Xeres, there c ‘ bursts out” a never ending collec- tion of Old Puns,”— Groans of Disappointment,” 44 Stolen jests, invectives, lame puns, loyal boastings, dramatic ravings, low scurrilities,”—

Fibs, Fibs, Fibs” &c. This bottle has a portrait of Sheridan upon it. There are various other bottles placed around ; one tfc A Glass of all Sorts,” has a portrait of Tierney upon it. Another bottle having the portrait of Fox, is marked “ True French Wine.” Another with the portrait of Windham, is inscribed “ Brandy and Water.” Another “ Brentford POLITICAL SERIES. 233 Ale/’ with the portrait of Sir F. Burdett, then Member for Middlesex. There is Whitbread’s “ Small Beer’’—Grey is “ Goosberry Wine’’—and Erskine figures as a bottle of “ Spruce Beer.’’ At Pitt’s feet lies a bottle overturned, labelled “ Medicinal Wine/’ and bearing the portrait of Addington, whose Ministry Pitt had recently overturned, and who had acquired the nickname of the Doctor. Pitt and Sheridan, during the long course of their political career, attacked each other occasionally with a spirit of personal animosity, that neither of them exhibited in debate towards any other individual. The ori- ginal ground of this personal feeling seems to have been laid in the debate on the American preliminaries of peace in 1783, when Pitt was Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Shelburne’s Administration. The sarcasms then interchanged between them, appear to have left a lasting impression on both their minds. In 1783, on Lord John Cavendish’s motion for censuring the preliminaries of the American peace, Mr. Sheridan, in the course of a very able speech, observed that the 17th article was one of the most inconsistent political productions that could possibly be supposed ; it was couched in such vague and loose terms, that it must have relation to the impending treaty with Holland. It was with the view of finding out the extent of that article, and what reference it had to the treaty yet pending, and the political position it evidently had towards France, that the Hon. Gentleman made his motion on a former day, and which called forth the indignation of the Chancellor of the Exchequer as being inconsistent with the established usage of the House, unprecedented, and preposterous in the extreme. This convinced him, however, that the Right Hon. Gentleman was more a practical politician than an experienced one; his years and his very early political exaltation, had not permitted him to look whether 234 gillray’s caricatures. there had been precedents, or to acquire a knowledge of the journals of the House. Had his youth permitted him to acquire such knowledge, his discretion wouldnot have suffered his abilities, which he greatly admired, to be carried away by his heat and precipitancy ; he wouldnot with so much indignation have resented the asking questions, which it was the duty of Ministers to satisfy. If he had consulted the journals, he would have found incontestable evidence to prove the groundless authority of his indignant assertions ; he would have found that it wasnot unprecedented to lay a depending treaty before the House ; nay, that before a single step had been taken to complete any of the points of it ; it had been usual for Parliament to be in possession of the principles uponwhich it was proposed a treaty should turn. Parliament was called upon to assist with its advice on the vast subject of national importance, which peace must necessarily in all times be, as involving in it so much of the general prosperity and happiness of Europe.”

Hansard’s Debates, Vol. 23, pp. 47-8-9. Mr. Pitt, in his reply, in defending the Preliminaries of Peace, displayed those extraordinary powers, which nowdeveloped themselves more and more on every important occasion ; and proved that he would soon establish a fame, which would place his name in the first rank of orators of any age or nation. He was pointedly severe on those who opposed the address, but selected Sheridan for the most prominent object of attack and personal sarcasm. " No man admired more than he did the abilities of the Hon.Gentleman, the elegant sallies of his thoughts, the gayeffusions of his fancy, his dramatic turns, and his epigrammatic points, and if they were reserved for the proper stage, they would no doubt receive, what the Hon. Gentleman’s abilities always did receive, the plaudits of the audience, and it would be his fortune, c sui plausu gaudere POLITICAL SERIES. 235 theatric* But this was not the proper scene for the exhibition of those elegances.” Sheridan was extremely felicitous in his rejoinder. “On that particular sort of personality, which the Right Hon. Gentleman had thought proper to introduce, he need not comment. The propriety, the taste, the gentlemanly point of it, must have been obvious to the House. But let me assure the Right Hon. Gentleman, that I do now, and will at any time he chooses, to repeat this sort of allusion, meet it with the most sincere good humour. Nay, I will say more, flattered and encouraged by the Right Hon. Gentleman^ panegyric on my talents, if ever I again engage in the species of composition he alludes to, I may be tempted to an act of presumption—to attempt an improvement on one of Ben Jonson’s best characters—the character of the Angry Boy in the Alchemist.”f The Uncorking Old Sherry took place in the House of Commons on the 6th of March, 1805. Sheridan made a motion for the repeal of the Additional

• The quotation is from Lucan, and alludes to Pompey, who among other

arts of courting popularity, erected a theatre at Rome, to which the citizens were admitted gratuitously. Whenever, therefore, Pompey made his appear- ance in his box, his entrance was sure to be greeted with the rapturous applause of the audience. + Sheridan, gratified by the effect the allusion had produced in the House, drew up the following advertisement extraordinary. “ In consequence of a hint lately given out in the House of Commons, the play of the Alchemist is certainly to be performed by a set of gentlemen for our diversion, in a private apartment of Buckingham House. The characters will be performed by the following gentlemen :

Subtle (the Alchemist) . Lord Shelburne. Face (the House Keeper) . The Lord Chancellor (Thurlow.) Doll (their Colleague) . The Lord Advocate (Dundas.) Drugger (the Tobacco Man) Lord Effingham. Epicure Mammon . Mr. Rigby. Tribulation . . Jenkinson. Kastril (the Angry Boy) . Ananias ( a little Pastor) . Dame Pliant Mr. W. Pitt. Mr. Hill (brother of Rowland Hill.) Gen. Conway. And Surly His (Majesty.)” 236 gillray’s caricatures. Force Bill. Having shewn the utter inefficiency of the measure, and its failure in raising recruits, he commentedwith great severity on the constitution of Mr. Pitt’s newCabinet. Pitt had himself denounced the incompetencyof the greater part of his present colleagues; but he supposed the talents of Lord Hawkesbury, Lord Castlereagh, Lord Eldon, and others, had undergone a wonderfulchange and improvement by their removal from Addington’s Cabinet, and being transplanted into his own. Mr. Pitt in his reply said, u The Hon. Gentleman seldomcondescends to favour us with a display of his extraor- dinary powers of imagination and of fancy ; but when hedoes come forward, we are prepared for a grand performance. No subject comes amiss to him, however remotefrom the question before the House. All that his fancysuggests, or that he has collected from others, all that hecan utter in the ebullition of the moment, all that he has slept on and matured, are combined and produced for our entertainment. All his hoarded repartees, all his matured jests, the full contents of his commonplace book, all his severe invectives, all his bold hardy assertions, he collects into one mass, which he kindles into a blaze of eloquence, and out it comes altogether, whetherit has any relation to the subject in debate or not. Thusit is that the Hon. Gentleman finds a new argumentfor the repeal of the present bill, because the House andthe country has less confidence in the present than even in the late Ministers.” Sheridan appears to have been unusually stung andgalled by this attack. While the debate was proceeding, he went up into Bellamy’s refreshment-room, ordered a bottle of Madeira, poured it out into a bowl, drank it off, and thus primed, came down into the House, and madethe following bitter, cutting, and truculent retort. “ The Right Hon. Gentleman complains that I used harsh and violent language towards him, that I wandered from the subject in discussion, and sought to supply the POLITICAL SERIES. 237 defect of argument by personal reflections. Although I may be supposed to be sometimes a warm speaker in this House, I believe I have never been accused of harbouring much political animosity against any man. The Right Hon. Gentleman intended, I suppose, to contrast my violent language with his own singular gentleness and meekness of manners. This observation, he doubtless thought, came with peculiar propriety from a person so perfectly averse to all ill-natured personalities; so eminently distinguished for soaring above all little political enmities, and so complete a foe to every thing sarcastic or biting. The Right Hon. Gentleman has thought proper to describe my speech as coming from a person who has never read the Act it is proposed to repeal, and who knows nothing of it beyond the title. What I said is regarded by him as a collection of jests and sarcasms, which have been for a long time stored up, in order that they may burst all at once on the meek, gentle, modest head of the Right Hon. Gentleman. If my speech, however, was so very un- worthy of the serious attention of the House ; if I did wander so much from the object of the debate ; if I did entertain the House with nothing but hoarded repartees, or common-place jokes ; is it not a little singular that the Right Hon. Gentleman should have done me the honour to start up immediately to answer me ? The Right Hon. Gentleman knew well that his vast and splendid talents were not necessary to answer a speech distinguished for nothing but irregularity and ignorance. —No man is more ready to acknowledge the great and eminent talents of the Right Hon. Gentleman than I am. No man esteems them higher than I do. But if I were to characterize his Ministry, I should say, in language which the Right Hon. Gentleman may recollect to have heard before—namely, that he has added more to the burdens, and subtracted more from the liberties of the people, than any Minister that ever governed this country. 238 gillray’s caricatures. “ The Right Hon. Gentleman has thought fit to allude to the support which I gave to the Noble Lord (Sidmouth), when Chancellor of the Exchequer, and at the head of his Majesty’s Councils. He represents it as an insidious and hollow support. I hope it is not mycharacter to give any support of that description. Hesays, I gave the Noble Lord a few votes when I knew they could be of no use to him, and that I opposed him whenmy support could alone have been of advantage to him. I say that this charge is contrary to fact. I gave my support to the late Administration with the utmost good faith, and I know that the Noble Lord has always been ready to acknowledge it. But suppose I had not supported himwith fidelity and firmness, what then ? I never had professed to do so, either to that Administration, or to this House. I supported them because I approved of manyof their measures, but principally was I induced to support them because I considered their continuance in office as a security against the return to power of the Right Hon. Gentleman opposite me, which ever appeared to me as the greatest national calamity. If, indeed, I had recommendedthe Noble Lord to his Majesty—if I had come down to this House, and described the Noble Lord as the fittest man in the country to fill the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, because it was a convenient step to my ownsafety, in retiring from a situation which I had grossly abused, and which I could no longer fill with honour and security ; —if, having seduced him into that situation, I had afterwards tapered off from a promised support, when I saw that the Minister of my own choice was acquiring greater stability and popularity than I wished for if, when I saw an opening to my own return to power, I had entered into a combination with others whom I meant also to betray, from the sole lust of power and office, in order to remove him ; —and if, under the dominion of these base appetites, I had then treated with ridicule* and contempt. POLITICAL SERIES. 239 the very man whom I had before held up to the choice of my Sovereign, and the approbation of this House and the public; —then, indeed, I should have merited the con- tempt and execration of all good men, and should have deserved to be told, that I was hollow and insincere in my support, and that I had acted a mean, a base, and a perfidious part ” Notwithstanding the harsh personalities, which occasionally passed between Pitt and Sheridan, on the first day of the sessions of the newly elected Parliament in 1802, a ludicrous interchange of civility took place between them. They advanced from the opposite sides of the House to the table to be sworn in, and happening to stand next to each other, they took the oaths at the same time. The ceremony having been gone through, the clerk required the usual fee of two shillings from each. Pitt putting his hand into his pocket, and finding he had no money in it, turned round to Sheridan, and laughing, said, “ Will you lend me two shillings ?” Sheridan furnished the required loan to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, to the great amusement of the members who were waiting to be sworn. The follow- ing jeu d’esprit appeared the next day in a morning newspaper : “ Something is certainly on the carpet at present between the Ministry and Opposition, for we assert, from undoubted authority, that yesterday a loan was negotiated between Mr. Pitt and Mr. Sheridan.” 294. THE GRAND CORONATION PROCESSION OF NAPOLEON THE FIRST, EMPEROR OF FRANCE, FROM THE CHURCH OF NOTREDAME, NOVEMBER 19th, 1804. January 1st, 1805. On the crowning step of Napoleon’s ambition. He was proclaimed Emperor of the French, under the title of NaR 240 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. poleon I., on the 20th of May, 1804, and was crownedwith extraordinary ceremonies on the 19th of November.The Pope was compelled by the mandate of Buonaparte to repair to Paris, and perform the ceremony of the coronation. On the 19th of November, the Emperor, attendedby a numerous military escort, and followed by an immensetrain of equipages, proceeded to the Cathedral of NotreDame. There his Holiness performed a solemn service, anointed the Emperor with the sacred unction, and placedthe crown upon his head. The inscription below theprint will furnish the best explanation of the parts actedby the different personages who contributed to this event, or took a part in it. 295. THE PLUM- PUDDING IN DANGER; OR,STATE EPICURES TAKING UN PETITSOUPER. February 26th, 1805.PITT. NAPOLEON. The new Emperor, and his opponent the English Minister, helping themselves—one taking the land, the otherthe sea. On the overtures made by the new Emperor for a reconciliation with England in the January of 1805. 296. THE APPLES AND THE HORSE-TURDS; OR,BUONAPARTE AMONG THE GOLDEN PIPPINS. February 1800.A parody on the old fable, composed soon after theelevation of Napoleon to the office of First Consul. Hewas supposed to be already aiming at claiming relationshipwith the crowned heads of Europe, and the caricature hashere intimated the feeling which such a proposal was likelyto excite. POLITICAL SERIESr 241 297- JOHN BULL OFFERING LITTLE BONEY FAIR PLAY. August 2nd, 1803. Another caricature on the invasion of 1803, well calculated to keep up the popular spirit of defiance shewn on that occasion. 298. THE STATE WAGGONER AND JOHN BULL; OR THE WAGGON TOO MUCH FOR THE DONKEYS. March 14th, 1804. CANNING. ERSKINE. WILBERFORCE. LORD CARLISLE. GREY. M. OF BUCKINGHAM. PITT. FOX. LORD GRENVILLE. WINDHAM. SHERIDAN. ADDINGTON. On the change in the Ministry in 1804. Addington and his team have dragged the state waggon into a slough

while farmer John Bull is pointing to his old stud of horses, now mustered in opposition, as alone likely to furnish a team capable of drawing it out. Windham and Sheridan are indulging in a kick at each other. 299. END OF THE IRISH FARCE OF CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. May 17 th, 1805. PITT. LORD HAWKESBURY. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD MOIRA. MRS. F1TZHERBERT. DUKE OF CLARENCE. FOX. DUKE OF BEDFORD. LORD STANHOPE. SHERIDAN. DUKE OF NORFOLK. WINDHAM. LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD DERBY. SIR F. BURDETT. LORD THANET. MR. GRATTAN. LORD HOLLAND. ERSKINE. LORD HENRY PETTY. At the beginning of May, 1805, the Catholics of Ire- land petitioned both Houses of Parliament for emancipation from the penal statutes then in existence against them. The debate in the House of Lords took place on 242 gillray’s caricatures. the 10th and 13th of May, and that in the House ofCommons on the 13th and 14th of the same month, andin both Houses the petition was rejected by a large majority. Lord Grenville brought the subject forward in the Upper House, and Fox in the Lower ; it was strongly opposed by Lord Hawkesbury, Lord Sidmouth, and Mr.Pitt.The Popish squadron, led by Lord Grenville in his pontificals, as their pope, and by Lord Moira, who in his precipitate fall has overthrown Mrs. Fitzherbert, who wasaccused of using her influence to further the cause, are rebutted in their attempt to force the sanctuary of the Treasury. Fox, as a cardinal, with Lord Stanhope as his incense- bearer, mounted on a very Irish personification ofa “ bull,” is in equal dismay at the blasts with which theyare received by the three champions of Protestantism. Sheridan is about to elevate the host, and Horne Tookebears the cross, surmounted with a bonnet rouge, which, like the portrait of Napoleon hung round the bull’s neck, is intended to intimate that the zeal for the Catholics wasbut a cover for French revolutionary principles. Most ofthe other Whig leaders figure in this stirring scene, occupied in various positions and offices which it was pretendedwere congenial to their sentiments. 300. ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. August 2nd, 1805. GEORGE III. NAPOLEON. The royal St. George rescuing Britannia from the fangs of the Monster of France. The king wears the uniformof his own regiment of Guards (the Blues). But a fewweeks after the date of this print, the Imperial crownreceived a gash in the victory of Trafalgar, not much less formidable than the one here represented literally. POLITICAL SERIES. 243 301. BRITANNIA BETWEEN DEATH AND THE DOCTORS. May 20th, 1804. ADDINGTON. PITT. FOX. NAPOLEON. On Pitt’s return to office in 1 804. Doctor Addington’s course of treatment has nearly thrown his patient into the power of political death, personified in her arch-enemy Napoleon, and she is only relieved by the sudden return of her old physician. Pitt is represented as kicking Addington out of the House, and has overturned a phial in Addington’s hand, labelled Composing Draft.’5 Pitt holds a bottle of Constitutional Restorative55 in his hand, and The Art of Restoring Health55 is hanging out of his pocket. He is treading upon Fox’s prostrate body. By Fox’s side are “ Whig Pills,55 and in his uplifted hand is “ Republican Balsam.” 302. THE RECONCILIATION. November 20th, 1804. QUEEN. PRINCESSES. LORD MOIRA. PITT. GEORGE III. PRINCE OF WALES. On the reconciliation of the prince with his royal father, which was said to have been brought about chiefly by the intermediation of Pitt and Lord Moira. It is not an unapt parody on the story of the prodigal son. 303. THE WOUNDED LION. July 1 6th, 1805. LORD ST. VINCENT. WILBERFORCE. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD MELVILLE. GREY. FOX. KINNAIRD. ERSKINE. WALPOLE. The conception of this print is remarkably happy. The subject is the Impeachment of Lord Melville for making use of the Public Money for his own private accommodation, while he held the office of Treasurer of the Navy. The 244 GILLRAY’s CARICATURES. Lion (Lord Melville) is lying on the ground, wounded bythe discharge from a piece of ordnance fired off by LordSt. Vincent, concealed behind a tree ; the mortar is a pewter pot inscribed 44 Whitbread’s Entire,” Grey represented as a serpent, Fox in the character of his four-footednamesake, Kinnaird as a wolf-dog, and other memberspictured as animals are attacking the wounded Lion. LordSidmouth, depicted as an ass, is laden with 44 Physic forthe Lion”—44 Clyster for the Lion”

44 Emetic for theLion”

44 Opening Pills”

44 Candied Whorehound.” Heis kicking the Lion with his hind heels, and calling out(i Give him another kick, brother Bragge,” By his side, and behind Addington, are his brother-in-law Bragge andhis brother Hely Addington, also represented as asses car-rying 44 Provisions for the Doctor’s family’’

44 Pension forbrother Bragge’’

44 Pension for brother Hely”

44 Trifles through the Lion’s generosity,” &c. Wilberforce, in thecharacter of an ape, is perched on a tree, holding in hispaw, 44 Solution of Vital Christianity,’’ and emitting 44 Cant,Envy, Hypocrisy,” &c. In the Lion’s claws are 44 Plansfor Manning the Navy”

44 List of Ships built in 1804”* ‘ 4 Abolition of Impressment.” Britannia is seated underan oak, mourning over the wounded Lion, her spear broken,and her shield discarded. Gillray’s Motto is happily chosen. 44 And now all theskulking herd of the forest, some out of insolence, othersout of revenge, some, in fine, upon one pretence, and someupon another, fell upon him by consent,—but nothing wentso near the heart of him in his distress, as to find himselfbattered by the heel of an ass.’’

Vide uFsop’s Fables. Lord Melville was unquestionably one of the ableststatesmen of the reign of George III. He was bred to theprofession of the law, and filled the office of Lord Advocate of Scotland during the administration of Lord North,and was one of the most efficient supporters of the latter

• Lord Melville was at that time First Lord of the Admiralty.

POLITICAL SERIES. 245 part of his ministry. He was removed from office by the Rockingham administration, but appointed Treasurer of the Navy by Lord Shelburne. He joined Pitt in his opposition to the Coalition ministry ; and on Pitt’s appointment as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer in December 1783, he was by far the most powerful of his supporters. His opponents accused him of seeking office without any regard to political consistency. “ Alike the Advocate of North and Wit, The Friend of Shelburne, and the Guide of Pitt.” Indeed, the services he rendered to Pitt at that time were invaluable. Fox’s India Bill had just been rejected, and caused his dismissal from office ; but all allowed that some new and vigorous measure was indispensable for the government of India. The new Minister was therefore called upon to introduce a bill for that purpoee. Pitt was then only in his 25th year. Splendid as his abilities were, he had not had time to study the affairs of India with that attention, which the production of a code for the government of India required. Dundas had been Chairman of the Committee for investigating the affairs of the Carnatic

he therefore came to the subject with a mind stored with information, and was the real author of the India Bill, which Pitt introduced under his own name. The House and the public were astonished at the extensive, varied and accurate knowledge of the complicated affairs of that dis- tant empire exhibited by so young a man, and at the ease and perspicuity with which he elucidated the bearings of the clauses of his India Bill, and vindicated its superiority over the rejected Bill of Fox, by preserving the prerogative of the crown, the rights of the East India Company, while it consolidated the political rights of India, and improved her commercial regulations. The Parliamentary majority still remained faithful to the Coalition, and his bill was rejected. But Pitt’s fame was established on a 246 GILLRAY? S CARICATURES. firm basis. He dissolved the Parliament, and obtained a triumphant majority. Pitt was fully sensible of the important assistance rendered him by Dundas ; and henceforward no one possessed so large a share of his confidence,or participated so frequently in the enjoyment of his social hours. With Pitt 16 he gave many a vote with Pitt t£ he drank many a bottle.”* The general election havingsecured Pitt? s continuance in office, Dundas devoted himself entirely to politics. The versatility of his talents wastruly surprising. He filled at different times the offices ofTreasurer of the Navy, President of the Board of Control,Secretary for the Home Department, Secretary for theColonies, with the management of the French War annexedto it, and First Lord of the Admiralty. While Treasurerof the Navy he obtained great credit by introducing anAct for the better regulation of the office. One of theclauses strictly forbade the Treasurer to make any use ofthe money in his hands, as had been hitherto allowed, andwas a source of considerable emolument to the holder ofthe office. In the Addington administration Earl St. Vincent was First Lord of the Admiralty, he procured a Commission for inquiring into the affairs of the Navy.Unfortunately the 10th Report of the Commissionersshewed that Lord Melville, while Treasurer of the Navy,had employed some of the public money for his own personal accommodation ; it was admitted the whole had beenrepaid, and no loss had been sustained by the public ; butit was clearly a violation of the salutary provisions of his own Act, and led to his impeachment. It resulted in his acquittal,—but his political career was terminated. Hedied in May, 1811. It will be observed that Gillray has not placed Sheridan among the animals attacking ‘ £ The Wounded Lion.” It excited very considerable surprise at the time, that,

• Gibbon’s expression respecting his grandfather’s connection with the Parliamentary forces.

POLITICAL SERIES. 247 while all the leading Members of Opposition and the Addington party were pressing forward the impeachment of Lord Melville, Sheridan took no part in the debates, and abstained from voting. This was connected with a singular piece of secrat history. Some years before, when Lord Melville was President of the Board of Control, Sheridan requested of him the favour of an Indian writership for a young man he was anxious to serve. Lord Melville most readily and courteously complied, and Sheridan desired the appointment might be filled up with the name of Wright. The young man was the son of a very clever and active sheriff’s officer, whom Sheridan had contrived to gain over to his interest ; and whenever a writ to levy execution on the effects of Drury Lane was issued out in the sherifPs office, Wright generally contrived to get it into his own hands to serve, and returned 44 no effects,55 or in- terposed a delay in the execution, which enabled Sheridan to make an arrangement with the creditor. Sheridan having received this favour from Lord Melville, felt he could not vote against him in a matter so deeply affecting his interest, and in fact deciding the continuance or extinction of his political career. This anecdote recalls to our recollection an occurrence which took place between Shippen ( 4£ the downright Shippen’5 of Pope) the celebrated Jacobite, and Sir Robert Walpole, which we will extract from Coxe’s Memoirs of that Minister. ‘ 4 Sir Robert Walpole having discovered a correspondence which one of Shippers friends carried on with the Pretender, Shippen called on the Minister, and desired him to save his friend Sir Robert willingly complied, and then said, 4 Mr. Shippen, I cannot desire you to vote with the Administration, for with your principles I have no right to expect it. But I only require, whenever any question is brought forward in the House personally affecting me, that you will recollect the favour I have now granted you. 5 55 ~~ Coxe’s Walpole, Vol. 1, 4to, p. 670. 248 gillray’s caricatures. 304 THE SURRENDER OF ULM ; OR BUONAPARTEAND GENERAL MACK COMING TO A RIGHTUNDERSTANDING: INTENDED AS A SPECIMEN OF FRENCH VICTORIES, i. e. CONQUERING WITHOUT BLOODSHED. November Sth, 1805. This print is a severe but well-merited satire on the dis- graceful Surrender of Ulm on the 17th of October, 1805, and plainly intimates that it was effected by bribery. Buonaparte is sitting on a drum-head. His sword is in his right hand, pointing to the prostrate Field-Marshal Mack, whom he thus addresses : ts There’s your price. There’s ten millions ! Twenty ! It is not in my army alone that my resources of conquering consist ! I hate victory obtained by effusion of blood !” Mack replies, “ And so do I too ! What signifies fighting when we can settle it in a safer way ! ! !” Mack is delivering up (i The Keys of Ulm” with his right hand, and his sword with his left. By Mack’s side is placed the List of the Articles to be delivered up: ct 1 Field-Marshal —8 Generals-in-chief — 7 Lieutenant-Generals—36 thousand Soldiers—80 pieces of Cannon—50 Stand of Colours—100,000 pounds of Powder—and 4000 cannon-balls.’’ Buonaparte points with his left hand to three soldiers bearing the stipulated bribe, ready to be paid. A flag is waving over the heads of the soldiers, inscribed 66 La Victoire ou la Mort.’’ In front of Buonaparte are standard-bearers with flags, inscribed, u Vive Buonaparte :” “ Vive L’Empereur Napoleon.” Whether the surrender of Ulm proceeded from intel- lectual imbecility, cowardice, or sudden panic on the part of the Austrian Commander Mack, it astounded Europe ; and entirely disorganised the preconcerted plans of the Allies. It never could have been anticipated that a place so strongly fortified, and defended by a numerous, brave POLITICAL SERIES. 249 and well-appointed army, and amply supplied with ammunition and stores of every description would have surren- dered without first opposing a formidable resistance to the enemy. The event was unparalleled in the military history of modern times, and was generally ascribed to treachery. Mack was tried by a court-martial, and sen- tenced to death, but the lenity of the Emperor commuted the punishment into imprisonment for life, thinking it unnecessary to order him to be shot, like Admiral Byng, as Voltaire expresses it, “ pour encourager les autres.” 305. POLITICAL CANDOUR; i. e. COALITION RESOLUTIONS OF JUNE I4th, 1805.—(Pro bono Publico.) June 21 st, 1805. PITT. LORD H. PETTY. TIERNEY. ERSKINE. FOX. SHERIDAN. WILBERFORCE. WINDHAM. GREY. In this print Gillray represents Fox addressing the Hou§e, and acquitting Pitt of the charge of personal cor- ruption. Pitt is delighted with the generous testimony of his rival in his favour, and calls out “ Here, here, here,” pointing to the Treasury Bench. Fox, charmed with the grateful acknowledgments of his exertions, says, “ Oh, how I shall enjoy to sit down with him on the bench of honesty. ’’ “An immaculate statesman,—just like my own papa.” Fox holds in his left hand behind him “ Arrangements for a new Coalition.” Windham is holding in his hand “ Votes and Speeches for the Political Register;5’ but finding the turn the Debate has taken, exclaims, “ He deserves a statue of gold more than Porcupine (id est Cobbett) himself.” Wilberforce ejaculates, “ Oh, he’s an angel of light, a cherubim of glory.” A porter pot lies upset on the ground, and the beer is run- ning out on the floor, intimating that Whitbread’s charge against Pitt has been overturned, &c. &c. 250 gillray’s caricatures. In the course of the investigation of the charges against Lord Melville, it was discovered that in the year 1796, Pitt had advanced £40,000. of the public money to Boydand Benfield, to enable them to make good their instal- ments on the Loan, and thereby saved them from the heavyloss they would have sustained by the sale of their scrip, which at that time was at a great discount. The bitterest of Pitt’s political opponents attributed this illegal advance to a corrupt understanding between the Minister and these Loan contractors. Mr. Whitbread brought the subject under the notice of the House. At the commencement of the debate Mr. Pitt inquired if he should retire during the discussion of a subject personally affecting himself. Mr.Fox and the majority of the House esteemed it unnecessary, and “ Mr. Fox assured the Right Honourable Gentleman that he should have felt as sincere sorrow as anymember in that House if it had appeared from the result of the inquiry, that the Right Honourable Gentleman wasguilty to the same degree as Lord Melville. Howevermuch he might have differed from the Right HonourableGentleman in the course of his political life ; however hemight have thought his general conduct deserving of blame ; however he might think him blameable in this in- stance ; yet he should have felt uneasy and unhappy had it turned out, after the high station which the Right Honourable Gentleman had so long held,—after the opposition even which he himself had felt it is duty to give him—that the Right Honourable Gentleman was personally corrupt. For himself, he could declare that he never entertained such an opinion of him, and he was happy that the result of the inquiry did not justify the adoption of even a sen- timent of suspicion on that ground. Although he hadfrequently condemned the public conduct of the Right Honourable Gentleman ; although he had on many occasions uttered sentiments respecting him, which he should have felt it treason against his country and his conscience POLITICAL, SERIES. 251 to suppress, still he never expressed a suspicion that the Right Honourable Gentleman was capable of personal cor- ruption, nor did he ever entertain such a suspicion. However he might charge him with that species that appertained to general neglect of duty, his mind entirely acquitted him of that kind of sordid corruption alluded to by the Honourable Gentleman under the Gallery.”— (Hansard?s Debates, Vol. 5 for 1805, p. 413-14.) This is the last time Mr. Pitt appears in the series of Gillray’s political prints We cannot take leave of him without paying our homage to his splendid talents. Placed at the head of the Government very early in life, he exhibited all the mental resources of mature age. He had opposed to him a phalanx of extraordinary abilities, Fox, North, Burke, Sheridan, Windham, &c. with scarcely any efficient coadjutor, except Dundas. To have triumphed over men like these, to have baffled their energetic exertions, and reduced an adverse majority almost solely by his amazing eloquence, and sustained himself in office, is unparalleled in the political history of this country. The House of Commons was the true theatre of his glory. The magnificent flow of his language, the beautiful structure of his unpremeditated sentences enchained the attention, and captivated the minds of his hearers. His great rival said, he himself was never at a loss for a word ; but Mr. Pitt always employed the best. His sarcasm was withering his panegyric ennobling. Constantly occupied in the dis- charge of his official duties, his reading was not varied and extensive like that of Fox, and he rarely quoted ; but whenever he illustrated his argument by a quotation, it was always felicitous and appropriate. Our limits will not permit us to multiply instances, we will give one. In the debates on the Union with Ireland, he was reproached with wishing to reduce the sister kingdom to a servile subjection to England : he replied in the words of Virgil’s .Eneas :

252 gillray’s caricatures. u Non mihi, nec Teucris Italos parere jubebo, Nec mihi regna peto ; paribus se legibus ambse, InviCtse Gentes aiterna in Foedera mittant.” We will not, however, assume the presumption of at- tempting a biographical sketch of this great statesman;but will place before the reader two extracts from characters of him, the one drawn by the hand of a devotedfriend—Canning, and the other by Sir James Mackintosh,a liberal opponent. By Canning.

C6 Dignity, strength, discretion—thesewere among the most masterly qualities of his mind at its first dawn. He was devoted to the State. Its interests engrossed all his study, and engaged all his care. It wasthe element alone in which he seemed to live and move.He allowed himself but little recreation from his labours.His mind was always in its station, and its activity wasunremitted. He had a proud reliance on himself, and it was justified. Like the sturdy warrior leaning on his own battle-axe, conscious where his strength lay, he didnot readily look beyond it.” By Sir James Mackintosh.

i£ His eloquence was ofa kind peculiarly adapted to the situation which he filled. He was stately and dignified in manner, clear and distinct in unravelling the details of the most complicated subject, declamatory at once and argumentative, so as to furnishthe best pretexts to those who wished to follow him, whilehe cheered and encouraged those who might be in dreadof his adversaries ; but above all, he excelled in the use ofboth topics and language, with a view to produce the effect he desired, and never commit himself ; he could balancehis expressions so nicely,—conceal or bring forward partsof his subject so artistically—approach, and yet shun dangerous points so dexterously—often seeming to say so much, while he told so little, and almost always filling theear more than the mind, and frequently leaving it doubtfulupon reflection, what had in substance been carried away. POLITICAL SERIES. 253 -—that a celebrated cotemporary (Windham) was scarcely chargeable with exaggeration in saying, that f he verily believed Mr. Pitt could speak a King^s speech off hand/ To these qualities, so eminently fitting him for a ministerial orator, he added others of a higher description . His fluency of language was almost preternatural, and yet it never grew tiresome ; for though it never rose to any great beauty, yet it was generally characteristic and appropriate, and from time to time it did contain expressions of more than ordinary felicity, if, at its common level, it too much resembles the diction of a State Paper. He was rather loud and vehement, than impassioned ; and appeared to declaim more from the head than the heart. But then he reasoned closely, and arranged both quickly and accurately ; or at least he seemed to be always arguing and dis- tinguishing, and to address the understanding rather than the passions, over which he had hardly any other control than that which subjects the nerves of an audience to a sonorous and most powerful voice, itself under strict dis- cipline. In one part of eloquence and only in one, could he be deemed an orator of the highest genius ; his sarcasm was at once keen and splendid ; it was brilliant, and it was concise/’ Pitt died January 26th, 1806. The Legislature voted £40,000, for the payment of his debts, and conferred on him the honours of a public funeral, and monument in Westminster Abbey. To the surprise of many, Windham, who had been his colleague in office, opposed the funeral honours. He said, the Mover and Seconder of the Address had called upon Members to bury party spirit in his grave. He had no political animosity to bury ; but by the custom of this country, and indeed of all nations at all times, these extraordinary honours have been only conferred, when there has been a certain union of merit and success. He cheerfully recognised the 'splendid talents of Mr. Pitt

but he cannot be said to have been fortunate in the result 254 gillray's caricatures. of his exertions. This opposition drew upon Windhamasevere rebuke in a satirical poem, entitled “ Elijah's Mantle, published on the entrance of the Fox and GrenvilleAdministration into office.” Windham is thus addressed : “ Windham, if e’er thy sorrows flow, For private loss or public woe. Thy rigid brow unbend : Tears over Csesar, Brutus shed. His hatred warred not with the dead. And Pitt was once thy friend. ‘ ‘ Does Envy bid thee not to mourn ? Hold then his mantle up to scorn ; His well-earned fame assail

Of Funeral honours strip his corse, And at his virtues, till thou’rt hoarse, Like curst Thersites rail.” 306. THE DEATH OF ADMIRAL LORD NELSONINTHE MOMENT OF VICTORY! Dec. 23rd, 1805.A rather feeble attempt at celebrating the great battle ofTrafalgar, fought on the 24th of October, 1805, in whichNelson fell in the moment of victory. 307. LE DIABLE BOITEUX ; OR, THE DEVIL UPONTWO STICKS, CONVEYING JOHN BULL TOTHE LAND OF PROMISE. February 8 th, 1806. LORD SIDMOUTH. FOX. LORD GRENVILLE, JOHN BULL. Fox, as the Diable Boiteux, is soaring through the air. His head is surmounted by the Prince of Wales's feathers. He is carrying Lord Sidmouth under his left wing, whohas “ Honesty inscribed over his head : and he sustains Lord Grenville with his right wing ; over Lord Grenville’s head is inscribed 66 Humility. On Fox's back is inscribed “ Loyalty—Independence—Public Good. He is calling to POLITICAL SERIES. 255 John Bull: ct Come along; Johnny; take fast hold of my cloak; and I will bring you to the land of milk and honey.” John Bull replies, ‘ Oh yes, I will try to hold fast; but Fm damnably afraid that your cloak may slip off before we get there ; and I may chance to break my neck.’* On Fox’s accession to office; after Pitt’s death. Fox’s two crutches are Lords Sidmouth and Grenville. Fox’s coalition with the latter led to the formation of the cele- brated Broad-Bottom Administration; which was completed on the 3rd of February; 1806. 308. THE CABINETICAL BALANCE. Feb. 1 6th, 1806. LOED ELLENBOEOUGH. LOED EESKINE. LOED MOIEA . EOX. GEEY. LOED SIDMOUTH. LOED GEENVILLE. LOED TEMPLE. WINDHAM. Lord Ellenborough is mounted upon the shoulders of Lord Sidmouth; with his feet placed on the Cabinet balance. The two other sections of the Cabinet—the No-bottomites and the Broad-bottomites—are in the opposite scales. By a pressure of his left foot Lord Ellenborough inclines the balance in favour of the Broad-bottomites. When Fox and Lord Grenville made overtures to Lord Sidmouth to join their Administration, he assented on condition of naming one friend as a member of the Cabinet, and selected Lord Ellenborough, the Chief Justice of the King’s Bench. No act of the Whig Ministry was so unpopular. The Friends of Liberty were indignant that “ the Man of the People’’ should have been prevailed on to consent to the admission of the Chief Judge in trials for libels instituted by the Crown, when the Judge himself formed a part of the Executive Government. The inconvenience had been seriously felt in the instance of Lord Mansfield, whose conduct on the trial of Woodfall for the publication s 256 gillray’s caricatures. of Junius’s Letters, and of others for alleged libels, hadfully established the justice of their repugnance. Mr. Foxmade a most ingenious speech to prove that “ the Cabinet”was only a modern term, and was unknown to the Law orConstitution. It was only a deputation of the Privy Council, and every Chief Justice was a member of the PrivyCouncil. The defence was ingenious, but not solid, andthe public remained unconvinced and dissatisfied, thoughthe House of Commons had refused to sanction Mr. Spencer Stanhope’s motion for the removal of Lord Ellenborough.* The rising sun of the Prince of Wales shinesupon the new Ministers, while the spirit of Pitt is hovering over the setting sun of the King. 309. TIDDY-DOLL, THE GREAT FRENCH GINGERBREAD BAKER DRAWING OUT ANEW BATCHOF KINGS. January QSrd, 1806.PRINCE TALLEYRAND. NAPOLEON. SHERIDAN. FOX. LORD STANHOPE. LORD MOIRA. LORD DERBY. Buonaparte, represented as “ The great French Gingerbread Baker,” is drawing out of “The New French Ovenfor Imperial Gingerbread” a batch of Kings—“ The Kingsof Bavaria, Wirtemberg and Baden.” “ The Ash-hole for Broken Gingerbread” contains Italy—Austria—The Netherlands-—Holland—and Switzerland, swept in by “ theCorsican Besom of Destruction also Death’s head wearing the Spanish Crown. A pile of cannon balls suppliesfuel for feeding the fire of the Imperial oven. On theright of the print we see “ Little Dough Viceroys intended* The present Lord Ellenborough has declared in the House of Lords that his father, in the latter part of his life, admitted the inexpediency of the ap- pointment, and deeply regretted his acceptance of the seat in the Cabinet. POLITICAL SERIES. 257 for the New Batch in these we recognise the portraits of Sheridan, Fox, Lord Moira, &c. with crowns on their heads. On the left is the “ Political Kneading Trough Talleyrand is busily employed in kneading the dough of Hungary, Turkey and Poland. The Prussian Eagle, with a crown on its head, is hovering over Hanover. A basket below contains “ True Corsican Kinglings for Home Consumption and Exportation.” Beside it is “ Hot Spiced Gingerbread, all hot ! who dips in my lucky bag ?” &c. &c. This print is a most spirited satire on the wanton manner in which Buonaparte displayed his despotic power about this period, depriving one Royal Family of its Crown and Sceptre, and tossing them to a relative or favourite. We were told “ the House of Braganza” had ceased to reign, and immediately after, the elevation of Murat, his brotherin-law, to the vacant throne was proclaimed . The King of Spain was deposed, and his own brother Joseph was announced to astonished Europe, as the monarch of that gallant nation of gentlemen and cavaliers ; thus realizing what the ambition of Lewis XIV. had never been able to effect by the War of Succession—the virtual annexation of Spain to France. An admirable illustration of the subject of this print occurs in Sheridan’s speech on the state of Ireland in the following year. <c I cannot patiently think of such petty party squabbles, while Buonaparte is grasping the nations

while he is surrounding France, not with the iron frontier, for which the wish and childish ambition of Lewis XIV. was so eager, but with kingdoms of his own creation

securing the gratitude of higher minds as the hostage, and the fears of others as pledges for his safety. His are no ordinary fortifications. His Martello Towers are his Allies ; Crowns and Sceptres are the PaliSADOES OF HIS ENTRENCHMENTS, AND KlNGS ARE HIS Sentinels.” s 2 258 gillray’s caricatures. 310. MAKING DECENT; i. e. BROADBOTTOMITESGETTING INTO THE GRAND COSTUME. February 20th, 1806.GREY. FOX. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD HENRY PETTY. WINDHAM. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD MOIRA. SHERIDAN.DUKE OF BEDFORD. TIERNEY. ERSKINE. VANS1TTART. The Whigs had long been out of office, and it was a trick of the Tory press to represent the party as men oflittle property ; though the names and estates of the Dukeof Northumberland, Duke of Devonshire, Duke of Bedford, Duke of Norfolk, &c. might have been confidently opposed to an equal number of names of the other side. The idea of measuring the merits of Statesmen by the length of their purses was grovelling, and would have deprived the country of the services of Lord Chatham, Pitt, Fox, Burke, Lord Liverpool, Canning, and many other illustrious names. The conception of this print is remarkably clever. Gill- ray represents the new Ministers as having been so long out of office, that they were quite unprepared for appear- ance at Court. But the idea is carried out with so muchplayfulness and good humour that the parties caricatured must have themselves joined heartily in the laugh. Fox is shaving before a glass ; he has hid his bonnet rouge, and his blue and buff coat and waistcoat under a chair; a dress sword is placed ready by his side. Grey is cleaning his teeth before the same glass, which has the Prince of Wales’s feathers over it. Lord Sidmoutffs countenance is partially obscured by the exhalations from a powder-puff. Lord Moira, already nearly dressed in his regimentals, is tying on his stock. Lord Robert Spencer is washing his hands. Lord Grenville, while dressing, turns his Broad-Bottom on some of his colleagues. Lord POLITICAL SERIES. 259 Erskine, attired in the dress of Lord Chancellor, is looking with delight at himself in a glass. Lord Henry Petty is strutting about the room, admiring his Chancellor of the Exchequer’s robe; and the Duke of Bedford, appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland; is drawing on his boots, preparing to start for Ireland to assume the government. On the ground near him is a plan of 44 The Road from Woburn Farm to Ireland,” and 44 A new Way of Improving the Irish Breed of Black Cattle.” Lord Henry Petty is thus alluded to in the satirical poem, 44 Elijah’s Mantle “ Pitt’s Chequer robe ’tis thine to wear. Take of his Mantle too a share, ’Twill aid thy Ways and Means ; And should Fat Jack and his Cabal Cry, c Rob us the Exchequer, Hal,’ ’Twill charm away the fiends.” And Lord Sidmouth is thus apostrophised in the same poem :

“ Sidmouth,—though low his head is laid, Who called thee from thy native shade, And gave thee second birth

Gave thee the sweets of power and place, The tufted gown—the gilded mace. And raised thy puny worth : “ Think how his Mantle wrapped thee round : Is one of equal virtue found Among thy new compeers ? Or can thy cloak of Amiens stuff, Once laughed to scorn by Blue and Buff, Screen thee from Windham’s jeers ? We shall conclude with directing the attention of the reader to the principal member of the new Administration

—Fox, and his presentation at Court. 44 He went to Court in all the simplicity of a plain dress, without powder. He was pleased with the King’s reception of him,

and he uniformly appeared to me, the whole subsequent 260 gillray’s caricatures. time he was in office, full of just respect for his Majesty,attentive to his wishes, and anxious to conduct matters in the office so as to merit the continuance of his approbation.”—See Trotter’s Memoirs, p. 374. “ The introduction of Mr. Fox so late into his Majesty’s* Councils may be thought to have occasioned some embarrassment between the Monarch and his patriotic and neglected Minister. Nothing of this kind, however, tookplace. The Sovereign possessed too much dignity andelevation of mind to adopt any party animosity, and theMinister felt too profound a respect for his Royal master,and too much veneration for monarchy itself, not to approach the Royal presence in a manner worthy of himselfand of the King. Everything passed, therefore, in themost agreeable and gracious manner.” From the time of Mr. Fox’s entering the Cabinet in February, 1806, till his illness, his Majesty had never oc- casion to testify disapprobation : with his mode of con-ducting a negociation he was much pleased ; his dispatches obtained even his Majesty’s admiration—and of official writing there was no better judge—and there can be little doubt that with such a Minister of Foreign Affairs, thename of the Sovereign and of Great Britain (had he beenspared) would have risen to great and proud estimation abroad.”

Trotter’s Memoirs, p. 377* 311. MORE PIGS THAN TEATS; OR, THE NEWLITTER OF HUNGRY G HUNTERS, SUCKINGJOHN BULL’S OLD SOW TO DEATH. March 5th, 1806.HORNE TOOKE. SIR F. BURDETT. TIERNEY. DUKE OF BEDFORD.LORD CARLISLE. LORD ER8KINE. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD H. PETTY. LORD TEMPLE. LORD DERBY. LORD SIDMOUTH.SHERIDAN. FOX. GREY. LORD MOIRA. WINDHAM. THESPEAKER. On the numerous new mouths which, by the accession POLITICAL SERIES. 261 of the Whigs to power, were to be added to those which already pulled so greedily at John BulPs purse. John appears in great alarm at the eagerness of his numerous brood. 312. A TUB FOR THE WHALE. March 14 th, 1806. LORD ERSKINE. SHERIDAN. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD H. PETTY. FOX. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. PRINCE OF WALES. Another satire on the Broad-Bottoms, whose ship is wafted forward by the favour of the Prince of Wales, while they are obliged to throw out an empty barrel (supposed to represent the great promises of the Whigs) to amuse the great leviathan of public opinion, which is deluging them with “ ridicule ” and “ contempt.” The sun of power is already setting upon them. The broom at the mast-head indicates that the boat is to be disposed of. 313. A GREAT STREAM FROM A PETTY FOUNTAIN; OR, JOHN BULL SWAMPED IN THE FLOOD OF NEW TAXES. May 9th, 1806. WINDHAM. GREY. LORD DERBY. DUKE OF BEDFORD. FOX. LORD MOIRA. LORD GRENVILLE. SHERIDAN. LORD SIDMOUTH. TIERNEY. LORD H. PETTY. SIR F. BURDETT. HORNE TOOKE. On the budget of Lord Henry Petty, the new Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Whigs had always cried out against excessive taxation, and now they were in power, they were not only obliged to adopt the system of their predecessors, but they found it necessary to add to the burden already existing. The opponents of the new Ministry took advantage of the position in which they were thus placed, to reproach the Whigs with being less econo- 262- gillray’s caricatures. mical, and more greedy of the good things of office than their predecessors ; and Lord Henry Petty is here fur- nishing the stream from which the state cormorants feed. 314. PACIFIC OVERTURES; ORA FLIGHT FROMST. CLOUDS, “ OVER THE WATER TOCHARLEY/’ April 5 th , 1806. LORD ERSKINE. LORD J1LLENBOROUGH. LORD TEMPLE. GREY. GEORGE III. PITT’S STATUE. LORD GRENVILLE. FOX. LORD H. PETTY. NAPOLEON. LORD SIDMOUTH. WINDHAM. LORD LIVERPOOL. TALLEYRAND. LORD LAUDERDALE. ARTHUR O’CONNOR. SHERIDAN. DUKE OF CLARENCE. MRS. JORDAN. TIERNEY. LORD DERBY. HORNE TOOKE. SIR F. BURDETT. MRS. FITZHERBERT. LORD MOIRA. On the extravagant demands of Napoleon, when Fox’s administration agreed to overtures for peace. The scene upon the stage needs little explanation ; the person who is suggesting to Talleyrand is Arthur O’Connor. Among the audience, the Duke of Clarence and Mrs. Jordan occupy the slip above the stage door, in the characters of Jobson and Nell. The lady with Lord Derby, in the stage box, is understood to be Mrs. Fitzherbert. When the print first appeared, her companion was the Prince of Wales; but this gave so much offence to the King, that Gillray erased the figure, and substituted Lord Derby. Above them are Horne Tooke and Burdett. All the Talents,” as this motley Ministry was termed, are busily employed in the orchestra. 315. THE MAGNANIMOUS MINISTER, CHASTISING PRUSSIAN PERFIDY. May 2nd, 1806. FOX. THE KING OF PRUSSIA. NAPOLEON. The King of Prussia is kneeling on the ground, his POLITICAL SERIES, 263hands held up suppliantly to Fox ; his sword has droppedfrom his grasp. Fox’s right foot is trampling upon it. Fox stands over the King with a drawn sword, and ex- claims, “ Oh, you Prussian Marauder, you ! What, I’ve caught you at last ? What, you took me for a doublefaced Talleyrand, did you ? Did you think I was like yourself, to look one way and row another ? What, youthought because I make loyal speeches now, that I mustbe a turncoat. O you Frenchified Villain ! I’ll teach youto humbug and insult my poor dear, dear Master, and to join with such rascals as Boney and O’Connor.” TheKing of Prussia replies, c ‘ Indeed, indeed, indeed I could not help it.” Fox’s left hand is placed behind him, holding a paper inscribed “ The State of the Nation;” it is thereby insinuated that his speeches while in opposition had described the country to be so inadequately defendedthat the French Emperor was encouraged to undertakeits invasion. The surrender of Ulm, and the destructive battle of Austerlitz had inflicted the most extensive calamities onour Allies ; but Buonaparte had not been able to wrest from Great Britain any portion of her dominions. TheEast and West Indies were intact. The Cape of GoodHope, Malta, Trinidad and the Ionian Islands, annexed to Great Britain since the Peace of Amiens, remained secure in her possession. Buonaparte, therefore, determined to inflict a wound onthe personal feelings of George III. where he thought hewould be most sensitive. He turned his eyes towardsHanover, and resolved to deprive the King of the hereditary dominions of his family. On the 15th of December, 1805, a Convention was con-cluded at Vienna, between the Emperor of the French andCount Haugwitz. It was stipulated that Prussia shouldcede her ancient possessions of Anspach and Bayreuth,and some other provinces, and be allowed to indemnify 264 gillray’s caricatures. herself by seizing and appropriating to herself the Electorate of Hanover. On the 10th of April, 1806, the King of Prussia proclaimed himself King of Hanover. On the 23rd day of April Mr. Secretary Fox brought down a message to the House of Commons from the King, an- nouncing that the King of Prussia had taken possession of Hanover, and closed its ports against the ships of Great Britain. In a very moderate speech Fox enlarged on the gross injustice of this conduct of the King of Prussia, and shewed that it did not proceed from urgent necessity, for Russia had promised him powerful military assistance, and England had engaged to furnish large pecuniary supplies, if he should be drawn into a war with France. 66 These were the means he possessed of giving weight to his negotiations, and how did he apply these means ? Why, to seize a part of the territories of one of those powers, which had been supporting him in that rank and situation, which enabled him to conclude his treaty.—He says, because I have lost Anspach and Bayreuth, I therefore feel myself under the necessity of seizing the dominions of some third power, not only of a third power, but of one that from all times, and by every circumstance, I am bound to respect.” He stated that, in communicating to the Prussian Minister, Baron Jacobi, his Majesty’s just resentment, he had ex- pressed to him that ££ no consideration of convenience, or mutual accommodation, much less of equivalent, would ever induce his Majesty to forget the exemplary fidelity of his Hanoverian subjects, or consent to the alienation of the Electorate.” He added, that it was impossible to doubt that the King of Prussia was acting under the in- fluence and dictation of France, for he had not only seized Hanover, but had closed its ports against England. This was a direct act of hostility, and a legitimate cause of war. He concluded by moving an address to the King, promising support, which was carried unanimously. POLITICAL SERIES. 265 316. COMFORTS OF A RED OF ROSES. April 21 st, 1806. GHOST OF PITT. FOX. MRS. FOX. NAPOLEON. The conception of this print is remarkably happy, andGillray has bestowed particular pains on its details. Theallusion to Fox’s illness, and its causes, aggravates the satire, but most readers will think it had better have been omitted, and was unnecessary for the illustration of the subject. Fox and Mrs. Fox are in bed. Fox’s slumbers are agonized by the vision of Buonaparte, whose right handholds a drawn sword over him, and his left tightly grasps Fox’s collar ; resting his right foot on the bed, and his left on a cannon, inscribed “ pour subjuguer le Monde.” Afierce mastiff (John Bull) is flying at Buonaparte. A banner, surmounted by a bird of prey, and inscribed “ Horrors of Invasion,” is seen floating behind Buonaparte. Death’s head is looking from under the bed, Ci grinning horribly a ghastly smile his left arm holds up to Fox’s view an hour-glass, the sand has nearly run out ; roundhis left arm is entwined a scroll, inscribed “ Intemperance, Dropsy, Dissolution.” Death’s right hand grasps his spear. The Prussian Eagle is hovering over Fox’s bed (Prussia had recently seized Hanover). On the right of Fox’s bed, Pitt’s ghost is endeavouring to rouse him from his sleep, exclaiming, £i Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen.” On the right side of the bed, on the floor, are symbols of Fox’s difficulties—“ India Roses :” 6e EmancipationRoses:” “ French Roses:” “ Volunteer Roses.” At the bottom of the bed lies “ A List of the Broad- Bottom Administration”—Citizen Yolpone, Lord Bogy (Lord Grenville, nicknamed Bogy Grenville), Bett Armstead (Mrs. Fox), Doctor Clysterpipe (Lord Sidmouth), Miss Petty (Lord H. Petty). 266 GILLRAY’s CARICATURESo Gillray’s “Bed of Roses” took its origin from an ex- pression of Lord Castlereagh in his speech on Windham’s motion on the military establishments of the country. Lord Castlereagh concluded an elaborate speech by declaring that the late Administration, in handing over the Government of the country to their successors, had placed them on 44 A Bed of Roses.” When it is recollected that Ulm had surrendered without resistance, that Buonaparte had triumphantly entered Vienna, and the fatal battle of Austerlitz had been lost, it required no ordinary intrepidity to make the assertion in the face of an audience familiar with these events ; but we will record Lord Castlereagh’s own account, and Mr. Fox’s indignant reply. Lord Castlereagh said:

64 The Noble Lord (Lord H. Petty) has found a revenue progressively productive, public credit such as to enable him to borrow for the service of the year on terms highly advantageous to the public ; and the general prosperity of the country such as to admit of his adopting the manly resolution of raising a large additional proportion of the supplies within the year. The Noble Lord (Lord Howick) has found a navy, on the numbers and efficiency of which it is as little necessary for me to comment, as upon their late unrivalled achievements. The Right Hon. Gentleman (Mr. Windham) has found an army exceeding by 25,000 men the greatest army the country ever before possessed, and of a description which qualifies them to fulfil every wish their Sovereign can form with respect to their exertions, if their character and constitution is not broken down by inconsiderate and speculative innovations. I again repeat, that the Government has great difficulties to surmount, but they arise from causes which my late Right Hon. Friend (Mr. Pitt) and those who acted with him, had neither the power nor the means to control. Whatever was immediately under his own guidance has been successfully conducted ; and I do not hesitate to assert that in all the essential points above POLITICAL SERIES. 267 alluded to, viz. the finances, the navy and the army, compared with the embarrassments under which they are dis- posed to represent themselves as taking the Government, THE PRESENT ADMINISTRATION MAY BE CONSIDEREDas on a Bed of Roses.” Mr. Secretary Fox said : —

What has fallen from the Noble Lord appears to me so extraordinary that I could not have imagined that any human nerves were sufficient to enable any one gravely to make such assertions as he has hazarded. He has told us that the country is now placed in such a state of proud splendour and universal prosperity, as never had been handed over by any ministry to their successors. Gracious God ! and in what does this prosperity, of which he boasts, consist ? Undoubtedly the navy, by the most unparalleled gallantry, and the most wonderful success, even beyond human calculation, is in a state in which the task of my Bight Hon. Friend near me(Lord Howick) is comparatively easy. But may it not be questioned whether all the merit is due to the last Board ? nay, whether, with a reference to the future, and mainte- nance of the navy, everything is quite so meritorious as the Noble Lord asserts ? But of the splendid victories achieved, is the whole credit to be concentrated in the last eighteen months ? Is none due to that Board of Admiralty at which Lord St. Vincent presided ? none due to those who selected and appointed those officers ? The Noble Lord, indeed, defended Lord St. Vincent too ; but it can- not be denied that many of his friends entertained against that gallant officer as strong prejudices as ever existed in the minds of men. But, after mentioning the navy, I do not know that there is a single point on which I can subscribe to the Noble Lord’s representation of the state of the country. Is it in the finances that we are to seek for the proofs ? Because the last Administration laid very heavy burdens on the public, did that facilitate the laying on of those new burthens which my noble Friend (Lord H, 268 gillray’s caricatures. Petty) found it his duty to propose ? It is true we have forty-three millions of revenue ; but is it very consolatory that we have an expenditure of forty-three millions ? Is there no relation between these objects ? or is it a proof of prosperity that our taxes are enormous, though they are borne with cheerfulness, because they may be necessary ? Does the Noble Lord appeal to Ireland as that with the state of which there is every reason to be proud ? Is India in the best possible state, quite prosperous and tranquil? Where then is ‘the Bed of Roses5 to which we have succeeded ? Really it is insulting, to tell me, Iam on a bed of roses, when Ifeel myself torn and stung by brambles and nettles, whichever way I turn. Even the Noble Lord’s late colleague admits, ‘ the Continent is not in a very satisfactory state!!”5— ( Hansard’s Debates, Yol. 6, p. 707.) 317. THE BEAR AND HIS LEADER. May 19th, 1806. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD H. PETTY. FOX. LORD GRENVILLE. Fox is represented as a bear muzzled and led in a chain by his master. Lord Grenville : he says, “ What though I am obligated to dance a bear, a man may be a gentleman for all that ; 55 Lord Grenville has a cudgel in his hand, inscribed, “ Cudgel for disobedient Bears.’5 A paper in- scribed, “ Rewards for obedient Bears,55 hangs from his pocket. He calls out, “ Don’t be afraid of my Bear, Ladies and Gentlemen, I have tamed and muzzled him, and reformed his habits :’5 66 My Bear ever dances to the genteelest of tunes.” Lord Sidmouth enacts the part of a blind old fiddler with a wooden leg, and is playing “ God save the King” to the dancing of the bear. From his pocket hangs, “ Pray remember your poor and old blind Fiddler.’5 Lord Henry Petty, as a monkey, holds the bear’s tail with one hand, and a cap in the other, to collect contributions ; he is dancing, at his feet is the ballad, “ And POLITICAL SERIES. 269 a begging we will go.” One of the bear’s feet is on “ga ira.” Behind Lord Sidmouth hangs out a sign-post, in- scribed “ Pro Bono Publico. Superb fine Exhibition at the Bear-Garden, Broad-Bottom Alley. Orpheus charming the Brutes, with a grand accompaniment by Dr. Sangrado.” By his side, te Pease Soup, or Bruin’s Delight, a Ballet ;” and “ Bubble and Squeak, a Duett,” an allusion to Lord Grenville’s relatives, Sir Watkins William Winnand Mr. Charles Winn, so nick-named. The insinuation intended to be conveyed by Gillray in this print is, that Fox having owed his introduction to office to Lord Grenville, to whom the King had given a carte blanche to form an Administration, was thereby reduced to subordination to that Nobleman. The constitution of the Cabinet, and the measures adopted by the new Ministers, particularly the mode of opening the negotiation for peace with France, and the frank and concilia- tory spirit in which it was conducted, proved that Fox’s genius was in the ascendant. Fox loved to take counsel with his colleagues on terms of equality ; he would not have brooked a superior. Lord Grenville had the good sense to appreciate the value of his alliance. He was the only man of the party who could, at that time, have led the House of Commons with equal success. It redounds to the honour of the three sections which constituted the Cabinet, that they seem to have acted together with mutual confidence, unalloyed by jealousy, as long as the health of Fox was spared to share in their deliberations. 318. THE TRIUMPH OF QUASSIA. June 10th, 1806. BARCLAY. COMBE. WHITBREAD. LORD H. PETTY. LORD GRENVILLE. FOX. On the support given to the monopoly of the great breweries, and the alleged substitution of quassia for hops 2?0 gillray’s caricatures. in brewing porter. The great brewers of the day form the procession on foot ; while the three ministers, now riding the same horse, take the lead. 319. VISITING THE SICK. July 28th, 1806. LORD TEMPLE. LORD GRENVILLE. MARQUIS OE BUCKINGHAM. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD DERBY. MRS. FOX. LORD H. PETTY. WINDHAM. LORD MOIRA. PRINCE OF WALES. MRS. FITZHERBERT. FOX. SHERIDAN. LORD HOWICK. Fox is raised up in a great arm-chair, bis swollen legs indicate the last stage of dropsy. Mrs. Fitzherbert, habited as an Abbess, is endeavouring to console him

tc Do confess your sins, Charley ! Do take advice from an old Abbess, and receive absolution ! Here is Bishop O’Bother, ’twill be quite snug among friends, you know.” The Roman Catholic Prelate in full pontificals, with a crucifix at his side, thus addresses him : “ O Tempora, OMores ! Charley, dear Charley ! remember your poor soul, and if you’re spared this time, give us Emancipation —or— ! ! \” Sheridan, standing behind him, says, “ Emancipation ! Fudge ! Why, Dr. O’Bother, I thought you knew better \” A “ Scheme for a new Administration,” already prepared, is hanging out of his pocket. Fox replies to the Catholic Bishop, “ I abhor all communion which debars us of the comfort of the cup ! Will no one give me a cordial?” The Prince of Wales appears oppressed with grief : he says, “ Alas, poor Charley ! do give him a brim- mer of sack, ’twill do him more good, Abbess, than all the Bishop’s nostrums !” From the Prince’s pocket is seen hanging a “ Letter from Jeffery.” This alludes to a pamphlet recently published by Jeffery, who had been an eminent goldsmith and jeweller in Dover Street, and had been ruined by the large amount of jewellery and plate he had furnished to the Prince of Wales and Mrs. Fitzherbert by POLITICAL SERIES. 271 the Prince’s order. Despairing of obtaining payment, he had recently printed “A Letter to the Prince of Wales/’ in which he charged him with having induced him to fur- nish the jewellery and plate by the most solemn and re- peated pledges of his personal honour to provide for the payment of the debt, and notwithstanding, having left his claim totally unliquidated. On a stand near Fox’s chair a chamber utensil is placed upon “ Negotiation for peace between Great Britain and France.” LordHenry Petty is weeping, and exclaims, “ Ah poor me ! I fear my dancing days are over.” New Taxes for 1806” are seen hanging out of his pocket. Windham cries out, ee O Lord, what side can I tack round to now ?” Lord Moira says, “ I must go back to Ballynahinch, och ! och !” Lord Grenville asks, “ Well, Doctor, have you done his business?” Lord Sidmouth replies, “ We’ll see.” Mrs. Fox has fainted in a corner of the room ; Lord Derby is administering to her a glass of true Maidstone gin (an allusion to the trial of O’Connor at Maidstone) and says, My dear old flame Bet, don’t despair ! if Charley is popp’d off, an’t I here to comfort you ?” This print is a strong exemplification of the bitterness of party violence prevalent at this time. The sorrows and sufferings of a sick room are not proper subjects of legitimate satire. There was no pretence of superior sanctity or patriotism claimed for Mr. Fox on the part of his friends, and consequently no ground for invading the privacy of domestic life. It affords us, however, the opportunity of recording that in his last illness, Mr. Foxreceived the most affectionate attentions from his old friends. The deep feeling displayed by Lord Holland resembled filial affection. Miss Fox, Lord Holland’s sister, was most affectionate in her attentions. His early friends, Lord Robert Spencer and General Fitzpatrick, endeavoured to soothe his sufferings and cheer his spirits. The late T 272 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. Duke of Devonshire was his constant visitor, and when change of air was recommended, he placed his noble mansion at Chiswick at Mr. Fox’s disposal. It is also gratifying to record, upon the testimony of Mr. Fox’s private secretary, Mr. Trotter, that, while Mr. Fox remained in the Duke of Bedford’s house in Stable Yard, St. James’s, the Prince of Wales was a frequent visitor, and displayed the utmost solicitude for the health of his old friend. 66 The Prince of Wales,” says Mr. Trotter, “ at this time shewed all the marks of a feeling heart, and of great con- stancy in friendship, more honourable to him than the high station he adorned. Almost every day he called and saw Mr. Fox. There was no affectation in his visits ; the countenance, full of good-natured concern—the manner, expressive of lively interest—the softened voice—evinced that not all the splendour, the flattery or pleasures of a Court had changed the brightest feature in the human character,—attention to a sick and drooping friend.” Trotter’s Memoirs, p. 117- It would be superfluous to record other names. The last audible words of the expiring Statesman were (( I die happy.” 320. BRUIN IN HIS BOAT; OR, THE MANAGER IN DISTRESS. June 20th, 1806. WILBERFORCE. LORD DERBY. LORD STANHOPE. LORD MELVILLE. WHITBREAD. LORD SIDMOUTH. Lord Melville, habited as a Scottish Thane, is standing on the Rock of Innocence ; he is discharging two cannons, one inscribed u Adam’’ and the other “ Plomer” (the names of his Counsel) ; with these he shatters to pieces the vessel “ Impeachment.” Whitbread is thrown out of it into the water, and is swimming to save his life. Fox, as u Bruin,” is in his boat, standing upon the “Vanity POLITICAL SERIES. 273 Cooler 5” the flag “ Vanity” is floating from the mast head, the Reports of the Naval Commissioners are inscribed on the sail. Wilberforce, Lord Stanhope and Lord Derby, as birds of prey, are hovering around. The “ Broad- Bottom Goose Cap” is seen, with Lord Sidmouth’s head placed in it. On the left of the print, at the top, is a balance, inscribed “ Impartiality/5 “ Integrity55 has weighed down“ Defamation.55 In Lord Melville’s perspective is “ TheRock of Honour,55 and “ Posterity.55 321 . THE FRIEND OF THE PEOPLE AND BIS PETTYNEW TAX-GATHERER, PAYING JOHN BULLA VISIT. May 28th, 1806. FOX. LORD H. PETTY. Fox and Lord Henry Petty are knocking at John Bulksdoor. Lord Henry Petty vociferates “ Taxes! Taxes! Taxes ! 55 Fox is pointing to a schedule of New Taxes in Lord Henry5 s hands. Over John Bulks shop is inscribed “ John Bull, late Dealer in the shop below

Moved upStairs. N.B. Porterage done; Shoes cleaned.55 A bill is stuck on the shop—“This Shop to Let, inquire of the Tax-Gatherer.55 John Bull, popping his head out of a first-floor window, cries, “ Taxes, taxes, taxes ! why, howam I to get money to pay them all ? I shall very soon have neither a house nor hole to put my head in ! 55 Foxreplies, “ A house to put your head in ! why, what the devil should you want a house ? havn5 t you got a first floor room to live in, and if that is too dear, can’t you moveinto the garret or get into the cellar ? Taxes must be had, Johnny. Come, down with your cash, it 5 s all for the goodof your dear country ! 55 On the right of the print is a newly-erected pump, inscribed, “New Brewery for the Benefit of the Poor. Erected 1806 , C. J. Volpone, Overseer. 55 Boys are pumping out the water. A broken andt 2 274 gillray’s caricatures. discarded barrel of i( Whitbread’s Entire” is lying on the ground. On the left of the print is a barrel of “ Homebrewed Small Beer. Ten shillings a barrel, duty.” Behind Fox is a Broad-Bottom Pop Shop. This print is intended to point out to popular indignation the oppressive nature of the new taxes imposed by the Broad-Bottom’d Ministers. But the leading feature of the print, Fox’s reply to John Bull’s complaint, is a most just and happy satire on a passage of Fox’s speech, on the new 10 per cent property duty. After urging that some allowance was made to annuitants, Mr. Fox said

According to the extent of a man’s income, in many dif- ferent situations, he might have it in his power to make such alterations in his expenditure as that the tax might not entirely crush him; he might be able in some measure to relieve himself : if he lived in the first floor, for instance, he might remove to the second, and so lessen his expenses : if he was on the second floor already, he might mount to the attic story : but where a man was already found to be in the cellar, where could he be sent to, what resource could he have ?”—See Hansard’s Debates, May I5t/i, 1806. 322. SKETCH FOR A MONUMENT OF DISAPPOINTED JUSTICE. July 9 t/i, 1806. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD STANHOPE. Fiat Justitia, Ruat C(elum. The Chief Justice of England (Lord Ellenborough) holds the balance. With the Sword of Justice he strikes off the froth from a pot of “ Whitbread’s Entire.” Whitbread was the leading manager of Lord Melville’s Impeachment. The balance is inclined by the “ Decision of POLITICAL SERIES. 275 the Peers, the Votes of the Bishops, the Opinion of Eleven of the Judges and of Lord Eldon.” “ Not Guilty.”Lord Ellenborough is seated on the “ Broad-BottomCabinet,” which is supported by Viscount Sidmouth, LordLauderdale and Earl Stanhope. The label of tffi ViperDrops” is seen in Lord Sidmouth’s pocket. In front ofEarl Stanhope is “The Catameran of Justice, to blow upall Opposition in spite of wind and tide.” Lord Lauderdale is dressed as a Highlander, his bagpipes are by his side, his feet rest on “ Brissot’s Principles ofJustice.”* Lord Lauderdale, at the commencement ofthe Revolution, had eulogized Brissot. Burke, in his Letter to the Duke of Bedford, speaks of “ Citizen Brissot and his friend the Earl of Lauderdale.” Ten Articles of Impeachment were preferred by the Commons against Lord Melville. The greatest numberof Peers who voted on any one article was 135, viz. on the4th article, on which he was unanimously acquitted. Onthe second article, 81 pronounced him “not guilty,” and54 pronounced him “guilty”—majority 27. Among thepeers who pronounced him guilty on the second article were the Lord Chancellor Erskine, Lord Chief JusticeEllenborough, Lord Sidmouth, Privy Seal, Lord Stanhopeand Lord Lauderdale. On the 12th of June the LordChancellor pronounced the judgment of the House ofPeers. The Lord Chancellor said, “ Henry ViscountMelville, I am to acquaint your Lordship, that you are

• Burke, in his preface to his son’s translation of Brissot’s Address to his Constituents in 1794, says : “The translator of the following work brings forward to the English tribunal of opinion the testimony of a witness beyond

all exception. His competence is undoubted. He knows every thing which concerns this Revolution to the bottom. He is a chief actor in all the scenes which he presents. No man can object to him as a Royalist ; the Royal party and the Christian religion never had a more determined enemy. In a word, It is Brissot. It is Brissot, the Republican, the Jacobin, and the Philosopher, who is brought to give an account of Jacobinism, of Republicanism and of Philosophy.’’ 276 gillray’s caricatures. acquitted of the Articles of Impeachment exhibited against you by the Commons for High Crimes and Misdemeanors* and of all things contained therein.” Lord Melville stood whilst the Lord Chancellor addressed him, and made a low bow when he had finished .-—See Howell’s State Trials* Vol 29. 323. WESTMINSTER CONSCRIPTS UNDER THETRAINING ACT. Sept. 1st* 1806. lord Lauderdale (the Scottish Dove). napoleon. TALLEYRAND. POX. LORD ERSKINE. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. LORD TEMPLE. LORD H. PETTY. LORD MOIRA. SHERIDAN. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD SIDMOUTH. COLONEL HANGER. WINDHAM. LORD HOWICK. The satire intended to be conveyed by this print is that the Broad-Bottom Ministers were willing “to ground arms*” or in other words, to make an ignominious peace with the enemy. Buonaparte is the Drill Serjeant

he is standing on a pile of cannon bails with a drawn sword in his hand, and has given the word of command to ground arms. Talleyrand is the Constable of the corps. Fox is brought in his sick chair to act as Drummer to the conscripts. G. R. is marked on his drum. The Prince of Wales’s feathers are on the back of his chair. The Flugel Man is Lord Grenville* who has already given the signal to the conscripts. Lord Erskine* ill disciplined, is bowing and presenting his musket to the Constable of the corps (Talleyrand). Windham is Corporal. Lord Ellenborough* Lord Sidmouth, Sheridan, Colonel Hanger, &c. are grounding arms* but the gallant Moira is awkward in grounding his arms, and discharges his musket in the air. Lord Lauderdale, the Scottish Dove, is bringing an olive branch in his mouth, and the “ Terms of Peace” are carried between his feet. POLITICAL SERIES. 277 The circumstances in which the missions of Lord Yarmouth and Lord Lauderdale originated, are unexampled in diplomatic history. A few days after Mr. Fox had entered office, he received a letter from a Frenchman, whohad just arrived at Gravesend, requesting him to forward a passport to him, as he had something to communicate which would give him satisfaction. Mr. Fox directed a constable to be sent to bring him in custody to his house in Arlington Street. To avoid repetition we will give an extract from Mr. Fox’s account of the transaction in a letter to Talleyrand, dated Feb. 20th, 1806. 4 ‘ After a short and unimportant conversation, the villain had the audacity to tell me, that it was necessary for the tranquillity of all Crowned Heads to put to death the Ruler of France, and that for this purpose a house had been hired at Passy, from which this detestable project could be carried into effect with certainty and without risk.” Mr. Fox proceeds to say, at first he did him the honour to suppose him to be a spy, and intended to send him immediately out of the country ; but on reflection he determined to detain him for a short time and then have him conveyed to Hamburgh, that ample time might be given to the French Government to defeat the conspiracy if it really existed. He calls himself Guillet de la Grevilliere, but I think it a false name. Talleyrand replied on the 5th of March, 4£ I have laid your Excellency’s letter before his Majesty. His first words, after having read it, were, 4 1 recognize here the principles of honour and virtue, by which Mr. Fox has ever been actuated. Thank him on my part.’ ” Talleyrand adds, 44 It may be agreeable to you to receive news from this country. I send you the Emperor’s speech to the Legislative Body. You will see that our wishes are still for peace.” Mr. Fox considered the communication of the Emperor’s speech, enclosed in Talleyrand’s letter, an overture of peace, and resolved not to sacrifice this paramount object 278 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. of his policy to unnecessary etiquette and pedantic punctilios. He hoped the spirit of conciliation evinced might be esteemed a step in advance towards peace. He therefore at once replied, that England was most desirous of peace ; but then it must be a peace honourable to both nations and their allies, any other would only be a hollow truce. In a private letter to Talleyrand he requested, as a personal favour to himself, the release of Lord Yarmouth, who was one of the English travellers detained prisoners in France since the commencement of the war. Lord Yarmouth was a private friend of the Prince of Wales; but from the application, Buonaparte naturally supposed he was a private friend of Fox, who enjoyed his confidence. His release was immediately granted. In an interview with Lord Yarmouth, Talleyrand intimated to him that he might advantageously act as the agent of secret and confidential communications between the two Governments. He hinted that Hanover should be restored to the King of England, and that France would forbear the pretensions to Sicily, which she had lately put forward. Lord Yarmouth repaired to London, and communicated the conversation to Mr. Fox. Lord Yarmouth shortly returned to Paris, instructed by Fox to open the negotiation on these grounds, and directed him to propose that England should negotiate in conjunction with Russia. Talleyrand objected to the interposition of Russia between two great Powers, capable of adjusting their own differences, but added as the negotiators of the three Powers would reside at Paris, the object of Mr. Fox might be attained by pri- vate communications with each other. The Emperor Alexander specifically directed his ambassador D’Oubril not to sign any treaty except with a complete understanding with England. The conferences proceeded favourably for some time, but the persuasive arts of the French Minister held out advantages to Russia, and persuaded her weak minister to sign a separate treaty of peace with POLITICAL SERIES. 279 France, in direct contravention of the Emperor Alexander’s instructions. The demands of the French Government immediately rose ; Talleyrand declared that he could no longer negotiate with Lord Yarmouth, unless he obtained full powers from his Government. These were immediately forwarded by Mr. Fox, accompanied by the most distinct and peremptory instructions not to produce them, unless the French Minister would recur to the ori- ginal overtures, and recognize the restoration of Hanover, and the abandonment of the French pretensions to Sicily as a preliminary and sine qua non of his production of the full powers accredited to him. Unfortunately, influenced by the private assurances of the Russian Minister, that the perseverance in his refusal to produce his full powers would lead to the immediate rupture of the negotiation, Lord Yarmouth yielded, and produced them to the French Minister. Thus Talleyrand succeeded in persuading both the Russian and English Ambassadors to violate their most clear, plain and peremptory instructions. The French General Clarke was appointed to negotiate with Lord Yarmouth. The French Minister now assumed a much higher tone, and urged that the restoration of Hanover for the honour of the British Crown, Malta for the glory of the Navy, and the Cape of Good Hope for the advantage of British Commerce, ought to be sufficient inducements to England to conclude a peace. Lord Yarmouth’s dispatch, an- nouncing the production of his full powers, astounded the British Cabinet. €S The necessity of some other negotiator was immediately felt, and the important charge was en- trusted to Lord Lauderdale, a nobleman whose discernment and talents eminently qualified him for the task, and whose uniform disposition to a pacific system of policy was a strong earnest of the sincerity of the British Cabinet in their endeavours to obtain peace. The health of Mr. Fox began at this period to decline, and the nomination of 280 gillray’s caricatures. his personal friend, and tried political adherent, was a pledge that the Cabinet continued to promote his views, and to consult the spirit of his policy.”* Lord Lauderdale arrived at Paris on the 5th of August, and had an interview with General Clarke. As the English Government had given a coadjutor to Lord Yarmouth, the French Government appointed Champagny, the Minister of the Interior, to co-operate with General Clarke. The illness of Mr. Fox was most calamitous, and his death seems to have terminated all hopes of peace. Lord Grenville was then not only nominally, but decidedly Prime Minister. Buonaparte might recollect the haughty dispatches which Lord Grenville, when Secretary of State, had addressed to the Directory and to his own Government. Lord Lauderdale is allowed to have conducted the negotiation with great ability, but he could never regain the lost ground. The spirit of conciliation had departed from the French Councils, their increasing demands necessarily led to the termination of the negotiations. Whether peace might have been attained if Mr. Fox had lived it is of course impossible to say, but all hope of it seems to have terminated with his life. We feel confident impartial history will not attribute the failure to the English Government. 324. NEWS FROM CALABRIA ! CAPTURE OFBUENOS AYRES! Sept. 13 th, 1806. JOSEPHINE. NAPOLEON. TALLEYRAND. On the dismay of Napoleon on his defeat at Maida, the capture of Buenos Ayres by the English, and the symptoms of a general rising against him among the continental states.

• We have quoted this passage from the Annual Register for 1806. We

have reason to know that the history of this negotiation was revised, or rather written for it by Lord Grenville. POLITICAL SERIES. 281 325. TRIUMPHAL PROCESSION OF LITTLE PAULLTHE TAILOR UPON HIS NEW GOOSE. Nov. 6th, 1806. BOSVILLE. HORNE TOOKE. PAULL. SIR F. BURDETT. COBBETT. The scene is Covent Garden during the Westminster Election of November, 1806. Bosville is distributing money among the mob to cry out 44 Pauli for ever ! 55 44 There’s a penny a-piece for you, lads ! and now hollo out 4 Paul for ever/ and then Pll give each of you a ride in my coach and four ! Hollo, Boys ! ! 55 Horne Tooke is 44 An old Monk from Brentford, leading poor Goose in a string/5 Burdett is the Goose, and Pauli is mounted upon the Goose5 s back ; in his right hand is an open pair of shears, exhibiting 44 True Perth Cucumbers ;55 in his left hand is a measure ; under him is 44 India Cabbage:55 “Patterns for the new Parliament Dress:55 44 Superfine Cloth :” and an inscription, 44 Goose upon Goose.” 44 The Triumphal Procession of Little Pauli the Taylor upon his New Goose55 advances slowly. 44 Porcupine (Cobbett) is dirtying his boots in attempting to give poor Goose a shove out of the kennel.55 Cobbett is a newsman, lustily blowing a horn and roaring out, “ Glorious news ! Pauli for ever ! Damnation to the Whigs ! 55 In his left hand is 44 Cobbett5 s Political Register.55 A card with 44 Independence and Public Justice55 is stuck in his hat. In his pocket are 4 ‘ Speeches for Pauli, Goose,55 &c. 44 Ballad-singers at 5s per day55 close the procession. The card of 44 Independence and Public Justice55 in Cobbett’s hat alludes to the investigation he had proposed into the conduct of the Marquis of Wellesley in India, and the Articles of Impeachment he had exhibited against him, 282 GILLR A y’s CARICATURES. 326. THE HIGH FLYING CANDIDATE (i. e. LITTLEPAULL GOOSE) MOUNTING FROM A BLANKET. Nov. llth, 1806. SIR SAMUEL HOOD. PAULL. MONUMENT OF FOX IN COYENT GARDEN CHURCH YARD. SHERIDAN. The scene is the front of the hustings before Covent Garden Churchy at the conclusion of the Westminster Election, November, 1806. Sir Samuel Hood and Sheridan, the successful candidates, are tossing Pauli in the Coalition Blanket into the air, his shears and his hat are flying up with him. His “ Cucumbers”and his cabbage” are about to follow. Behind Sir Samuel Hood are banners inscribed “ Navy and Volunteers,” “ Hood and Sheridan for ever.” In Sheridan’s pocket is seen 61 The Devil among the Taylors.” Behind Sheridan is a man holding a banner, inscribed <f Sheridan and Hood, Volunteers and the Navy,” and vociferating tc Sherry and Hood for Ever.” Another calls out “ No Stitchlouse.” A monument is seen, inscribed, 66 Sacred to the memory of poor Charley, late Member for the City of Westminster. We ne’er shall see his like again.” Fox’s head is placed upon the monument ; from his mouth issues the exclamation, “ OTempora, O Mores.” 327. POSTING TO THE ELECTION. A SCENE ONTHE ROAD TO BRENTFORD. Nov. 1806. Dec. 1st, 1806. LORD GRENVILLE. SHERIDAN. SIR SAMUEL HOOD. MELLISH . MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. LORD TEMPLE. LORD CASTLEREAGH. PAULL. BYNG. HEAD OF FOX. NAPOLEON. SIR F. BURDETT. HORNE TOOKE. BOSVILLE. COBBETT. The Candidates for Middlesex in November 1806, were Byng, Sir Francis Burdett, and Mellish. They and their POLITICAL SERIES. 283 friends are posting to the hustings. Sheridan and Sir Samuel Hood are riding on one horse (intimating their coalition at the late Westminster election) . Sheridan is waving his hat, and hurrahing ;—

Hood for ever/’ still remains in his hat. In his pocket is Cfi Neck or Nothing, a new Coalition.” On the horse’s side is hanging, “ Subscription of Malt and Hops from the Whitbread brewery.” Sir Samuel Hood is waving his hat ; the card, Sheridan for ever/’ is still in it. Their horse, kicking up behind, overthrows Pauli, who is riding upon an ass ; his shears and “ Impeachment” drop from his hands. Mellish is proceeding in a coach drawn by four horses

Lord Grenville, mounted on the box, is driving; the Marquis of Buckingham, Lord Temple, and Lord Castlereagh are standing up behind. 6C The State of the Poll,’5 and “ Independence/ 5 are upon the upper panels, and on the lower are “ Rule Britannia, and the Bank of England for ever/ 5 and 66 Integrity and Independence /’ affixed to the carriage is a banner inscribed i( Loyalty and Independence for ever. 5 ’ Byng is in another carriage, a bust of Fox upon a pole is in front of the carriage, with an inscription under it, “ The Good old Whig Block ; 55 on an upper panel is The good old Whig Interest for ever. 55 (i Old Wigs for ever 5 ’ is on the coach door. Burdett is riding in front of a cart, he is waving his hat, and calling out Liberty for ever. 55 The Life of Oliver Cromwell’ 5 is seen in his pocket. Horne Tooke and Bosville are riding in the cart. Horne Tooke holds up a ' banner, inscribed 66 Liberty and Equality, no Placemen in Parliament, no Property Tax, no Bastilles, Liberty for ever ! 5 ’ Paine’s “ Rights of Man’ 5 are seen in Bosville5 s pocket. On the side of the cart is inscribed “ No Taxed Carts, Burdett for ever.’ 5 Buonaparte is the postillion ; insinuating that Burdett was friendly to the revolutionary principles of France, and wished to introduce them here. Cobbett is employed by Burdett as a drummer, his drumsticks are his “ Political Register/’ and inflammatory 284 gillray’s caricatures. letters. A great crowd follows—

Orator Broad Face, Swallow Street/* holding up a pot of porter, is conspi- cuous. 328. THE FUNERAL PROCESSION OF BROADBOTTOM. April 6th, 1807- LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD MOIRA. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. SHERIDAN. THE BODY OF LORD GRENVILLE IN A HEARSE. LORD HOWICK. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. THE POPE. LORD NUGENT. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD ST. VINCENT. WINDHAM. LORD H. PETTY. On the dismissal of the Grenville ministry, in March, 1807, in consequence of their proposing to the King the admission of the Catholics to all ranks in the army and navy, the body of Lord Grenville is placed in a hearse. 4 6 Gul. Baro. de Broad-Bottom obiit die Martis 240 A.D. 1807” The mourners following the corpse are Lord Moira, Lord Ellenborough, Sheridan, Lord Temple “ shedding tears from Hedge Land.’* The Marquis of Buckingham, habited as a Catholic priest, a crucifix is hanging from his ribbon, and his train is held up byLord Howick. Lord Sidmouth, Lord St. Vincent, and Windham, are the pall-bearers. The Tories had raised the cry of No Popery,** and the Pope is introduced in the procession prepared to officiate at the interment. Lord Henry Petty dressed as a Catholic priest, is preceding the hearse, his left hand bears a lighted torch, his bell has dropped from his right hand. The hearse % is advancing towards a church, but the hands of a clergyman are extended to refuse sepulture in it. He says, “ No burial here for a Broad-bottom ; he died a Roman ; besides, *tis a felo-de-se* case ; take him to the next four

• Mr. Sheridan complained strongly of the folly of Ministers in furnishing the King with such a popular pretext for their dismissal. “ He had often/' he said, “ heard of people knocking out their brains against a wall, but never

before knew of any one building a wall expressly for the purpose." POLITICAL SERIES. 285 cross-roads ; and the family has a large stake always ready.”# 329. VIEW OF THE HUSTINGS IN COVENT GARDEN. Vide THE WESTMINSTER ELECTION.November, 1806. December 13th, 1806. SIR SAMUEL HOOD. WHITBREAD. SHERIDAN. PETER MOORE. DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. PAULL. COBBETT. SIR F. BURDETT. BOSVILLE. This is one of Gillray’s happiest conceptions. On the extreme right of the print stand Col. Bosville, Sir Francis Burdett, Cobbett and a host of his ultra-liberal supporters, with cards in their hats bearing Pauli’s name. Pauli is addressing the mob, and pointing to Sheridan, designates him 44 The sunk, the lost, the degraded Treasurer.” Aferocious dog, whose collar is inscribed 4 ‘ Peter Moore,’’ is endeavouring to bite Pauli. The Duke of Northumberland is looking askance at Pauli, and has a card, inscribed 44 Notability,” in his hat. Sheridan is in the centre, sur- rounded by a phalanx of distinguished Whigs, bearing his cards in their hats. Whitbread is consoling Sheridan with “ a Pot of Whitbread’s new Loyal Porter.” He has 44 Hood and Sheridan” in his hat, to intimate that these two candidates had united their interests. Sir Samuel Hood, drest in his naval uniform, stands on the right of Sheridan ; it is seen that he has lost his left arm in the service of his country. A tumultuous mob is assembled in the front of the hustings. Some in front of Pauli are roaring out 44 Pauli and Plumpers 44 Pauli and Independence.” One carries a cabbage on the top of a pole, and cries out “ No Cabbaging Candidate.” Others, 44 No Stitching Representa-

• For an explanation of this expression, see p. 207.

286 gillray’s caricatures. tive.” Shears are upheld, and ie No Pauli Goose” vocife- rated. But the grand attack is on Sheridan. (e No Harlequin Turncoat •/* “ No Stage Tricks “ No Vagabond Representative

Pay your debts, Mr. Treasurer Where’s my Renter’s Share ?” &c. A few cry out, “ Sherry and liberty.” Some of the mob assembled before Sir Samuel Hood cry out <c Hood for ever others, “ Notwo Faces under one Hood “ No Picton,” &c. Never had Sheridan, during the course of his political life, experienced so bitter a mortification, so severe a humiliation, as at the Westminster Election in November, 1806. On the death of Fox he had flattered himself that his own popularity would point him out as the natural successor of his illustrious friend. He reckoned on the popular favour, he had reason to expect the Government support, and he was sure of the Prince of Wales’s interest. He received an unexpected disappointment. The Duke of Northumberland put forward his eldest son. Lord Percy. Lord Grenville did not feel himself sufficiently strong to offend the irritable Duke, who commanded eight or nine votes in the House of Commons. Sheridan declined the contest, and retreated with tolerable grace ; he could not be ex- pected to oppose the long purse of the Duke of Northumberland, and the influence of Government united. But at the general election in November, 1806, Lord Percy stood for the county of Northumberland; Westminster was then open to Sheridan. Pauli, who had lately displayed considerable talent in the House of Commons announced himself as a candidate, and he was most energetically supported by all the Ultra- Liberal politicians. To render this print intelligible, it may be necessary to state that Pauli was the son of a respectable tailor, who had procured for him an appointment in India. Pauli had made himself master of the modern political history of India, and having realised a moderate fortune, returned home and obtained a seat in the House of Commons. He POLITICAL SERIES. 287 then brought a series of charges against the Marquis of Wellesley, preparatory to moving an impeachment of him. In sustaining these he received some able support, and among others from Windham. Among the most prominent supporters of Pauli at this election for Westminster were Col. Bosville, Sir Francis Burdett and Cobbett. It is unnecessary to speak of the two latter ; but Col. Bosville is not so generally known to readers of the present day. Wm. Bosville, Esq. of Gunthwaite in Yorkshire, was a gentleman of large property. He was a very eccentric character. He wr as uncle to Sir John Sinclair, whose son, in the Life of his father, has thus described him. “ My grand-uncle’s exterior consisted of a single-breasted coat, powdered hair and queue, and other paraphernalia of a courtier in the reign of George II. ; but within this courtly garb was enclosed one of the most ultra-liberal spirits of the time. He assembled every day at his house in Welbeck Street a party of congenial souls, never exceeding the number of twelve ; not receiving the important summons to dinner a single moment after five o’clock. A slate was kept in the hall, on which any intimate friend might inscribe his name. Among the persons thus privileged, I may mention, besides family connections, Sir Francis Burdett, Horne Tooke, ‘ Parson Este,’ Major James, Baron Dimsdale, Lord Oxford and Mr. Clifford, the barrister of O. P. celebrity. Among Mr. Bosville’s Liberal friends was the noted author of the Political Register. While Cobbett was in Newgate, my grand-uncle went in state, with four horses to his carriage, to visit the prisoner,* and afterwards presented him with a thousand pounds in token of sympathy, as he termed it, with the persecuted sufferer.”—(See Rev. John Sinclair’s Life of Sir John Sinclair, vol. 1.) * Baron Maseres, who was a Cursitor Baron of the Exchequer, always visited Cobbett during his imprisonment, in full dress, with his Judge’s gown and wig, lest he should be supposed to pay his visit secretly. U 288 gillray’s caricatures. No sooner did Sheridan appear on the hustings than hewas assailed by the most hideous yells and vollies of abuse

these he could have endured, and was no doubt preparedto encounter. He had hoped by his playful wit, his sar- casms and his jokes, to keep the mob in good humour; but there was one man in the crowd who fairly beat him,and compelled him to retire. It was in vain that Sheridancalled him “ the broad-faced orator in the green coat,”assailed him with the keenest wit, held him up to ridicule, or denounced him as a hireling ruffian ; he was impenetrable, and seemed rather invigorated by the attack and to enjoy the fun. A comedy had lately appeared at CoventGarden, in which a dandy rout was repeatedly quizzed bya companion pointing to his clothes, and the ornaments ohhis person, and asking the annoying question, “Whosuffers ?” The man alluded to constantly played off this artillery upon Sheridan. a Sheridan, I see you have gota new coat ; who suffers ? Sheridan, who suffers for thatnew hat ?” and in this strain he kept up an incessantbrawling. Sheridan, conscious of his pecuniary irregularities, could not endure this public exposure before theeminent Whigs by whom he was surrounded. He wascompletely cowed, his proud spirit gave way, and it wasannounced that he was taken ill, and his son, Tom Sheridan, attended and spoke for him. He gained the election, but the speeches at the hustings, and the pen of Cobbett,had inflicted a wound, which rankled in his breast. Hefelt “ Pudet hac opprobria nobis, Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse refelli.” 330. A PLUMPER FOR PAULL ! OR, THE LITTLETAILOR DONE OVER. May 13th, 1807.CLIFFORD. PAULL. SHERIDAN. SIR FRANCIS BURDETT.BOSVILLE. HORNE TOOKE. COBBETT. The Speaker has blown off the table Pauli’s “Petition POLITICAL SERIES. 289 against Sheridan for Bribery and Corruption at the Westminster Election,, and in its fall it overthrows Pauli, who is lying on the floor ; his measure, his shears, and his 6( Impeachment of the Marquis of Wellesley/5 have dropped from his hands. Clifford’s brief, “ Pauli versus Sheridan/5 the list of witnesses, “ Conkey Beau, Bill Soames, Drake, and Hart the Informer,55 lie scattered around. Burdett is depicted as “ The Green Goose from Brentford.55 Bosville is holding up his hands in despair, the ce Expenses of the Election55 are seen in his pocket ; he is going out of the House accompanied by Horne Tooke. Cobbett holds up his cc Political Register/5 and points to the “ Attack upon Sheridan.55 331 . PATRIOTS DECIDING A POINT OF HONOUR!OR, AN EXACT REPRESENTATION OF THECELEBRATED RENCONTRE WHICH TOOKPLACE AT COMBE WOOD, ON MAY 2nd, 1807, BETWEEN LITTLE PAULL THE TAILOR, AND SIR FRANCIS GOOSE. May 4th, 1807- BELLENDEN KERR. SIR F. BURDETT. PAULL. COOPER. Upon the duel between Burdett and Pauli, arising out of the affairs of the disputed Westminster election. Sir Francis Burdett, depicted as a goose, exclaims “ What, must I be out ! and a tailor get into Parliament ! ! 55 You’re a liar! I never said that I would sit as Chairman at your shopboard ! ! ! 55 Pauli replies, “ A liar ! Sir, I 5 m a tailor and a gentleman, and I must have satisfac- tion ! 55 Burdett’s second, Mr. Bellenden Kerr, is standing behind him with a brace of pistols under his right arm ; Cooper, Pauli’s second, looking very like Jemmy Jumps, is standing behind Pauli with a brace of pistols under his left arm. A post-chaise and four is at a little distance. u 2 290 gillray’s caricatures. The postillion has got up into a tree to witness the duel.Pauli’s wounded leg is raised up, his shears and his measure are between his legs. On the ground in the front ofPauli lie 44 Sir Francis Gooseys Letter to the Electors at theCrown and Anchor/3 and 44 Mr. Pauli’s Advertisement.’3 By his side lie scattered 44 Cobbett’s Character of Pauli theTailor 44 Dangers of indulging Political Envy, by SirFrancis Goose and a basket containing papers labelled44 Westminster Election, Pauli.33 When the King had dismissed the Grenville Ministry,and formed another Administration under the Duke ofPortland, Perceval was induced to relinquish his profession, and accept the Chancellorship of the Exchequer, uponbeing appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster for life. Resolutions were immediately moved and carried in the House of Commons, declaring this appointment anillegal encroachment on the rights of his Majesty’s successor. The appointment was accordingly annulled, and anew one made out, restricting the appointment to theKing’s life. The new Ministers, however, perceived that their opponents would be too powerful in the House ofCommons, and resolved on a dissolution. They trusted that 44 The Name of the King,” and the cry of 44 NoPopery” would be 44 Towers of Strength3 ’ to them in the new elections, and they did not miscalculate. The candidates for Westminster were Sir Samuel Hood, Sheridanand Pauli. The latter was not dispirited by his recent defeat ; he flattered himself he should be able to beat Sheridan now, no longer supported by the Government interest.Mr Pauli advertised a dinner to take place at the Crownand Anchor tavern on the 1st of May,—Sir Francis Burdett in the chair. A large meeting assembled, but the Hon. Baronet did not attend; it was stated by Mr. Jones Burdett that his brother, Sir Francis, had not given anypromise to preside, and was surprised to find his name POLITICAL SERIES. 291 advertised without his sanction. Mr. Pauli explained to the meeting that he might have misunderstood Sir Francis’s meaning, who, though willing to propose him for Westminster at the hustings, it seems had not understood that he was to take the chair at this meeting. Sir Francis Burdett, had addressed a letter to Mr. Pauli on the 29th of April, stating that the advertisement had excited his surprise and displeasure. “ I must say, to have my name advertised for such meetings is like 4 Such a day is to be seen the great Katterfelto,’ and this without my previous consent, or application to me. From any one else I should regard it as an insult. I yielded to your desire that I should nominate you, although I should much rather avoid even that ; but as I highly approve your conduct, I do not object to that one act, as a public testimony of such approbation, but to that single point I must confine myself.” After the receipt of this letter it was cer- tainly disingenuous in Pauli not to substitute the name of another person as chairman ; and the intervention of two days allowed sufficient time for the purpose. When the dinner-party broke up, Mr. Pauli waited on Sir Francis Burdett ; a warm altercation ensued, and a hostile meeting was arranged for 10 o’clock the next morning at Combe Wood, near Wimbledon Common. Sir Francis Burdett was attended by Mr. Bellenden Kerr* as his second, and Mr. Pauli by a Mr. Cooper. Mr. Bellenden Kerr advanced to Mr. Cooper, and told him that he had applied to his friends at the Horse Guards, and to Mr. Manton, but had not been able to procure proper pistols on the sudden emergency, and he was fearful of exciting suspicion by extending his inquiry. He therefore “ ex-

• Mr. Bellenden Kerr was one of the claimants of the Roxburghe Peerage. He had changed his name, which had originally been Gawler. He was the Captain Gawler of the Horse Guards, who had been dismissed from the army

in 1792, at the same time as Lord Edward Fitzgerald, for drinking seditious toasts at a public meeting of the English at Paris, to celebrate the French Revolution. 292 gillray’s caricatures. pected that he would consent as well as Mr. Pauli, that weshould use one of theirs ; to this they both agreed. Mr.Cooper told me that he did not know how to load thepistols ; I shewed him how, and directed him to load Burdettes, while I loaded Mr. Paulks. I then asked him whatdistance he proposed for them to stand at ; he said heknew nothing about the matter, and left it to me. I measured out twelve paces, and placed the principals at theextreme of the space ; I then directed him to give SirFrancis a pistol, and I presented another to Mr. Pauli.”A case of pistols was discharged without effect. Mr. Bellenden Kerr then advanced, and asked Mr. Pauli if he wassatisfied ; he replied, (e No, not without an apology.” Thepistols were loaded a second time, and Mr. Cooper was togive the command to fire, hut he retreated to such a dis-tance that Sir Francis called out he could not see him.Mr. Bellenden Kerr then gave the command to fire ; Burdett was wounded in the thigh, and Mr. Pauli in the topof the leg. The wounded parties returned to town together in Mr. Paulks postchaise. Mr. Kerr proposed toMr. Cooper to draw up conjointly and sign an officialstatement of the duel. Mr. Cooper refused. Mr. Kerrrequested his address, this he also refused; he thenasked what was his situation in life ? this was also refused; and Mr. Kerr in his published statement says, “ I do notknow who or what he is to this day.” 332. JOHN BULL AND THE SINKING FUNDAPETTY SCHEME FOR REDUCING THETAXES, AND PAYING OFF THE NATIONALDEBT ! February 29th, 1807-LORD ERSKINE. DUKE OF NORFOLK. BYNG. LORD LAUDERDALE.LORD MOIRA. SHERIDAN. WINDHAM. DUKE OF CLARENCE- POLITICAL SERIES. 293 MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD TEMPLE. LORD S1DMOUTH. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. LORD H. PETTY. LORD LIVERPOOL. LORD CASTLEREAGH. CANNING. John Bull is kneeling on the 44 Rock of Broad-Bottom’d Security ; 5 ’ on his back is placed 44 The Sinking Fund ; i. e. Taxations of 42 Millions per Annum,55 and the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Lord H. Petty) is standing upon it, shovelling down guineas to his clamorous adherents. Lord Grenville, the Marquis of Buckingham and Lord Temple are endeavouring to catch some. The Duke of Norfolk holds up a punch-bowl inscribed 44 The Majesty of the People.55 Lord Erskine holds up 44 The Chancellor’s Purse.55 Lord Moira raises his military hat, with the Prince5 s feathers stuck into it—the Duke of Clarence, the 44 Royal Jordan.55 Sheridan, in a harlequin’s dress, holds up his cap with his right hand, and his wand is behind him in his left, &c. &c. John Bull exclaims, <4 Toss away! Toss away, my good Boy ! Toss away ! Oh, how kind it is to ease me of this terrible load ! 55 Lord Henry Petty answers, ‘ 4 Patience, Johnny ! arn’t I tossing away as fast as I can? Arn5 t I reducing your taxes to 1 7s and 6d in the pound? Why, you ought to think yourself quite comfortable and easy, Johnny!” On the other side is seen a broken column overhung by a cypress tree ; on the pedestal is inscribed, 44 Sacred to the Memory of Departed Greatness, 55 (Pitt). The ex- Ministers and their friends are lamenting their unhappy fate, that none of the golden shower descends upon them. Lord Castlereagh says, 44 A few scatterings this way would be very acceptable indeed ! 55 Canning says, “ O the Petty cheat ! that Sinking Fund was our invention, and not to have a snack of it at last, oh ! oh !” Yansittart holds in his hands 44 Fi- nance Resolutions,” and exclaims, 44 My Sinking Fund would have cleared it off in half the time.” Lord Liverpool is despairingly holding up his hat. 294 gillray’s caricatures. This print is intended as a satire upon the prodigality with which the Broad-Bottom Ministers were accused of rewarding their friends. 333. ELECTION CANDIDATES; OR, THE REPUBLICAN GOOSE AT THE TOP OF THE POLL. May 20th, 1807* WINDHAM. LORD TEMPLE. LORD HOWICK. LORD GRENVILLE. SIR F. BURDETT. LORD COCHRANE. ELLIOT. SHERIDAN. PAULL. HORNE TOOKE. The candidates for Westminster in May, 1807, were Sir Francis Burdett, Lord Cochrane, Sheridan, Pauli, and Elliott the brewer of Pimlico. A pole is erected in the centre of the hustings. The republican Goose (Burdett) is pitchforked to the top of the pole (poll) by his friend the Devil (represented by Horne Tooke). The Goose is hissing at “ The Sun of the Constitution ;” f£ Conceit55 and “Vanity” are on his wings. On the Devil’s (Horne Tooke’s) wings are inscribed “ Deceit” and “ Sedition;” he has a clerical band under his chin. Lord Cochrane holds the pole with one hand, and with the other flourishes the cudgel of “ Reform.55 In his pocket are “ Charges against Lord St. Vincent ;” he has kicked down Elliot the brewer, who stood on the Tory interest, but soon discovered he had not the slightest chance of success. “Quassia” is inscribed on his body; a beer-barrel, in- scribed “ Elliott’s,” is falling with him and hides his head. Sheridan, in a harlequin’s jacket, is vainly endeavouring to climb up the pole, intimating he has lost the election. Pauli is falling from the pole, his leg wounded in the late duel is conspicuous ; his hat, his shears and a cabbage are falling with him. Men bearing banners of “ Burdett and Independence,55 &c. are parading in front of the hustings. POLITICAL SERIES. 295 334. THE FALL OF ICARUS. April 27th, 1807- MARQUIS OP BUCKINGHAM. LORD TEMPLE. Earl Temple was Joint-Paymaster of the Forces during the Fox and Grenville Ministry, and occupied the official residence at Whitehall. He had the arrogance to place a brass plate, engraved te Earl Temple/’ on the door, as if it were his own private house,—a circumstance unprecedented. On the dissolution of the Ministry it was universally reported that, on quitting office he had carried away a very large quantity of stationery ; this drew down upon him severe animadversions in the public newspapers, and it was even said, at one time, it would be noticed in the House of Commons. This print represents the official house of the Paymaster of the Forces at Whitehall. A cart, with Stationery Office” painted upon it is standing before the door ; Lord Templets black servant is handing quills, wax, and writing paper to the carter. Lord Temple, depicted as Icarus, has already made himself wings, and cemented them with the official wax ; he has mounted into the air ; but the sun, represented by the head of George III. shines so intensely upon the modern Icarus, that his wings melt, and he is falling upon the “ stake” taken <6 out of the public hedge.”* The Marquis of Buckingham, as Daedalus, has already taken flight upwards : “Tellership of the Exchequer” is marked on his wings ; he is endeavouring to shelter himself in a cloud, to avoid the burning influence of the sun. Under the print is a poetical inscription ; the last stanza runs thus : “ With plumes and wax, and such like things, In quantities not small, He tries to make a pair of wings To ease his sudden fall !”

• See page 210.

296 gillray’s caricatures. 335. A KICK AT THE BROAD BOTTOMS, i. EMANCIPATION OF “ ALL THE TALENTS.” March 23rd, 1807. GEORGE III. LORD GRENVILLE. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. LORD HOWICK. LORD H. PETTY. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. WINDHAM. LORD MOIRA. LORD TEMPLE. LORD SIDMOUTH. SHERIDAN. LORD ERSKINE. WHITBREAD. LORD LAUDERDALE. The enraged King exclaims, <c What ! what ! bring in the Papists ! O you cunning Jesuits, you ! What, youthought I was like little Boney, and would turn Turk or anything ! but if you have no faith or conscience, I have ! ay, and a little Protestant spunk too ! so, out with you all ! out, with all your Broad-Bottom’d Popish plots ! Out with you ! —out ! out ! out !” The King, holding his sceptre in his right hand, is aiming a blow at Lord Grenville ; he has seized his hair with his left, his foot is placed on that part of Lord Grenville, which is usually denominated the seat of honour. In Lord Grenville’s left hand is the “ Catholic Bill, for bringing the Papists into power, and supporting the Broad-Bottom Jesuits in their places.” Lord Howickholds in his left hand the “ Bill for securing the Papists in commanding of the Army and the Navy, and all the Public Offices.” The position of his right hand shews that he has already received a kick similar to that given to his colleague. The position of Lord Temple’s hand behind him testifies a similar castigation. Lord Ellenborough’s hand indicates a soreness in the same part. The Marquis of Buckinghamand Windham are astonished. Lord Moira and LordLauderdale stand aghast. Lord Sidmouth and Sheridan are endeavouring to escape out at the door. Lord HenryPetty, in his Exchequer robe, and Lord Erskine, in the costume of Chancellor, with the purse by his side, are laying prostrate on the floor. POLITICAL SERIES. 297 On the 5th of March, Lord Howick moved for leave to bring in a Bill for securing to all his Majesty’s subjects the privilege of serving in the army and navy upon taking an oath prescribed by Act of Parliament, and leaving to them the exercise of their religion. A strange anomaly existed in the law at that time. By an Act of the Parlia- ment of Ireland, passed in 1793, Roman Catholics in that country were enabled to hold commissions in the army, and attain to any rank, except that of Commander-inChief, Master- General of the Ordnance, or General on the Staff. By the Act of Union the army raised in Ireland was liable to serve in England ; yet the instant a regiment landed in England, its Catholic officers were disqualified by law to remain in the service, and would only have the alternative of remaining in the service contrary to law, and subject to penalties, or to relinquish the military profession. The Bill introduced was intended to remove this anomaly. It had been submitted to the King, who at first objected to it, but on the clause in the Act of Union being pointed out to him, he gave a reluctant assent. Perceval opposed the introduction of the Bill, he did not deny the advantage or even the justice of assimilating the laws of the two countries, but contended that the Catholics had not experienced any annoyance from the enforcement of the penalties, and he doubted whether they could be inflicted since the Union ; he therefore regarded this measure as a preliminary to ulterior and more extensive concessions. A cry of “ No Popery’’ was immediately raised. On the 11th of March Lord Sidmouth tendered his resignation in a letter to Lord Grenville. “ My opinion of the Bill respecting Roman Catholics, and the communications now going on with Mr. Canning for the purpose of connecting him with the Government, separately afford suffi- cient ground for this conviction, and when taken together, admit of no alternative.’’* On the same day he made an over- * See Pellew’s Life of Lord Sidmouth, vol. ii. p. 461. 298 gillray’s caricatures. ture to Perceval for a communication on the best means of defeating the Catholic Bill, and a meeting between them was fixed for the 13th. The King had informed his Ministers on the 11th, that he found the Bill went further than he had originally understood, and that to such a measure he never could consent. On the 12th, the Duke of Portland addressed a private letter to the King, enforcing the danger of making the required concession to the Catholics. The letter is most artfully drawn up ; the Duke was stimulated to the step, and assisted in the composition of the letter, by Lord Malmesbury, who was constantly en- gaged in political intrigues. In the course of the letter, the Duke says, “ But should any peculiarity of circumstances have induced your Majesty to acquiesce in it, I should still think that by following the dictates of my own conscience, and voting against it, I should not offend your Majesty.” Should the King feel a repugnance to the measure, the Duke says, “ I must fairly state to your Majesty, that your wishes must be distinctly known,* and that your present Ministers should not have any pretext for equivocating on the subject, or any ground whatever to pretend ignorance of your Majesty’s sentiments and determination, not only to withhold your sanction from the present measure, but to use all your influence in resisting it.” Should the Ministers persist in attempting to pass the Bill, the Duke kindly assures the King “ that persons will be found able to carry on your Majesty’s business with talents and abilities equal to your present Ministers.”*]" In the interim Lord Howick had withdrawn the Bill, and the King had commanded Lord Sidmouth to withdraw his resignation ; he did so, and consequently declined the

• In 1784 r the Duke of Portland had severely censured Earl Temple's

shewing a letter of the King, expressing his aversion to Fox’s India Bill, and the House of Commons passed resolutions declaring it to be unconstitutional. Lord Temple was obliged to resign in consequence. t See Lord Malmesbury’s Diary. Vol. iv. p. 367. POLITICAL SERIES. 299 interview with Perceval. The Ministerial difficulties seemed removed for the present ; but they held a Cabinet Council* and resolved to present a Memorial to the King, stating that they reserved to themselves the right of tendering advice to his Majesty on this subject, whenever they might think proper. It is remarkable that neither the Chancellor Lord Erskine, Lord Sidmouth, nor Lord Ellenborough, were summoned to this Council. The King considered this declaration a gratuitous annoyance, and now required a written pledge that they would not at any time address him again on this subject ; this pledge they respectfully declined, affirming it was contrary to law. They were bound by their oaths to tender advice to his Majesty on all subjects they might esteem essential to the interests of the Crown and the country. The King next day informed Lord Howick that u He must look out for new Ministers.” The Lord Chancellor had an interview with the King upon the Recorder’s Report ; the conference upon that subject being ended. Lord Erskine told the King cf that he was sensible that when he first entered into his Majesty’s service, his Majesty had entertained a prejudice against him, that he was quite satisfied that this prejudice was now removed;—that upon the measure which had been the original cause of the present state of things, he thought, both religiously and morally, exactly as his Majesty himself did, but that it would be unconstitutional for his Ministers to sign the required pledge, —it might subject them to impeachment—that the Catholics would desire nothing more than to have a Ministry, who were supported by ‘ all the talents’ and weight of property in the country, go out upon such a measure ; and that if he proceeded with his resolution, he would never know another hour of comfort or tranquillity.” The King listened with great attention, and seemed greatly agitated ; he replied, “ My Lord, you are a very honest man, and I am very much 300 gillray’s caricatures. obliged to you.” Lord Erskine flattered himself he hadmade a favourable impression upon the King; but his resolution was already taken. The King commanded the attendance of Lord Hawkesbury and Lord Eldon at Windsor. He sent them, with a carte blanche, to the Duke of Portland, to form an Administration. Great agitation now prevailed in the political world. The Duke of Portland met with several refusals to his offers of office and a seat in the Cabinet. Animpression prevailed that he could not form a Ministry of sufficient strength and ability to resist the influence of the ex- Ministers in Parliament. The Marquis of Wellesley, after deliberation, declined the Foreign Office. Mr.Yorkedeclined from apprehension of the weakness of the newMinisters. Lord LowthePs Parliamentary interest wassecured. “ He declined taking office, but confessed the Garter in due time would gratify him” The Duke of Portland agreed to this, and mentioned it to the King, whosaid he should be the first promoted in the Peerage,# andthen the Garter might follow with propriety.”—LordMalmesbury’s Diary, Vol. iv. p. 379. The Administration was at length formed. A great accession of strength was gained in the person of Mr.Canning, a consummate debater, who had been on the point of joining the late Cabinet. He accepted the Foreign Office. 6i Canning,” says Lord Malmesbury, “ spoke as if the choice of Cabinet places was to be at his refusal, and declared, with a threat, that he never would sit in the same Cabinet with Addington.” — Lord Malmesbury^sDiary, vol. iv. p. 367- The following extract of a letter from Lord Eldon to Sir William Scott furnishes a curious picture of what was passing

tc March 31, 1807 —I am most seriously hurt that Lord Sidmouth is not among us. My earnest wish andentreaty has been that he should, and many others have

• He was created Earl of Lonsdale, and had the Garter.

POLITICAL SERIES. 301 wished it; but it has been urged by some that at this moment it cannot be ; that not an individual connected with Lord Melville could join or support ; if it was so, that a large part of Mr. Pitt’s friends would secede ; that among Lord Grenville’s majority there are persons not adverse, and likely enough to be friendly, who are so desperately angry with Lord S., that with him in the Administration, they would be against it to a man ; that Canning declines office if Lord S. was to have office now% but would not object a few months hence ; and all the Pittites who talk to me hold themselves bound by their view of past trans- actions not to desert Canning in a question between him and Lord S. The language which these two have held respecting each other has done infinite mischief. In short it is a sickening scene that is passing. I take the Great Seal to-morrow.”—(See Ticks’s Life of Lord Eldon, Vol. 2, p. 30.) We shall close this article with an account of the re- markable contrast made by the King between the conduct of Mr. Fox and that of one of his colleagues, as stated in conversation with Lord Eldon : —“ Each change of Administration since 1801, had been unpleasing to the King; but upon further acquaintance his prejudice against Mr. Fox became much abated. Some time after the dissolution of the Whig Ministry the King said, 44 It was but just to acknowledge that Mr. Fox, though certainly forced upon him, had never presumed upon that circumstance to treat his Sovereign like a person in his power, but had always conducted himself frankly, yet respectfully, as it became a subject to behave. His manner, the King was wont to say, contrasted remarkably with that of another of the Whig Ministers, who, when he came into office, walked up to me in the way I should have expected from Buonaparte after the battle of Austerlitz.”

(Twiss’s Life of Lord Eldon , Vol. 1. p. 510.) 302 gillray’s caricatures. 336. POLITICAL MATHEMATICIANS SHAKING THEBROAD-BOTTOMED HEMISPHERES. January 9 th, 1807-LORD HAWKESBURY. LORD CASTLEREAGH. WINDHAM. TIERNEY.BYNG. GHOST OF FOX. LORD ERSKINE. LORD H. PETTY. LORDTEMPLE. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. LORD MOIRA. LORDGRENVILLE. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. LORDLAUDERDALE. LORD HOWICK. SHERIDAN. PAULL. COBBETT. NAPOLEON. SIR F. BURDETT. HORNE TOOKE. Gillray thus dedicates this print 44 To that last Hope ofthe Country—the New Opposition, this Representation ofCharley’s Old Breeches in Danger is respectfully dedicated.” The Broad-Bottomed Ministers are comfortably seated in the Old Breeches of their late popular leader* 44 the Man of the People ;” they are revelling on the loaves and fishes furnished by the Exchequer and Treasury. Adog with 44 Tierney” engraved on his collar is endeavouring to climb up into Fox’s nether garment. The Prince ofWales’s feathers indicate the support he gave to the WhigMinisters. Bats are gnawing them away. Pauli, seated on 44 the Rock of Independence,” is cutting asunder 44 the Broad-Bottom Measure” with his shears ; he is 44 the Fulcrum of the Constitution” on which a lever is placed to remove the Cabinet incubus, which presses so heavily on the nation. Cobbett, Burdett and Horne Tooke are pulling at the end of the lever with all their force. Bytheir side are a 44 New Planetary System,” 44 Scheme for a New Patriotic Administration,” “New Scale of Justice,” 44 No Taxation,” 44 No Bastille,” 44 Political Register,” &c. On the other side, Lord Hawkesbury, Lord Castlereagh, Canning, &c. are pulling with might and main to overthrow the Cabinet incubus. Buonaparte, looking from an eminence, through a telescope, says, 44 Oh ! by Gar! if I could but once put my foot upon the lever, I’d give their Broad- POLITICAL SERIES. 303 Bottoms a shake with a vengeance ! ! ! The head of Fox is looking out of his grave, exclaiming, “ O, save my breeches, heaven !”* On his monument we read, “ Hie jacet pater Broad-Bottomos, he lent his raiment to cover the needy, and hide his enemies from shame ; he went naked to the grave.” Britannia is weeping over a broken statue of Pitt; on the pedestal is inscribed “ The Pilot that weathered the storm.” 337. THE PIGS POSSESSED; OR, THE BROADBOTTOMED LITTER RUNNING HEADLONG INTO THE SEA OF PERDITION. April 18 th9 1807. GEORGE III. SHERIDAN. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD ELLENBOROUGH. LORD HOW1CK. WINDHAM. LORD HOLLAND. LORD WALPOLE. LORD CARLISLE. LORD ST. VINCENT. LORD TEMPLE. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD DERBY. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. TIERNEY. COURTNEY. LORD ERSKINE. LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD II. PETTY. EARL SPENCER. LORD MOIRA. DUKE OF BEDFORD. WHITBREAD. Parodies upon Scriptures in caricatures or other compositions are, to say the least, best avoided. With this reser- vation the conception of this print must be pronounced extremely felicitous. The enraged Royal Farmer is about to attack the possessed pigs with his uplifted pitchfork, he exclaims, “ O, you cursed ungrateful grunters ! what, after having devoured more in a twelvemonth than the good Old Litter did in twelve years, you turn round to kick and bite your old master ! but if the devil or the Pope has got possession of you all, pray get out of my farm-yard ! Out with you all —no hangers behind ! You’re all of a cursed bad breed ; so out with you altogether ! !” The Farmer is

• A parody on the dying words ascribed to Pitt, “ Oh, save my country, heaven V* X

304 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. kicking Sheridan. The pigs are running headlong into thesea. The herd consists of Lord Sidmouth, Lord Ellenborough, Courtney,* Lord Derby, Lord Moira, Lord Lauderdale ; Duke of Bedford, late Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,is squeaking “ Erin go bragh;” Whitbread has run his headinto a porter butt, labelled “Whitbread’s entire;” theMarquis of Buckingham is following in the rear of LordGrenville ; Lord Temple is the “ Last Stake of the BroadBottomed Family ;” Lord Howick has fallen down, and is laying on his back upon the “ Repeal of the Test Act ;”Lord Grenville has one foot upon “ Emancipation of theCatholic Army and Navy,” and the other foot on theu Catholic Bill,” he is plunging into the sea. 338. THE NEW DYNASTY; OR, THE LITTLE CORSICAN GARDENER PLANTING A ROYALPIPPIN TREE. June 25th, 1807-COBBETT. SIB F. BURDETT. HORNE TOOKE. LORD MOIRA.NAPOLEON. TALLEYRAND. LORD GRENVILLE. MARQUIS OFBUCKINGHAM. Gillray has combined a double satire in this print, oneon the late Ministers for the introduction of the “ CatholicBill,” and the other on the king-making proceedings ofNapoleon. On the right of the spectator is the u RoyalOak.” On its top is placed a crown in honour of its having sheltered Charles II. ; it now bears the goodly-fruit of66 Protestant Faith,” “ Integrity of the Lords,” “ Independence of the Commons,” and “ Liberty of the Press.”Lord Howick with the “ Whig Cleaver,” the MarquisofBuckingham with a “ Broad-Bottom Hatchet,” and Lord* Courtney is placed between Lord Ellenborough and Lord Sidmouth.The face presents a striking resemblance of this most intimate friend of Fox,who was a frequent visitor at St. Anne’s Hill. It is said to be the only portrait of him. POLITICAL SERIES. 305 Grenville with a cc Catholic Cleaver/5 are labouring to fell the venerable tree, that is, the British Constitution. Lord Grenville has a crucifix hanging down his back, indicative of the favours he had proposed to bestow on the Roman Catholics. On the left is Napoleon preparing to plant the “ Royal Pippin” Tree. Talleyrand has already dug a hole of suffi- cient circumference to receive it ; in his coat-pocket is seen “ projet pour aggrandiser les Jardins Imperials.55 “ William the Norman Robber55 forms the root of the tree. The branches bear memorials of “ Crooked-backed Richard killed at Bosworth ; Edmund, the fourth son of Edward III., 55 and other unfortunates. A crowned head of Lord Moira is placed on the top of the Royal Pippin Tree, inti- mating that he claimed to be descended from the Irish royal race of Ballynahinch. Buonaparte’s sword has in- scribed on it “ Corsican Grafting Knife.55 Behind him are his newly-grafted Royal Pippin Trees in Holland, Saxony, and Wirtemberg, &c. On the ground are ee Grafts of King Pippins for Brentford, Wimbledon, and Botley.55 The heads of Horne Tooke, Cobbett, and Burdett are crowned. 339. CHARON’S BOAT; OR, THE GHOSTS OF ALL THE TALENTS TAKING THEIR LAST VOYAGE, FROM THE POPE’S GALLERY AT ROME. July, 1807. LORD CASTLEREAGH. CANNING. LORD HAWKESBURY. LORD MOIRA. LORD H. PETTY. LORD ERSKINE. LORD HOW1CK. WHITBREAD. LORD TEMPLE. SHERIDAN. MARQUIS OE BUCKINGHAM. WINDHAM. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD GRENVILLE. LORt) LAUDERDALE. BISHOP OF LINCOLN (PRETYMAN). HORNE TOOKE. SIR F. BURDETT. LORD ST. VINCENT. The Broad-Bottom Packet is conveying the late Cabinet and some of its supporters across the river Styx. Charon x 2 306 gillray's caricatures. is personated by Lord Howick, who is rowing,—the “ WhigClub” is his oar. He exclaims, “ Better to Reign in Hellthan serve in Heaven.” Earl St. Vincent is steersman, hecalls out, “ Avast ! Trim the Boat ! or these damn’dBroad- Bottom Lubbers will overset us all.” Lord HenryPetty is playing on a lyre, he has his foot on the dance,44 Go to the devil and shake yourselves.” Lord Erskine is exhibiting the effects of the 44 Catholic Emetic.” Whitbreadholds 44 Wesley’s Hymns in one hand, and a Pot of Whitbread’s Entire” in the other. Lord Moira’s eyes are raisedto heaven, he is kissing a crucifix held in his right hand,his left grasps the mast, which is surmounted by thefeathers of his patron, the Prince of Wales, under them is 44 Fitz—Ich Dien.” Windham holds in his hand a 44 Schemefor drilling Imps in Hell.” The Bishop of Lincoln has44 Unction” on his mitre ; he holds in his clasped hands44 Pitt Endowments,” and 44 Whig Endowments,” intimating that he obtained as much as he possibly could fromboth the Pitt and Whig Administrations. Lord Lauderdale is in agonies, but exclaims, 44 Vive Brissot.” Sheridanis suffering from the same effects as Lord Erskine. TheMarquis of Buckingham holds a cup in his hand, and en-deavours to cheer up Lord Grenville, 44 Courage, Brother ! take Extreme Unction and don’t despair.” The BroadBottom 44 Ballast from Stowe,” with a crucifix upon it, is the only discernable part of Lord Grenville. Lord Templehas dropped overboard 44 Pay Office Stationery,” and a 44 List of Places, Pensions, and Sinecures.” Lord Sidmouth has fallen overboard into the Styx. The floating Wig-Box, inscribed, “Lord Double-Bottom, his Wig-Box,King's Bench,” has evidently belonged to Lord Ellenborough. The 44 Morning Chronicle” and 44 Oracle” are float- ing in the water, and a flag flying on the packet is inscribed “ Templa quam dilecta,’’ the family motto of the Grenville family. 44 Catholic Emancipation” is on the sail. Onthe right hand top of this print, Cobbett, transformed into POLITICAL SERIES. 307 a bird, is blowing letters from his Political Register into the packet. The Morning Post bird is conveying Protestant Letters” into it. A monster bird, compounded of Burdett and Horne Tooke, is emitting “ Damnable truths” among the crew. On the left of the print at the top are three witches riding in the air on their brooms, they represent the three fatal sisters or Parcae. Canning as Lachesis, holds the thread of the late Administration, and Castlereagh, as Atropos, has cut it asunder. Lord Hawkesbury, as Clotho,* holds the distaff because he has spun the thread of the new Administration. On the opposite side of the Styx are seen departed spirits. Fox is placed between Cromwell and Robespierre. Fox holds up a branch, and cries out, “ Welcome to Charley.” Robespierre holds his decapitated head in his hand, and welcomes the boat’s crew. Colonel Despard and Quigley are recognised by the halters round their necks, they welcome the new arrival. Cerberus is barking at the Packet’s Crew. 340. PHAETON ALARMED ! March 22nd, 1808. PITT. CANNING. LORD H. PETTY. WHITBREAD. WINDHAM. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD ERSKINE. LORD LIVERPOOL. LORD ST. VINCENT. PERCEVAL. LORD CASTLEREAGH. LORD ELDON. LORD ELLENBOROUGII. SHERIDAN. LORD GREY. LORD LAUDERDALE. LORD GRENVILLE. EOX. LORD MOIRA. LORD TEMPLE. LORD CARLISLE. TTERNEY. BUONAPARTE. This is one of Gillray’s finest allegorical conceptions, ec The Sun of Anti-Jacobinism,” Canning, who had been active in the overthrow of the old Ministry, and in forming the new, is the adventurous Phaeton of the political heaven, he is startled at the monstrous constellations Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat. 308 gillray’s caricatures. who threaten his progress on all sides. The chariot of thenew sun is drawn by steeds in which we recognise thefeatures of Liverpool, Perceval, Castlereagh, and Eldon.Copenhagen” and ££ Libra Britannicus55 are attached tothe chariot wheels. Leo Britannicus is making a springat the presumptuous charioteer. Among the threateningstars is Python, Lord Howick; Wilberforce is Aquila;*Lord Lauderdale enacts Pisces ; Whitbread as Aquarius,ishurling a 66 Barrel of Small Beer55 at him. Lord Sidmouth, a newly created star Ci Sangradarius,55 is squirting at him. Erskine, as Astreea, is endeavouring to ex-tinguish the Political Phaeton. Lord Ellenboroughisaiming a blow with his “ Herculean Club . 55 The ragingBull is snorting Fire : a collar with 61 Erin go brach55 isround his neck, beads and a crucifix are attached to it, anda Porridge Pot containing u Emancipation55 is fastened tohis tail. Windham is Sagittarius.—Earl St. Vincent is<c Cancer.5 ’ —Sheridan enacts the drunken Silenus mountedon an ass, with a bottle of “ Port55 in each hand. LordGrenville is Scorpio,—the Whig chiefs are in his claws.Buonaparte, mounted on the Russian Bear, is “ UrsaMajor. 55 Neptune, with his trident in his hand, is looking out of the sea, horror-struck at the general conflagration. The ghosts of Pitt and Fox, as Apollo and Pluto,are surveying from the shades below, the spreading flames,which menace the destruction of heaven and earth. It isa very remarkable circumstance that Canning concludedone of his earliest Poetical Exercises at Eton with anardent desire, “ To live in a blaze, and in a blaze expire.” This print seems to exhibit a consummation of hiswish.

• Aquila was a tribune of the people, who refused to rise when Csesar’sprocession passed.

POLITICAL SERIES. 309 341. DELICIOUS DREAMS ! CASTLES IN THE AIR ! GLORIOUS PROSPECTS ! April 10th3 1808. CASTLEREAGH. PERCEVAL. DUKE OF PORTLAND. HAWKESBURY. CANNING. LORD MULGRAVE. The new Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland, is re- galing some of his Cabinet Colleagues. A Bowl of Punch, tc Madeira,” “ Port,” &c. are on the table. The Ministers, experiencing the effects of copious libations, have all fallen asleep. They are dreaming of the splendid achievements they meditate. A Crutch is placed by the Duke of Portland’s Chair,* intimating that he is an old and worn-out Statesman. Lord Hawkesbury’s hands are clasped, he appears to be uttering pious aspirations for the success of our arms. Canning, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, has in his pocket “ Secret Correspondence from Copenhagen,” intimating that the Copenhagen Expedition originated with him. Perceval is resting his head on one hand, and holds a tumbler of punch in the other. A tumbler ofpunch has fallen from the hand of the slumbering Castlereagh, and the contents are running over his clothes ; a copy of an intended speech, “nine hours and a half long,” detailing the military establishments for “The Defence of the Country,” has fallen out of his pocket. Behind him a Cat holds in her paws an “ air by Catalani.” We suspect, however, that the insinuation is intended to be applied to the Duke of Portland, who was fond of music and singing ; and had formerly had the credit of a liaison

• The Marquis of Tichfield was extremely averse to his father’s accepting

the Treasury. He feared the mental and bodily fatigue would be too great for his advanced age, and debilitated constitution. He represented this to the Duke, and also to Lord Malmesbury, who, we know, was urging the Duke to accept the Premiership. 310 GILLRAy’s CARICATURES. with Mrs. Billington. Lord Mulgrave, First Lord of the Admiralty, overpowered by wine, is laying under the table. Rats are feasting on “the Loaves and Fishes of the Treasury.” In the upper part of the print we perceive the visions which are floating in the excited minds of the Ministers. ec Britannia Triumphant” is seated in a car, Buonaparte and the Russian Bear are chained to the wheels. Sailors, supposed to have captured the DanishFleet, are hurrahing, and singing “ Britannia rules the World.” 342. PILLARS OF THE CONSTITUTION. THREEO’CLOCK AND A CLOUDY MORNING. Feb. 1 st9 1809. SHERIDAN. DUKE OF NORFOLK. The Duke of Norfolk and Sheridan, having finished their libations, are reeling out of Brookses. A sign post is inscribed “ To Parliament Street.” The Duke of Norfolk is stammering out, “ And now for the Majesty of the People.” A bottle of “ Port” is in his pocket. Sheridan staggering, calls out, “ And now have at the Ministry, damme.” In his pocket are seen “ Motions to badger the Ministry.” The Statesmen of former times too frequently celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. 4 4 The Duke of Montrose, whoentered Pitt’s Cabinet in 1784, and again in 1804, used to say that c Any one Member of the former Cabinet drank more wine, than the whole collected individuals did, twenty years later.’ ”*

• SeeWraxall’s Memoirs, vol. iv. p. 441.

POLITICAL SERIES. 311 343. BRITISH TARS TOWING THE DANISH FLEET INTO HARBOUR ; the Broad-Bottom Leviathan trying Billy’s Old Boat, and the little Corsican tottering on the Clouds of Ambition. CANNING. LORD LIVERPOOL. LORD CASTLEREAGH. LORD HOWICK. LORD GRENVILLE. Lord Liverpool and Lord Castlereagh are rowing xc The Billy Pitt;” Canning seated at the prow is towing the Danish fleet into the harbour of Sheerness. Lord Howick is uttering ‘ c Detraction” on the Expedition. Earl St. Vincent is filled with tf£ Envy,” and Lord Grenville is raising an ^ Opposition Clamour” against it. The sign of the 6( Good Old Royal George” hangs out on a public-house in £s Sheerness Harbour/’ John Bull is seated before the door with a pot of Porter in his left hand, he is waving his hat with his right, and vociferat- ing Rule Britannia, Britannia rules the Waves !” Buonaparte is seen in the clouds, horror-struck at the loss of the Danish fleet ; his “ projet pour subjuguer la Mer” has dropped from his hand. Buonaparte, not content with issuing the Berlin and Milan Decrees against the commerce of England, now meditated a more deadly blow. By a secret article of the treaty of Tilsit, it was stipulated that, the Emperor of Russia should assist Napoleon in organising a Naval Confederation of the Northern Powers under the specious name and pretext of te The Armed Neutrality,” to protect the maritime rights of Neutrals, but in reality to compel England to accept the terms of peace, which might be dictated to her. Denmark had evinced great reluctance to become a party. But Btionaparte, after rebuking the deputies from Hamburgh, who had presented a petition to him, humbly representing that the execution of the Decrees 312 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. in Hamburgh would be the total ruin of their city, took occasion to allude to the Crown Prince of Denmark, 66 Letthat Little Prince take care of Himself.”* It was known that Napoleon did not utter vain threats against weak States. The English Government had obtained intelligence, on which they placed implicit reliance, that a large accumulation of Naval stores was col- lected at Copenhagen, and that the Danish fleet was to convey it to Brest, and the fleet itself be placed at the disposal of the French Government. Mr. Jackson was therefore dispatched to Copenhagen to require the sur- render of the Danish fleet to Great Britain during the war ; as the Danish Government could not protect itself against the intended use of the fleet for the hostile purposes of France against England. The terms originally offered by Mr. Jackson, and re- peated by Admiral Gambier on the 2nd of September, 1807, were, “ That the Danish fleet should be held in deposit, under the most solemn stipulation that it should be restored at the conclusion of the war, with all its equipments, in as good a state as it may be received.” The Danes rejected the proposition, and the English fleet bombarded Copenhagen, which was compelled to capitulate on the 8th of September. The British Admiral immediately began rigging and fitting out the ships that filled the capacious basins, where they were laid up in ordinary, and they were all, together with the stores, timber, and every article of naval equipment found in the arsenals and storehouses conveyed to England, where they arrived the latter end of October. Copenhagen suffered most severely during the bombardment, as is most feelingly depicted by an unexceptionable witness. Lord Eldon, in a letter to Lady Eldon, dated

• In one of his bulletins he said, “ Peut etre le Blocus du Continent ne

sera pas un vain mot.” POLITICAL SERIES. 313 September 19, says:—“ Yesterday I dined at the Admiralty, and met there several Admirals and Captains, who had just returned from Copenhagen, and we had full particulars. The state of the inhabitants of Copenhagen, and their distresses, must have been terrible and tremendous. In one street our mortars destroyed five hundred persons, principally poor helpless women and children. It made my head ache and my blood run cold, to hear the accounts these gentlemen gave. 5 ’ —Twiss’s Life of Lord Eldon, vol. ii. p. 59. The greatest, commiseration was felt in England for the fate of the unhappy Danes, involved, against their will, in the quarrel of the two mighty belligerents. A friendly feeling towards the Danes had long been entertained by the English, and they deplored the stem necessity dictated by the duty of self-preservation. They hailed, however, with satisfaction the infusion of new vigour into the British Councils. The projection of the measure was attributed to the energetic counsels of the Foreign Secretary, and Canning was henceforward regarded as the most efficient member of the Administration. He was equally powerful in the Cabinet and the Senate. As we shall not have to speak again of Mr. Canning, we will here give a character of his oratory, drawn by the skilful hand of one who was an eyewitness of its effects. “ Among our own orators, Mr. Canning seems to have been the best model of the adorned style. The splendid and sublime descriptions of Mr. Burke —his comprehensive and profound views of general principle—though they must ever delight and instruct the reader, must be owned to have been digressions, which diverted the mind of the hearer from the object on which the speaker ought to have kept it steadily fixed. Sheridan, a man of admirable sense and matchless wit, laboured to follow Burke into the foreign regions of feeling and grandeur. The specimens preserved of his most celebrated 314 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. speeches shew too much of the exaggeration and excess to which those are peculiarly liable who seek by art andeffort what Nature has denied. By the constant part whichMr. Canning took in debate, he was called upon to shew a knowledge, which Mr. Sheridan did not possess,* and a readiness which that accomplished man had no such meansof strengthening and displaying. In some qualities of style* Mr. Canning surpassed Mr. Pitt. His diction was morevarious, sometimes more simple, more idiomatical, even in its more elevated parts. It sparkled with imagery, andwas brightened by illustration ; in both of which Mr. Pitt, for so great an orator, was defective. “ No English speaker used the keen and brilliant weaponof wit so long,f so often, or so effectively, as Mr. Canning. He gained more triumphs, and incurred more enmity by it than by any other. Those whose importance depends muchon birth and fortune, are impatient of seeing their ownartificial dignity, or that of their order, broken down byderision; and, perhaps, few men heartily forgive a successful jest against themselves, but those who are conscious of being unhurt by it. Mr. Canning often exercised this talent imprudently. J In sudden flashes of wit, and in the

• This stricture seems unfounded. Sheridan’s speech on the Begum question evinced extensive knowledge, and consummate skill in arranging the

details of a complicated subject, and placing them in an intelligible shape before his audience. Numerous other instances might be adduced. It must be remembered, too, that Canning usually possessed a very great advantage over Sheridan in addressing the House, as he generally spoke from official in- formation, to which he had access, even long before he possessed a seat in the Cabinet. t This can scarcely be said, Sheridan became Member for Stafford in 1780, and continued in Parliament until 1811, a period of 31 years. Canning entered Parliament in 1793, and died in 1827, a period of 34 years. A slight difference. t We may apply the following observation of Dryden to Canning : “ The most severe censor cannot but be pleased with the prodigality of his wit, though at the same time he could have wished the master of it had been a better manager.” POLITICAL SERIES. 315 playful description of men and things, he was often dis- tinguished by that natural felicity which is the charm of pleasantry; to which the air of art and labour is more fatal than to any other talent.”—“ It cannot be denied that Mr. Canning’s taste was somewhat influenced by the example of his early friend (Sheridan). The exuberance of &ncy and wit lessened the gravity of his general manner, and perhaps also indisposed the audience to feel his earnestness, where it clearly shewed itself. In that important quality he was inferior to Mr. Pitt,

lC Deep on whose front engraven, Deliberation sat and public care and no less inferior to Mr. Fox, whose fervid eloquence flowed from the love of his country, the scorn of baseness, and the hatred of cruelty, which were the ruling passions of his nature.”—Miscellaneous Works of Sir James Mackintosh, vol. ii. p. 159. The preceding extract is highly characteristic of Canning’s oratory; we cannot conclude without presenting to the reader the following admirable sketch of Canning’s general character, drawn by the pen of the same distinguished writer :

“ He was,” says Sir James Mackintosh, “a man of fine and brilliant genius, of warm affections, of high and generous spirit, a statesman who at home converted most of his opponents into warm supporters ; who abroad was the sole hope and trust of all who sought an orderly and legal liberty, and who was cut off in the midst of vigorous and splendid measures, which, if executed by himself, or with his own spirit, promised to place his name in the first class of rulers, among the founders of lasting peace, and the guardians of human improvement.”

• Milton’s Paradise Lost, book ii.

316 gillray’s caricatures. 344. BROAD BOTTOMED DRONES STORMING AHIVE. WASPS, HORNETS, AND HUMBLEBEES JOINING IN THE ATTACK. May 2nd , 1808. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD ELLENBOROUGIi. DUKE OF BEDFORD. WINDHAM. LORD CARLISLE. LORD SPENCER. DUKE OF NORFOLK. LORD ST. VINCENT. COURTNEY. LORD LAUDERDALE. SHERIDAN. HORNE TOOKE. DUKE OF CLARENCE. LORD ERSKINE. SIR F. BURDETT. LORD MOIRA. LORD DERBY. TIERNEY. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. LORD TEMPLE. WINDHAM. LORD GRENVILLE. WHITBREAD. LORD H. PETTY. LORD IIAWKESBURY. LORD ELDON. CANNING. The two parties. Ministers and Opposition, fighting for the Treasury hive. 345. L’ENFANT TROUVE • A SAMPLE OF ROMANCHARITY. May 19th, 1808. LORD NUGENT. LORD TEMPLE. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. MARCHIONESS OF BUCKINGHAM. RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE. LORD GRENVILLE. It was currently reported about this time that a basket containing a female infant, with a ticket addressed to the Marchioness of Buckingham, was left at the door of the Marquis of Buckingham in Pall Mall. The Marquis directed the child to be carefully conveyed to the workhouse. Gillray has placed the following inscription under this print—“L’Enfant Trouve: a sample of Roman Charity ! or, the misfortune of not being born with marks of the Talent. What ! a relation to the Broad-bottoms ! O Sainte Marie ! Why, there’s not the least appearance of it ; therefore take it away to the workhouse directly.55 POLITICAL SERIES. 317 The Marquis of Buckingham’s black servant has just brought a basket, containing a child, into the parlour

his astonished eyes are nearly starting from their sockets, while he deposits it upon the table. The whole Grenville family is present. The playful little innocent is kicking up its heels, and unconsciously exhibiting the lower part of its person. The Marquis of Buckingham has started from his chair, and put on his spectacles to examine the child carefully. He seems to exclaim—“ Ede notam tanti generis but the infallible Broad-bottom mark is wanting, and he repudiates the child. The Marchioness, dressed as a Lady Abbess, seeks in vain for the true sign. Lord Nugent, Lord Temple, the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville, and Lord Grenville, are decidedly of opinion that there can- not be any affinity, where the never-failing criterion is wanting ; it is therefore unanimously resolved to commit the infant to the tender mercies and benignant superintendence of the parish officers. The drawers of the table, on which the basket and child are placed, are labelled “ Lists of Pensions, Lists of Places, and Lists of Sinecures.” “ Lists of Crown .Grants,” intended to indicate that a more kind and generous treatment of a helpless and abandoned infant might have been expected ; but it must be owned that if a foundling, placed at the door of a wealthy family, were to be received and brought up, u another and another” would still succeed with unenviable frequency. 346. THE SPANISH BULL FIGHT; OR THE CORSICAN MATADOR IN DANGER. July 1 ith, 1808. On the general rising in the Peninsula against the French, in 1808, which led to the Peninsular War, and ultimately to the deliverance of Europe from the tyranny

• Ovidii Metamorphoseon, lib. i. v. 761.

318 gillray's caricatures. of Napoleon.# The scene is the “ Theatre de FEurope.” The Spanish Bull has a “ Corsican chain” round his neck. He has trampled the usurper Joseph under his feet; a crown is on his head, and he grasps a paper in his hand inscribed w Coronation de Joseph Buonaparte, Rex Espagnol,—Gibraltar.” The Spanish Bull having disposed of Joseph, has just tossed Napoleon himself into the air ; from his hand has dropped his “ Plan pour subjuguer le Monde/’ The Prussian, Dutch, and Danish Bulls are “ WoundedBulls bellowing for help.” In the boxes of the Theatre de FEurope” are seen George III. looking through an opera-glass, with a pitchfork in his right hand ; the Pope holding a “ Bull for excommunicating the Corsican Usurper;” and various European and Eastern Potentates looking on with delight at the successful resistance of the Spanish bull. Gillray has placed at the top of this Print the following inscription from Baretti’s Travels: The Spanish bull is so remarkable for spirit, that unless the Matador strikes him dead at the first blowr , the bull is sure to destroy him” 347 . THE VALLEY OF THE SHADOW OF DEATH. September 24:th} 1808. Buonaparte has entered the Valley of Death,” sword in hand, prepared to encounter opposition, but he recoils at the appearance of sights, which might have appalled the stoutest nerves. The “ Leo Britannicus” is rushing upon him,—the Sicilian Terrier menaces him. The “ Portuguese Wolf” is springing at him. Death, mounted on a horse of the ee True Royal Spanish breed,”

• Talleyrand earnestly endeavoured to dissuade Napoleon from attempting

the conquest of Spain, and predicted it would be “ Le Commencement de la Fin.” POLITICAL SERIES. 319 holds up an u hour-glass” to his affrighted eyes, and is preparing to strike with his dart. The thunders of the Church are fulminated against him. The departed spirit of Junot says, “ Remember Junot;” and that of Dupont, “ Remember Dupont.” “ The Turkish new moon is rising in blood,” and “ British Influence” has obscured tc French Influence.”—The spirit of Charles XII. holds a drawn sword over Napoleon, prepared to avenge the wrongs of Sweden. The imperial Eagle of Austria is emerging from a cloud. While these perils beset Napoleon in the front and on his side, the Russian Bear has broken his chain, and menaces him in the rear.

et The Prussian Scare-crow is attempting to fly at him.” “ The Rhenish Confederation of starved Rats, crawling out of the mud,” are ravenously pressing towards him.

(l Dutch Frogs spitting out their spite,” are emerging from the ee Lethean ditch;” and the “ American Rattle-snake is shaking his tail,” and spitting venom at him. Napoleon^s brother Joseph, the ex-king of Spain, has fallen into the “ Ditch of Styx,” and is floundering in the water without hope of emerging. This print is intended to shew that the success of the Spanish Insurrection against France, the expulsion of the usurper Joseph from Spain, and the success of the British arms in the Peninsula had encouraged a general resistance to the progress of the French arms. An infatuation had prevailed throughout Europe that the French army was irresistible,—the charm once broken, the European armies fought with gallantry and confidence, and conquered ; u possunt quia posse videntur.” The vengeance of the oppressed has pursued Napoleon. “ et extra Processit longe flammantia Moenia Mundi.” Lucretius, lib. i. Y 320 gillray’s caricatures. 348. SPANISH PATRIOTS ATTACKING THE FRENCHBANDITTI— LOYAL BRITONS LENDING ALIFT. Avgust 15 th, 1808, The universal rising in Spain, and the hatred raised there by French tyranny and cruelty, were at this time a subject of great public agitation in England, and this wasone of the prints sent abroad to keep up the excitement. 349. THE LOYAL ADDRESS; OR, THE PROCESSIONOF THE HAMPSHIRE HOGS FROM BOTLEYTO ST. JAMES’S. October 20th, 1808. SHERIDAN. LORD LAUDERDALE. BOSYILLE. SIR E. BURDETT. LORD H. PETTY. COBBETT. WINDHAM. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD HOWICK. Cobbett is seated on his “ Political Hog Trough.” Thetrough is drawn by Hampshire hogs. Behind him is held up “ The Loyal Petition of the Noble and Truly Independent Hogs of Hampshire, humbly shewing that the convention with Junot was a cursed humbug upon OldEngland, and that the three damn’d Convention Signers ought to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, without judge or jury.” Sir Francis Burdett is driving the hogs attached to the trough with a cart-whip. Cobbett is preceded bymen carrying flags, inscribed, “ The Botley Patriot and his Hogs for ever.” “ No Chevaliers du Bain.”—

Given upto Junot all the plunder, all the horses, all the arms. ODiable ! O Diable ! !” On another flag is painted a representation of the “ Due d’Abrantes ratifying the Convention.” Bosville is distributing “ Pig’s meat (id est, money) among the swinish multitude. Lord Grenville, Lord Sid- POLITICAL SERIES. 521 mouth, and Lord Howick, are helping to shove the hog trough along in its progress. Attached to the hog trough are various references to the Political Register. A man is carrying a banner, inscribed “ Triumph in Portugal,’ 5 a new catch, to be sung by the Hampshire Hogs, to the tune of (i Three Jolly Boys all in a Row. 55 By the side of the banner are u Three Gallows,’ 5 on which are hanging “ Sir Hugh” (Dalrymple) ; “ Sir Arthur, 55 (Wellesley, now Duke of Wellington); and “ Sir David” (Baird); the 4C Three Jolly Boys55 who signed the Convention with Junot at Cintra. Upon the indignation excited in England by the Convention of Cintra, concluded on the 30th of August, 1808, by which the French army was allowed to evacuate Portugal upon what was considered far too favourable terms. The first petition ridiculed in this print, is represented as led by Cobbett, who made a fierce attack upon Ministers in the Political Register, and had a principal hand in keeping up the agitation. A suppressed stanza of “ Childe Harold55 has been quoted, describing the effect of the news of the Convention when it reached England. “ Pens, tongues, feet, hands, combined in wild uproar

Mayor, aldermen, laid down th’ uplifted fork ; The bench of bishops half forgot to snore ; Stern Cobbett, who for one whole week forbore To question aught, once more with transport leapt, And bit his devilish quill again, and swore With foe such treaty never should be kept

Then burst the blatant beast, and roar’d, and raged, and—slept.” 322 gillray’s caricatures. 350. PATRIOTIC PETITIONS ON THE CONVENTION. THE COCKNEY PETITION. SIR C. FLOWER AND ALDERMAN WAITHMAN. THE WESTMINSTER PETITION. Horne tooke. sir f. burdett, sheridan. bosyille.WISHART. THE CHELMSFORD PETITION. LORD H. PETTY. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. EARL ST. VINCENT.WTNDHAM. LORD TEMPLE. THE MIDDLESEX PETITION. PAULL. COUNSELLOR CLIFFORD. BYNG. This print was intended as a Satire on the addressespresented to the King, condemning the Convention madeat Cintra, by which the French were enabled to evacuatePortugal unmolested, and praying that an inquiry mightbe made into the subject. This print is divided into four compartments. On theupper compartment, on the left of the spectator, <£ theCockney Petition,” (that is, the Petition of the Corporationof London), has just been presented to the King by theRecorder. The mover and seconder of the Address areMr. Noodle and Mr. Doodle (Aldermen Waithman andFlower). The King, addressing Noodle (Waithman), says,“ Petition me !—no such petitions, Mr. Noodle.5* Andto Doodle (Flower) the King says, C£ No Knighting to-day, Mr. Doodle !” It was said that Alderman Flowerhad flattered himself with being knighted on the occasionof presenting the Address. Waithman, bowing very low,says, “ Humble Petition, my Liege.” Flower is bowingvery low and reverentially. In his pocket is seen a paper,“ Mover, Mr. Noodle ; Seconder, Mr. Doodle.” The upper compartment on the right represents Horne POLITICAL SERIES. 323 Tooke’s bed-room. He is ill in bed. Sheridan, Bosville, and Wishart, the tobacconist in Coventry Street, an ardent Whig, who had several times had the honour of proposing Fox for Westminster, have brought the Westminster Peti- tion to submit to Tooke’s inspection ; but Tooke, having raised himself up in bed, says to Burdett, “ Out with them ! They are too bad for us !” Burdett is kicking Sheridan, and is about to cudgel the three Petitioners with the “ Club of Reform.,’* He exclaims, “Out, monsters! hav’nt they cleared Portugal of the enemy’s army ?” In Wishart’s pocket is seen “ Republican Snuff.” By Tooke’s bed-side is placed “ Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register.” On the lower left compartment is the ct Chelmsford Petition.” The Broad-bottom Patriots are addressing the Essex Calves ! The Marquis of Buckingham says, “ Aye, it’s all for want of us !” Earl St. Vincent exclaims, “ O this cursed Convention ! It’s all the fault of the damn'd Ministry, by not sending me out to Portugal ! O damme, if I had had but one of my legs in the Tagus, I’d have Convention’d and Abrantes’d em ! Ah, it was all for want of me, Gentlemen Calves ! It’s all for want of me that all this happened ! All for want of me.” He is leaning on a crutch held in his right hand ; in his left he holds the “ Essex Petition. Horrid Convention. Ministers firing the Park guns. Armistice in French lingos.” On a sign-board is painted, “ Essex Calves, to be sold to the best bidder. For particulars inquire at the Broad-bottom market.” The lower compartment on the right represents the Meeting of the Middlesex Freeholders at Hackney. Pauli is addressing the Meeting, “ O infamous Convention ! Inquiry won’t do ! Instant justice ! Cut off their heads, and try them afterwards !’’ Clifford, the barrister, holds up the “ Middlesex Petition.” Byng, the universally respected Byng, has his hat in his hand, and is about to address his constituents ; a reporter is preparing to take down his speech. 324 gillray’s caricatures. After the decisive victory obtained at Vimiera, by SirArthur Wellesley, Junot felt it was impossible to maintainhis position, and was afraid he should be surrounded andoverpowered by the British and Portuguese armies ; hetherefore sent General Kellerman, with a flag of truce, topropose an armistice, and an offer to enter into a convention for the evacuation of Portugal. This was agreed to bySir Hugh Dalrymple. When the news of the battle ofVimiera reached England, the nation was overjoyed.Ministers ordered the Park and Tower guns to be fired atten o^clock at night. The Convention was signed on the30th of August, by “ George Murray, QuartermasterGeneral,” and “ Kellerman, General de Division.” Bythisit was agreed that u The French were not in any case tobe considered prisoners-of-war; all the individuals whocomposed the French army were to be transported toFrance, with their arms and baggage, and the whole oftheir private property, from which nothing was to be excepted. All the artillery of French calibre, and the Frenchcavalry horses were to be sent to France.” It was alsofurther stipulated that when the English army and fleetgot possession of the town and port of Lisbon, “theywere not to molest the Russian squadron during its continuance in the Tagus, nor stop it when its commanderwished to sail, nor pursue it after it had sailed, until thetime fixed by maritime law.” The Portuguese were exasperated at the terms of theConvention ; they complained bitterly that the Frenchshould be allowed to carry off all their plunder under thedesignation of private property. The English Admiral, Sir Charles Cotton, refused toagree to the article in the Armistice for the departureofthe Russian fleet ; but signed a separate convention withthe Russian Admiral, that the Russian fleet should bedelivered up to the English as a deposit until six months,after the peace between England and Russia. POLITICAL SERIES. 325 As soon as the terms of the Convention were known in London, they excited general dissatisfaction. We were re- presented to have lost by negotiation all the advantages gained by our arms. Numerous public meetings were held, in which strong resolutions were passed condemning the terms of the Convention, and they were embodied in petitions to the King, praying for an investigation into the subject. Public opinion was so strongly expressed in all parts of the country, and re-echoed from Portugal, that the Commander-in-Chief ordered a Board of Inquiry to be held at Chelsea. It consisted of seven General Officers, and was presided over by Sir David Dundas. It met on the 14th of November. The Board reported that it was ex- tremely difficult to form a satisfactory opinion, as the evi- dence was conflicting, but that a great advantage was gained by the evacuation of Portugal. The King was not satisfied with this report, and the Commander-in-Chief (the Duke of York) sent it back for the reconsideration of the Members of the Board. Their second report was nearly the same in substance. All further proceedings were dropped. Sir Hugh Dairymple, however, had lost the confidence of the Crown, the army, and the public, and he was never again employed to command any expedition. 351. DISCIPLES CATCHING THE MANTLE: THE SPIRIT OF DARKNESS OVERSHADOWINGTHE PRIESTS OF BAAL. June 28th, 1808. DUKE OF PORTLAND. LORD LIVERPOOL. LORD ELDON. CANNING. LORD CASTLEREAGH. PERCEVAL. PITT. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD HOWICK. WINDHAM. LORD LAUDERDALE. GHOST OF FOX. WHITBREAD. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. LORD ERSKINE. LORD ST. VINCENT. SHERIDAN, LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD MOIRA. DUKE OF BEDFORD. This is a parody on the Scripture history of Elijah 3 26 GILL.RAY? S CARICATURES. ascending into heaven in a “ chariot of fire,” drawn by “ horses of fire,” and his mantle descending on Elisha. It is applied to the recently-appointed Administration of the Duke of Portland. “ The Altar of the Constitution” is erected on u The Rock of Ages ;” upon it is placed the Bible and Crown. u Magna Charta, Fortitude and Prudence” surround the Altar. The members of the new Cabinet are assembled around the altar ; their attention is suddenly attracted to the luminous appearance of the Spirit of their political Elijah, drawn in a chariot of fire, by horses of fire, through the celestial atmosphere to the region of immortality. In his progress he drops his mantle, and his disciples are endeavouring to catch it, hoping to derive inspiration from it. The Duke of Portland, Lord Eldon and Perceval are kneeling with their hands raised upwards. Lord Liverpool, Canning, Lord Castlereagh, and their colleagues are anxiously endeavouring to catch the mantle and its inspiration. On the right of the print is seen the departed spirit of Fox hovering over his disciples, and dropping his Republican Mantle” andu Torch of Discord” among them. Lord Grenville is standing on the “ Broad- Bottom Dunghill;” he derives “ comfort” from “ Charley’s old Breeches.” Lord Howick is appalled by the splendid appearance of Pitt, and the Snake of Envy twined round his body is hissing at the chariot and the rider. The mask drops from Windham’s astonished face. The affrighted Marquis of Buckingham drops the tiara from his head, and the pastoral crook from his hand. Egalite (the Duke of Bedford), Lord Moira and Lord Erskine are confounded. Lord Sidmouth, overpowered by the effects of this ee gentle emetic/5 has fallen down on his back, and is kicking his legs up in the air ; the affrighted Earl St. Vincent has taken refuge between his friend the Doctor’s legs. Sir Francis Burdett, as GuyFawkes, is hurrying off with the Catholic Petition under his arm. He has dropt his dark lantern upon a barrel belong- POLITICAL SERIES. 327 ing to the ee Gunpowder Brewery/5 from which Whitbread5s head is seen emerging. We are not enabled to judge on whom “ The Mantle55 descended ; on some of Pitt’s disciples it must have cer- tainly set awry. The Portland Administration was avowedly formed on Ultra-Protestant principles, or a resolute determination to resist at all times any relaxation of the laws against the Catholics. Perceval was most sincere in this determination ; but Canning privately approved the measure of the late Ministers, and was eventually one of the most powerful and eloquent advocates of Catholic Emancipation. Lord Castlereagh, when Secretary for Ireland, had gained over many of the leading Catholics by holding out to them the hope of their gaining emancipation from the Imperial Parliament, which would certainly not be granted by the Irish Parliament ; and Lord Camden, who had been Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, would have been friendly to the measure, but was influenced by defe- rence to the feelings of the King. The following curious entry occurs in Lord Malmesbury5 s Diary, Yol. iv. p. 370. “ March 19, 1807- Lord Camden is right as to the Catholic Bill, but like many others, not so much against the principle of the Bill, as because the King has declared himself, and he conceives it to be a sort of pledge he had given to Pitt, that the question should not be mooted during the King5 s life. 55 The series of Gillray5 s political prints is now drawing to a close. We shall therefore take this opportunity of making some remarks on Lord Castlereagh. Lord Castlereagh commenced bis political career in Ire- land. He was at first an ardent supporter of Parliamentary reform, but his family connections opened office to him, and he saw a new light. He was Secretary for Ireland at the time the Legislative Union was brought forward, and the success of the measure may be justly ascribed chiefly to his ability and exertions. It must be confessed he was 328 gillray’s caricatures. not always very scrupulous in the means of effecting it

the venality of many of the Irish Members of Parliamentwas at that time proverbial ; we must avert our eyes from the degrading spectacle, and turn them to the contemplation of the solid and permanent benefit conferred on the British Empire. The Legislative Union will ever form one of the brightest jewels in the Londonderry coronet. When the Union was effected, his services were transferred to England. He obtained a seat in Lord Sidmouth’s Cabinet, and in Pitt’s on the removal of Sidmouth. Onthe appointment of the Portland Administration he becameSecretary for the Colonies, to w T hich was assigned the con- duct of the war. He was the author of the disastrous Walcheren Expedition. Canning insisted on his dismissal for incompetency. The Duke of Portland was irresolute, and while he hesitated, Lord Castlereagh became apprised of Canning’s application to the Duke. He challenged Canning, and a duel took place between them on the 21st of September, 1809. Their resignation of office of course followed. On the death of Perceval Lord Liverpool again sought his services, and few statesmen ever exercised greater control over public affairs than Lord Castlereagh did to the time of his death in 1822. The Peace of Paris in 1814 is another jewel resplendent in the Londonderry coronet.* We might have here closed our remarks on his official conduct, but the publication of the Castlereagh Papers by his brother, the Marquis of Londonderry, dis- closes a fact, which alone would be sufficient to confer immortality on his name, and honour on his judgment. It appears he nominated Lord Wellington to the command of the Peninsular army, and enforced the appointment against the wishes and remonstrances of George III. The fact will probably be new to most of our readers, as very few take the trouble to peruse collections of State Papers. Thecircumstance is so interesting that we shall print George

• Lord Castlereagh was elected an “ Extra Knight” of the Garter, June

9, 1814, and became one of the Constituent Companions, June 30, 1817* POLITICAL SERIES. 329 the ThircFs letter entire, “ Windsor Castle, Oct. 3, 1809. His Majesty has never been induced to admit that Lord Castlereagh was wanting in zeal or exertion in providing for the reinforcement of his army in Portugal. On the contrary. Lord Castlereagh must remember that the King was not disposed to question the correctness of the representations made by Sir John Moore, which subsequent experience has too fully confirmed ; and although he was induced to yield to the advice of his confidential servants, he never could look with satisfaction to the prospect of another British army being committed in Spain, under the possible recurrence of the same difficulties. It was also this impression, which prompted the King to acquiesce in the appointment of so young a Lieutenant- General as Lord Wellington* to the command of the troops in Portugal, as he hoped that this consideration would operate with others against any considerable augmentation of the army ; although that augmentation has been since gradually produced by events then not foreseen. In making this observation the King is far from meaning to reflect upon Lord Wellington, of whose zealous services and abilities he has the most favourable opinion, and whose subsequent conduct has proved him deserving of the confidence reposed in him ; but as Lord Castlereagh has laid so much stress upon this

• Had George III. forgotten that General Wolfe, in the 36th year of his age, had captured Quebec with 7000 men, although defended by the experienced Marquis de Montcalm with 20,000 men, and the consequent surren- der of the whole of Canada to Great Britain ; or did he undervalue the mili- tary policy of Lord Chatham? “ Considering,” says Walpole, “ that our

ancient officers had grown old on a very small portion of experience, which by no means compensated for the decay of fire and vigour, it was Mr. Pitt’s practice to trust his plans to the alertness and hopes of younger men. This appeared particularly in the appointment of Wolfe for the enterprise of Quebec.”— ( Walpole's Memoirs of George 77. Vol. ii. p. 345.) It might have been expected that the military genius and the brilliant achievements which had already marked Lord Wellington’s career, would at once have outweighed the want of a few additional years in the King’s mind. He was already forty years of age. 330 gtllray’s caricatures. pointy his Majesty has considered it due to himself and to Lord Castlereagh, to shew clearly he had never entertained an idea that there had been any neglect on his part in providing for that service.”— ( See Castlereagh Papers and Correspondence, Vol. i. p. 18.) It only remains to speak of Lord Castlereagh5 s Parliamentary exertions. He had no pretensions to the character of an orator. His diction was inelegant, his sentences involved ; the extraordinary phraseology which he sometimes employed, and the confusion of his metaphors, would sometimes provoke the laugh or the ridicule of his opponents ; as when he descanted on “ the ignorant impatience of taxation,” or hoped ee the House would not turn its back on itself ;” yet, notwithstanding these defects, he exercised a powerful influence over the House of Commons, by his courtesy, by his habits ofbusiness, and the advantages he derived from his official information. If any new or extra- ordinary measure, even of finance, was attempted during the Liverpool Administration, the charge of introducing it was committed to Lord Castlereagh. He unhappily committed suicide by cutting his throat on the 12th of August, 1822. His friends said his mind had been overworked, and the verdict of the Coroner’s inquest adjudged the rash act to have been committed “ during a fit of temporary insanity Lord Grey, whom Gillray has placed under Fox5 s u Republican Mantle,” was first returned to Parliament for the county of Northumberland in the year 1?86. He had not then quite attained his twenty-first year, and in consequence waited a short time after his return before

• The Marquis of Londonderry has just erected (1850) a monumental

statue to the memory of his brother in the north transept of Westminster Abbey. The figure is the size of life. He is represented in the attitude of speaking. He holds a scroll in his hand, inscribed, “ The Peace of Paris, 1814. ” The statue is executed in the purest white Carrara marble by J. Evan Thomas. On the pedestal is judiciously inscribed, “ Ireland WILL NEVER FORGET THE STATESMAN OF THE LEGISLATIVE UNION.’ * POLITICAL SERIES. 331 he took his seat in the House. His first speech was against Pitt’s commercial treaty with France. He displayed so much talent in his early speeches—his manner was so dignified, and his elocution was so graceful and impressive that he was appointed one of the managers of Hastings’s impeachment. For many years he fought, side by side with Fox, the battles of constitutional liberty, advocated the freedom of the press, resisted the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act and the restrictions imposed on public meetings. He strenuously opposed the war with France, and condemned every attempt of this country to interfere with the forms of Government adopted in other countries. He commenced his life as a Parliamentary reformer, and did not belie the promises of his youth, but when he became Prime Minister carried into effect a more salutary and effi- cient reform than he himself originally contemplated. It was upon the rejection of his motion for Parliamentary Reform in 1797, that the secession of the Opposition took place. Despairing of carrying into effect any proposition of economy or reform, or inducing the Government to listen to any pacific overtures, the Opposition resolved to discontinue their regular attendance, and not assist in merely “ registering the edicts of the Ministry.” Fox himself allowed the secession was a measure of doubtful policy. On the appointment of the Addington Ministry and the Peace of Amiens, the Opposition resumed their Parliamentary attendance. Mr. Grey and Mr. Thomas Grenville were principally instrumental in effecting the Foxite and Grenville co-operation in Parliament, which overturned the Addington Administration. We shall pass overthe well-known circumstances attending Pitt’s accession to office. At his death the Fox and Grenville Administration was formed, and Mr. Grey became First Lord of the Admiralty, and, on the death of Mr. Fox, Secretary for Foreign Affairs. The proposed admission of Roman Catholic officers into the army and navy caused the disso- lution of the Ministry. 332 gillray’s caricatures. Lord Grey was once again an active leader of Opposition, and continued so in connection with Lord Grenville

until a difference of opinion arising between these twoStatesmen on the Peninsular War, Lord Grenville retired from Parliament, and closed his political life. Lord Greybecame comparatively inactive in public affairs, until thetrial of Queen Caroline. He displayed extraordinaryability in analysing the evidence adduced against her, andvindicated the cause of a Princess, whom he representedto have never received the affections of a husband, but to have been insulted and oppressed by him, from the verycommencement of the unfortunate alliance. On the termination of the proceedings against QueenCaroline, Lord Grey again relapsed into inactivity. In1827 a circumstance occurred, which was the most painful and galling to the feelings of Lord Grey which he had everexperienced. On the death of the Earl of Liverpool, Canning was appointed Prime Minister. The Marquis ofLansdowne, Lord Holland, and most of the leading Whigs,and dearest friends of Earl Grey, resolved to support Canning, hoping to secure thereby a more liberal system ofGovernment, and annihilate the predominance of Tory influ- ence. The cause of this excited feeling is thus admirablydescribed by the Reviewer of Miss Martineau5 s History ofEngland during the Thirty Years5 Peace, in the Athenceumof April 7, 1849. “ Between these Statesmen (Canning andGrey) there had been a feud of twenty years’ standing

envenomed by sallies of wit, epigram and lampoon* on oneside—by reprisals of scorn, defiance and disdain on the other. Lord Grey believed his own political life to beclosed; his dearest and most trusted associates had joined the new Ministry, and he sat almost alone on the Opposition benches, surrounded by adversaries with whom hehad no sympathy. It was the deep melancholy, the re-

• On Canning’s being appointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs, his friend Lord Malmesbury regrets “ his dangerous habit of quizzing, which he can- not restrain.”

Malmesbury’s Diary , Vol. iy. p. 367. POLITICAL SERIES, 333 signed calmness of his memorable speech, which rendered its invective so telling and so cutting. It was aptly compared by a foreign writer to f the frozen wind, which chills, benumbs and renders powerless/ It touched the Minister with the icy finger of death. Canning paid a heavy penalty for the spirit of contempt which was the least worthy attribute of his genius. It met at last in deadly conflict the loftier spirit of scorn, and perished in the contest.” Perhaps the last sentence is rather overstated, for the speeches of the Duke of Wellington and others of his former colleagues had deeply wounded his feelings ; Canning, who never spared sarcasm, ridicule, or ludicrous allusions when assailing an opponent, was himself the most sensitive of men. We shall now pass at once to the appointment of Lord Grey as Prime Minister. Ilis policy evinced the sincerity of his political professions out of office. After a most arduous struggle he triumphantly carried Parliamentary Reform, completed the measures for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, and laid the foundation of Ecclesiastical Reform in Ireland by consolidating some of the bishoprics, and applying the revenues of those suppressed and of the overgrown livings, to the improvement of small livings, and making better provision for the working Clergy. He also commenced the plan of National Education. These salutary measures will hand his name down to posterity as a benefactor of his country. Earl Grey died on the 17th of July, 1845, in the 82nd year of his age. 352. PANDORA OPENING HER BOX. February 22nd, 1809. MARY ANN CLARKE. The conception of this print is remarkably happy. Pandora (Mrs. Clarke) is standing at the bar of the House of 334 gillray’s caricatures. Commons. She has just taken off the “ Cover of Infamy”from the cc Opposition Stink Box.” Innumerable serpentsissue forth, hissing out, “ Perjury, Deceit, Revenge, Ingratitude, Lies and Calumny/5 The “ Broad-BottomReservoir’5 is open to receive “ Forged Letters,” “ ForgedAppointments,55 “ Commissions and Appointments to thebest Bidder,” “ Prices of Commissions in the Army, A.Clarke, Seer.” “ Private Communications from his Excellency the Morocco Ambassador.” “ Love Letters fromMr. Waddle” (Col. Wardle). “ List of Mrs. Clarke’sPensions,” &c. We will recall to the recollection of the reader the attri-butes of the mythological Pandora, that he may the betterperceive the felicity of the application of the allegory inthis print. Jupiter having resolved to punish the presumption of Prometheus in stealing fire from heaven, com-manded Vulcan to make a woman of clay, and breathe life into her. The deities of Olympus vied with each other inbestowing accomplishments and the power of fascinationupon her. Venus gave her beauty and the art of pleasing,—the Graces imparted to her the power of captivating, Apollo instructed her in music,—Mercury endowed herwith eloquence,—Minerva gave her splendid ornaments.Jupiter presented her with a beautiful box, and orderedher not to open it till she was married, but present it toher husband on her wedding-day. Mercury introducedher to Prometheus ; the sagacious mortal, however, dis-trusted Jupiter and his present, and declined the connection; his less intuitive brother, Epimetheus, acceptedthe hand and the box of Pandora. The fatal consequencesare well known. On the 27th of January, 1809, Col. Wardle broughtforward his charges against the Duke of York. He animadverted with great energy on the Duke’s corrupt abuseof the Half-Pay Fund. The produce of this Fund arisesfrom commissions falling in by the death or dismissal of POLITICAL SERIES 335 officers from the army; when the commissions are sold, and the amount applied to the purchase of commissions for meritorious officers, the Compassionate Fund, or other military purposes. The Fund is under the sole control of the Commander-in-chief. He said, he should prove that, from 1803 to 1806, the Duke of York had a mistress, Mrs. Clarke, living in great splendour in Gloucester Place. This lady had a scale of prices for the sale of commissions, and he would lay before the House Mrs. Clarke’s prices and the regulated prices. Mrs. Clarke’s Prices. Regulated Prices, A Majority £900 £2600 A Company 700 1500 A Lieutenancy . 400 550 An Ensigncy 200 400 Every sale of a commission effected by Mrs. Clarke was a loss to the Half- Pay Fund of the difference between her price and the regulated price. He then gave a long detail of sales effected by her, the name and rank of the officer, and the sums paid ; a list of exchanges of commissions as effected by her, &c. &c. Her patronage was also extended to ecclesiastics. Dr. O’Meara wished “ to preach before Royalty,” and it was accomplished by the Duke of York’s influence, &c. He moved that a Committee of the whole House investigate the subject. The motion was agreed to, and the witnesses ordered to be summoned. On the 1st of February, in all the pride and bloom of beauty, the lovely Thais stood at the bar of the House

her appearance created great sensation. Many a Member doubtless longed 66 to take a leap at her lips.”# Her examination-in-chief was conducted by Col. Wardle. She confirmed his opening statements by oral testimony and

• The expression of the Page in Massinger’s “ Maid of Honour/’ Act II. Scene 2.

336 gillray5 s caricatures. written documents. In her cross-examination she exhibited extraordinary self-possession, quickness in repartee, and baffled her interrogators by the poignancy of her wit, and exciting the laughter of the House against them, andsometimes converted the question intended to degrade herinto the means of annoying the Duke of York. TheAttorney-General asked if she was not a married woman? She replied, You have no reason to doubt it. “ Have younot sworn you were a widow ? 55 “ Never/ 5 “ Not at a court-martial ? 55 “ No/ 5 “ The Judge Advocate, who is present in the House, can affirm that.” “ Fie had more feeling thanthe gentleman who is now examining me, and he permittedme to state that without swearing to it. He knew that I was living with the Duke of York at the time, and that I was a married woman, and the Duke of York a marriedman. The Duke was not aware that I had not beensworn to the statement of being a widow, and when I applied to him for a few hundreds after our separation, hesent me a message, threatening to have me put into the pillory, or into the Bastile, if I dared to publish any ofhis letters / 5 Attorney- General ; —“Who brought that message from the Duke to you ? 55 “A very particular friend of the Duke of York5 s / 5 “ Who ? 55 “ One Taylor, a shoemaker in Bond Street, very well known to Mr. Adam/5 *“ By whom did you send the request to the Duke for these few hundreds, to which the Duke sent that answer byTaylor ?55 “ By my pen.55 “ How did you send this letter ?” “ By the Ambassador of Morocco. 55 “ What do you mean bythe Ambassador of Morocco ? 55 “ Taylor, the ladies’ shoemaker in Bond Street. 55 She invariably returned a prompt and keen retort to questions asked solely for the purpose of annoyance. TheHouse listened with evident pleasure “ to the voice of the charmer. 55 Even the grave Wilberforce made these entries

• W. Adam, Esq., afterwards Chief Baron of Scotland.

POLITICAL SERIES. 33 ? in his diary. u This melancholy business will do irre- parable mischief to public morals, by accustoming the public to hear without emotion shameless violation of decency. The House examining Mrs. Clarke for two hours—cross-examining her in the Old Bailey way, —she elegantly dressed, consummately impudent, and very cle- ver, clearly got the better in the tussle. A number of particulars let out about her life, mother, children, &c.”—• (Wilberforce’s Life, Yol. iii. p. 402.) And again, u Mrs. Clarke, by fascinating the House, has prevented its degradation, by appearing to stifle the inquiry, and take too strong a part with the Duke of York. Curious to see how strongly she has won upon the people/’—(Yol. iii. p. 403 .) In the course of the proceedings, which lasted nearly two months, Mrs. Clarke had stated that General Clavering had offered her a pecuniary compliment to procure his appointment to one of the new regiments about to be raised. As the levy did not take place, and consequently no money had been paid, the circumstance would have passed unnoticed by the House ; but General Clavering had the folly to obtrude himself as a voluntary witness, and solemnly deny the truth of the allegation. Mrs. Clarke reaffirmed her statement, and confirmed her testi- mony by the production of the Duke of York’s letter in answer to the application. “ Sandgate, August 24, 1804. Clavering is mistaken, my angel, in thinking that any new regiments are to be raised ; it is not intended, only second battalions to the existing corps ; you had better, therefore, tell him so, and that you were sure that there would be no use in applying for him.’’ General Clavering was re-examined, and prevaricated so grossly, that the House committed him to Newgate. Captain Sandon was also committed for prevarication to the same prison. The ex- amination of witnesses at length closed, after an interval of nearly two months. Col. Wardle summed up, and con- 338 gillray’s caricatures. eluded by moving that the Duke of York had been guiltyof corrupt practices and connivance, and praying for hisdismissal from the command of the army. Mr. Bankesmoved an amendment, acquitting the Duke of Yorkofpersonal corruption or corrupt connivance, but addressingthe King to remove the Duke for gross irregularities andnegligence. In a House consisting of nearly 500 Members, Bankes’s amendment was lost only by 95, at a periodwhen the influence of the Crown was almost paramount.Windham made an admirable and most candid speech.He analysed the proceedings with consummate ability.He said, the House must narrowly examine the evidenceof Mrs. Clarke ; she was a partisan. But she had answeredevery interrogation with frankness and openness, withouthesitation, equivocation, or evasion. She was a bad wit-ness giving good testimony. Sometimes, when her paroletestimony might seem improbable, she had established it by incontestable written documents. He acquitted theDuke of York of personal corruption or connivance, butconsidered the irregularities which had been proved requiredhis removal, if not anticipated by his voluntary resignation.He then indignantly animadverted on the conduct of Col.Wardle, in surreptitiously taking many of the documentsfrom Mrs. Clarke’s house against her will and remonstrance.“ It did not make greatly in favour of a cause that it beganby a breach of confidence, and that it owed the possessionof a main part of its evidence to an act of violence, committed in a house to which admission had been procuredupon terms of apparent friendship. This was the state-ment admitted, or not contradicted, by the party. Mrs.Clarke says, that the papers were taken from the table in her presence, and without her consent, and against herconsent. If this protest of hers, made at the time, wasmere pretence ; if her resistance was merely feigned ; if thewhole was a sort of permitted rape, or a little love struggle. POLITICAL SERIES. 339 ‘ Pignus dereptum lacertis, Aut digito male pertinaci/* he should only observe, that it was not treating the House very respectfully, in a matter pretty important ; if upon such grounds, they were to be made to believe that Mrs. Clarke was an unwilling witness, and entitled to all the additional credit, on one side, which such a character would give her. But if the facts really were as she stated, and as the Honourable Mover did not seem to deny ; if the papers were in truth taken by him from her table, he entering the house as he did, and she protesting bona fide against the proceeding, other gentlemen must think as they liked, but he must declare for his own part, that there was no one article of the charges against the Duke of York, proved or unproved, which he would not rather confess to, than be guilty of the act so described. It was at least a pretty good reason why he should have been shy, as his Honourable Friends were accused of being, of mixing in a cause, of which such an act stood in the front.” On the 15th of March, Mr. Perceval moved and carried a resolution, absolving the Duke of York from all personal corruption or criminal connivance. An animated debate ensued. Mr. Windham said, cc He should hear, he must confess, with great delight, that no necessity existed for any further opinion, but that the Royal personage had of himself decided to quit a situation, which he could not hold, with satisfaction to himself, longer than while he could hold it to the general satisfaction of the country. Such a decision could not be construed as admitting in the smallest degree the truth of anything charged against him.

• The quotation is from Horace ; the whole stanza runs thus :

“ Nuncet latentis proditer intimo Gratus puellae risus ab angulo, Pignusque dereptum lacertis, Aut digito male pertinaci.’' 340 G1LLRAY*S CARICATURES. It was a submission to public opinion. Nothing could domore credit to the feelings of the country, nor at the sametime shew more strongly the general purity of the administration of its affairs, than the commotions excited byany thing that had the appearance even of a departurefrom that purity. It was a feeling which one could notwish less. A homage paid to such a feeling was no admission of the truth of its application in the particularcase.” On the 18th of March, Wilberforce wrote to LordMuncaster, <e Perceval carried last night his vote of purgation, but unless the Duke of York should resign beforeMonday, I am sanguine in my expectation, that we shall either carry the question for his removal, or for some measure which must lead to it, as to render it prudent for himto take the hint.”— ( Wilberforce’s Life, vol. iii. p. 405.)On the 20th of March, the Chancellor of the Exchequer(Perceval) announced to the House of Commons that theDuke of York had resigned the command of the army.*Lord Althorpe moved “ that the Duke of York havingresigned the command of the army,-}* the House does notnow think it necessary to proceed any further in the consideration of the evidence before the Committee.” Perceval moved to omit the word u now,” otherwise proceedingsagainst the Duke might be revived at a future period ; andthis amendment was carried. The Parliamentary proceedings here closed; but Mrs.Clarke was not yet appeased. She announced for intendedpublication, Memoirs of her Life, and particularly of hertransactions during her connection with the Duke of York,* The Duke of Cumberland sent Mr. R. Thornton to Wilberforce to inquire if he intended to take any further proceedings now the Duke of York hadresigned. “Thornton says, the Duke of Cumberland told him, the King and all of them were extremely angry with me. Yet what could I do as an honest man ?”

{Wilberforce's Life, vol. iii. p. 406.) f Sir David Dundas was appointed his successor, and held the appoint- ment for two years, and then resigned. The Duke of York was re-appointed, and held the command of the army until his death. POLITICAL SERIES. 341 accompanied with a series of Letters of the Duke of York, and of persons treating with her for preferment. A negotiation was opened with her for the suppression of these Memoirs, and said to be concluded on the terms of immediate payment of £7000 in cash, and the grant of an annuity of £400 for her life guaranteed to her. All the disgraceful exposures might have been prevented had the Duke paid her the stipulated annuity of £400, for it appears she never once annoyed the Duke until £500 was due to her, and her applications for payment met by scorn and menace. 353. APOTHEOSIS OF THE CORSICAN PHCENIX. August Znd) 1808. Gillray has placed the following inscription under this print : —ee When the phoenix is tired of life, he builds a nest upon the mountains, and setting it on fire by the wafting of his own wings, he himself perishes in the flames, and from the smoke of his ashes arises a new phoenix to illuminate the world/5 The ancients described this fabulous bird, or bird with fabulous attributes ascribed to it, to be the size of an eagle, its head crested with a beautiful plumage, its neck covered with feathers of gold colour, and its eyes sparkling like stars. It is said to live five or six hundred years, and when it has attained this extreme old age, it builds a pile of sweet wood and aromatic gums, which it sets fire to, and consumes itself in the flames. From its ashes it rises again in lusty youth and invigorated strength. A crown is here placed on the head of the Imperial Phoenix, and a ei Cordon d’Honneur” round his neck. He has erected a pile, consisting of the countries of Portugal, Spain, France, Algiers, Africa, &c. and has set fire to it. His sparkling eyes survey with satisfaction the flames in which he is enveloped, and has devoted himself to self- immolation. 342 gillray’s caricatures. At the top of the print we see him in his renovated formof a dove, bearing an olive-branch in his mouth, and con-veying 44 Peace on earth This print is intended as asatire upon Napoleon’s professions of an ardent wish for ageneral pacification made at this time. 354. OVERTHROW OF THE REPUBLICAN BABEL.May ls£, 1809.BOSVILLE. LORD CASTLEREAGH. CANNING. PERCEVAL.HORNE TOOKE. WISHART. COBBETT. SIR F. BURDETT.ABBOTT. WHITBREAD. LORD TEMPLE. LORD LAUDERDALE.MARY ANNE CLARKE. COL. WARDLE. LORD FOLKESTONE.Gillray has placed this inscription under the print : 44 And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower,whose top may reach unto heaven, and let us make us aname. But they were scattered abroad upon the face ofthe earth, and they left off to build the city.”—Genesis,chapter xi. The scene is the House of Commons. Speaker Abbottholds in his left hand a roll, inscribed 44 Justice Triumphant.-—Decisions of the Rt. Hon. the House of Commons. —Majority against the Evidence of a Prostitute. Majority against the Machinations of Republicans andLevellers.” The Speaker wields the mace in his righthand, and is directing blows at the assailants of the Dukeof York. Lord Castlereagh, Canning and Perceval areblowing the attacks into the air, and to complete the confusion of the assailants, a 44 Royal Water-spout” is descending upon them. Mrs. Clarke is overthrown. A ceintureof 44 Ingratitude” is round her waist. 44 Mrs. A. Clarke’sOld Conjuring Muff is to be sold to the best Bidder ;” herplunder is dropping from her. Col Wardle is upset. His44 Private Reasons” are discovered. In his fall the Colonelhas dropped a paper from his hand, entitled, 44 Abuses in the Army Department incontestably proved on the words POLITICAL SERIES. 343 of a Prostitute and her Paramour,” and his “ Motion for granting Pensions to all Whores and their Maids.” Lord Folkestone in his fall drops his cf Patriotic Harangues,” “ Motions for Kicking up a Row in the House of Commons,” and his “ Hints from Cobbett.” A “ Barrel of Mischief” has fallen on the prostrate Whitbread ; 6i Cocus Indicus and Quassia” are issuing out of it. He has dropped his c< Essay upon Political Brewing without Malt or Hops.” Lord Temple has fallen down the “ Broad-Bottom Ladder of Ambition.” “Foolscap Paper for Broad-Bottoms” and Stationery for the Paymaster for attacking the Ministry” are scattered round him. Sir Francis Burdett is tumbling down the “ Republican Ladder of Ambition ;” his fall is eased by the pitchfork of the “ Hampshire Hog Private,” Cobbett. Cobbett himself is standing on the “ Sand-hill of Opposition.” Behind him are ranged Horne Tooke, in the character of Guy Fawkes, with his lantern, Bosville, Wishart holding up “ the Westminster Address,” &c. &c. A satire on those who supported Col. Wardle^s charges against the Duke of York in the affair of Mrs. Clarke. The Duke of York might rejoice, but unfortunately had no reason to feel pride at the result of the investigation ; for it must be remembered that the proceedings terminated with a resolution “ that the Duke of York having resigned the command of the army, the House does not think it necessary to proceed any further in the consideration of the evidence before the Committee.” 355. AN OLD ENGLISH GENTLEMAN PESTERED BY SERVANTS WANTING PLACES. May 1 6th, 1809. LORD H. PETTY. SIR F. BURDETT. COBBETT. TOWNSHEND. WHITBREAD. LORD SIDMOUTH. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD TEMPLE. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. WINDHAM. LORD 344 gillray’s caricatures. MOIRA. LORD ERSKINE> GEORGE III. DUKE OF PORTLAND. LORD GREY. PERCEVAL. TIERNEY. LORD CASTLERE AGH. CANNING. LORD LIVERPOOL. DUKE OF BEDFORD.LORD CARLISLE. LORD ST. VINCENT. DUKE OF NORFOLK. The Old English Gentleman (George III.) is surroundedby a host of applicants for places. Lord Grenville, bowingalmost to the ground, says, C£ Does your Honour want a steady Broad-Bottom’ d coachman to drive you ?” TheMarquis of Buckingham says, 44 We’ll do any thing,” andEarl Temple adds, 44 in any way.” Lord Grey, depicted as a Grey-hound, has his paws on the Duke of Portland, andsays, 44 Pray, throw me a bone,—your Grace,—a bone !” The Duke replies, 44 Ha ! ha ! ha ! Throw you a bone ! for what? a bone to a poor silly Grey-hound, that can onlyyelp, and neither bite, nor keep the French wolf from thedoor !” Tierney is jogging Perceval’s elbow, and says, 44 Pray, Mr. Chancellor P., do speak a word in our favourto his Honour!” Perceval answers, 44 A word in yourfavour, Mr. T. ! I fear I shall not find a word of that kindin all England.” Sheridan is soliciting Canning, 44 Pray, Mr. Secretary C., has his Honour any wish for our ser- vices ?” Canning : 44 Not the least wish, I believe.” TheDuke of Bedford : 44 I can look after your Honour’s estates in Ireland, or take care of your farms at Windsor.”Windham : 44 His Honour don t take any notice of the Civil Speeches I lately made.” Lord Moira: 44 I wishthat his Honour would but give a nod this way !” Erskine : “ Ego, I have had my hat in my hand for this fortnight in hopes of an opportunity to make a bow.”Lord Sidmouth, bowing with his hat in his left hand, anda cathartic in his right, says, 44 Pray, your Honour, remember Doctor Slop, your own Apothecary, who physics theFrench.” Whitbread

44 If his Honour wants an honest Porter, Pm his man.” By his side lies 44 Sam. Froth his knot, carries any weight in any weather,” &c. &c. TheOld Gentleman (George III.) says, 44 Well, Gentlemen, I POLITICAL SERIES. 345 have taken a peep at you all ; but Pm afraid that you won’t do ; for some of you are too heavy and Broad- Bottom’d, and the rest seem to have no bottom at all ; so, Gentlemen, I think I shall be content with my old ser- vants.” 356 . THE INTRODUCTION OF THE POPE TO THECONVOCATION AT OXFORD, BY THE CARDINAL BROAD-BOTTOM. December 1st, 1809 . MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. CANNING. LORD GREY. LORD GRENVILLE. NAPOLEON. LORD TEMPLE. Gillray has affixed this inscription over the print : —“Golgotha, or the Place of Skulls.” The Oxford Convocation has assembled to elect a Chancellor. Lord Grenville, habited as a Cardinal, is presenting the “ Catholic Petition for the vacant Chancellorship, with a Plan for erecting a new Popish Sanhedrim, on the ruins of old Alma Mater.” The Pope, arrayed in his pontificals, has his tiara on his head, his right hand holds his crosier, his left holds up the train of Cardinal BroadBottom (Lord Grenville). Buonaparte is seen secreted under the Pope’s robe. The person to whom Lord Grenville presents the petition leads a “ Popish Greyhound” (Lord Grey) in a string ; he receives the petition courteously, and says, “ Well done, my children, this is all the Convocation I would have.” This person’s mask being a little drawn aside, the Author of all Evil is discovered. The Marquis of Buckingham, habited as an ecclesiastic, holds up the devil’s tail. The Archbishop of York has the “ York Mass Book” open before him. The Bishops of London, St. Asaph, Oxford and Norwich have the “ Mass Book” of their respective dioceses before them ; intended 346 gillray’s caricatures. to indicate that they are about to vote for Lord Grenville All the ecclesiastics are in full canonicals ; some of the minor dignitaries have mass-books in their hands, others have skull-caps. Lord Temple, looking like a jolly priest, carries the cup, containing the consecrated wafer

the figure next him carries a lighted torch. The Duke of Portland’s death on the 30th of October, 1809, caused a vacancy in the Chancellorship of the University of Oxford. The choice of his successor excited, on this occasion, intense interest, not only in the University, but throughout the Kingdom. Lord Grenville announced himself as a candidate for the honour ; a delegation from numerous Members of the University invited Lord Eldon to allow himself to be put into nomination ; and another deputation invited the Duke of Beaufort. Lord Grenville’s literary attainments seemed to point him out as the best qualified to preside over a learned body. He was not only eminently skilled in the learning of Greece and Rome ; but his attainments in general literature were of a high order. Lord Eldon was one of the most distinguished Chancellors who had ever filled the marble chair; but, immersed in the active duties of a professional life, he had neglected literature for the severer studies of the law. The only pretension of the Duke of Beaufort was his elevated rank. Lord Eldon, however, contrived to give the contest a political character. He always endeavoured to persuade himself and the public that his own personal interests were bound up with those of the Church and State ; his defeat would be the immediate precursor of Catholic Emancipation,—his success would be the confirmation and security of the Protestant interest. He wrote to his brother, Sir W. Scott : —

If principles of such importance as those upon which the request to me has been put are really at issue, I wish the request had been made to some person of higher character and consequence in the State ; and though I should never have thought of offering myself to POLITICAL SERIES. 347 n contest, in which disappointment must affect my family as long as my name shall he remembered, I could not possibly avoid compliance with that request which has been addressed to me.”— ( Twisss Life of Eldon, Yol. ii. p. 109.) He endeavoured to instil these sentiments into the King’s mind. He writes to Sir W. Scott : “ The King to- day said it would be hard if Cambridge had a Unitarian Chancellor,* and Oxford a Popish one.” The election of Chancellor was fixed for the 13th and 1 4th of December. Every nerve was now strained to secure the contested dignity. We shall extract the following paragraph from the Oxford Herald of December 16th. “ The election has excited more interest than any that has preceded it in the recollection of the oldest Member of the University. Votes came from the remotest parts of the Kingdom, all the car- riages and horses to a considerable distance were engaged, and every inn was filled. The Undergraduates having left the University previous to the commencement of the election, most of the non-resident electors were supplied with rooms in the Colleges.” And the annexed communication was furnished to the Oxford Herald of December 23rd by an Academic correspondent :

ce The casting-up the numbers and the scrutiny occupied above two hours, and was a stage of the election full of suspense and expectation. “ The order in which the three candidates were first mentioned was determined by their respective rank ; yet an idea had prevailed that the name of the successful candidate would be the first pronounced. From this misconception it happened, that Lord Eldon’s name, as Chancellor of

• Henry Duke of Grafton, who had been Prime Minister, and is “ damned

to everlasting fame” by the Letters of Junius. He became a convert to Unitarianism, and attended Dr. Lindsey’s chapel in Essex Street. He left a manuscript memoir of his conversion, which his son, the late Duke, committed to the flames. He also left a Memoir of his Political Life, which is in the possession of the present Duke, who permitted Sir Denis Le Marchant to make extracts from it, which are printed in the Appendix to vol. iv. of Walpole’s Memoirs of George the Third, p. 376—423. 348 gillray’s CxVricatures. England, being first in the list, a momentary persuasion was entertained that his Lordship had the majority of votes, and his friends had begun to testify their joy. Butwhen their names were read over a second time, in order to declare the numbers, Lord Grenville’s was called the first, a precedence which signified his legitimate election. A loud shout instantly burst forth from the friends of the Chancellor elect. This sudden expression of feelings at success in a great object is too natural a circumstance to be marked by any severity of censure, but in the present instance, considering the place where it was shewn, it was perhaps a little inconsistent with the decorum of an Academical body.” The following were the numbers declared at the conclusion of the election :

Lord Grenville . . 406 Lord Eldon . . . 393 Duke of Beaufort . . 288 The number who voted amounted to 1087* and the whole who had a right to vote amounted only to 1274. There remained, therefore, only 187# persons who did not vote on this occasion. All the Bishops, who had a vote for the election of Chancellor in the University of Oxford, voted for Lord Grenville, except two who voted for Lord Eldon. Lord Eldon was grievously disappointed at the result. He complained “ that he had been sacrificed to a Foxhunting Duke,” and even in a letter to Sir William Scott, doubts whether he may not feel himself compelled to resign the Great Seal. What shall we say to the absurdity of such a declaration ? In speaking of so great a man as Lord Eldon, we will only call it extraordinary self-delusion, but we may be sure that he never seriously contemplated for a moment the resignation of the Great Seal. He held it 66 digito pertinaci,” until the dissolution of the Administration by the death of Lord Liverpool.

• Of these 187 persons some no doubt paired off.

POLITICAL SERIES. 349 357. TRUE REFORM OF PARLIAMENT, i. e. PATRIOTS LIGHTING A REVOLUTIONARY BONFIRE IN NEW PALACE YARD. June 14th, 1809. COL. WARDLE. COBBETT. LORD FOLKESTONE. COUNSELLOR CLIFFORD. BOSYILLE. HORNE TOOKE. WHITBREAD. GRATTAN. SIR F. BURDETT. LORD TEMPLE. MAROUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. The Parliamentary Reformers, assembled in New Palace Yard, are about to sacrifice a hecatomb of the Ancient Laws and Constitution of England. Sir Francis Burdett is addressing the assembled patriots, previous to the fiery celebration. He tells them, that “ it is only in the House of Commons that the people of England are spoken of with contempt and calumniated. Can things be remedied by Bills? No ! it must be by an honest House of Commons. What is the use of Magna Charta, Habeas Corpus, or the Bill of Rights ?” Below him is seen the “ Resolution of the Whig Club, that it is the decided opinion of this Club, that no substantial and permanent good can be derived by the country, from any change of Ministry, unless accompanied by an entire change of system, ac- complished by an entire Reform of the Parliament.” Whitbread is bringing on his shoulder, w Pro Bono Publico, a well-pitched old beer-barrel to crown the bonfire.” It is painted “ Whitbread^s Entire.” He empties out of it into the Revolutionary Bonfire, “ Respect to the Crown,” “ Rules and Orders of the House of Commons,” and “ Dignities of the House of Lords.” Horne Tooke, depicted as Guy Fawkes, has the lighted “ Torch of Sedition” in his right hand, and a dark lantern in his left. He is setting fire to the ee Rights of the House of Brunswick to the Throne,” to 4 4 Magna Charta,” to the ee Bill of Rights/’ “ Habeas Corpus,” &c. Bosville is by his side, 350 gillray5 s caricatures. conveying to the flames the 44 Act against FomentingTreasons.55 Lord Folkestone is preparing to burn the44 Act against Seditious Meetings,” and the “Act against Bribery and Corruption.” Col. Wardle is seated on theright side of Lord Folkestone; he is preparing to consignto the conflagration the 44 Act against Defaming the RoyalFamily/5 and Grattan is destining to the same fate the 44 Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland/5 andthe Law against Irish Rebels. Cobbett is holding up to view on a pitchfork, 44 Elements of Reform, by W. Cobbett, the Hampshire-Hog Reformer/’ Clifford, the O.P.barrister, is preparing to throw into the RevolutionaryBonfire, the 44 Laws of England/5 44 Penal Statutes/5 and44 Trial by Jury.55 Two of the Broad-Bottoms, Lord Temple and the Marquis of Buckingham, are slinking away alarmed at theprogress of the measures they had secretly encouraged.Lord Temple says, 44 Come away, brother Broad-Bottom,come away. 55 The Marquis replies, 44 Ay, they may wantto reform our pockets, perhaps.” In the Marquis’s left pocket is a list of 44 Exchequer Pickings,55 * and in his right hand pocket 44 Family Pickings.55 358. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written byHimself. (Plate 1.) September 29th} 1809.This series of bitter satirical prints against the grandradical of the day are parodies on the autobiographicalsketch in his own Register, published during this year. They need little further explanation than that given in the inscriptions beneath each plate, the first of which represents the pretended amusements of his childhood. The Marquis of Buckingham was a Teller of the Exchequer. POLITICAL SERIES. 351 359. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written by Himself. (Plate 2 .) September 29th, 1809. The second represents him flying from the embarrassments into which he had run himself at home, and enlist- ing for a soldier. 360. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written by Himself. (Plate 3 .) September 29th, 1809. Cobbett’s exploits as a corporal. 361 . THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written by Himself. (Plate 4.) September 29th, 1809. His delinquencies as sergeant-major. 362. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written by Himself. (Plate 5 .) September 29th, 1809. He obtains his discharge, returns to England, and ac- cuses his officers. 363 . THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written by Himself. (Plate 6 .) September 29th, 1809. His flight to America. 2 a 352 GILLRAY*S CARICATURES. 364. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Written byHimself. (Plate 7*) September 29 th} 1809, SIR F. BURDETT. BOSYILLE. CLIFFORD. HORNE TOOKE. COBBETT. He returns to England, and plots against the Government. 365. THE LIFE OF WILLIAM COBBETT, Writtenby Himself. (Plate 8.) September 29th, 1809. The denouement of this eventful history. Cobbett was unquestionably one of the ablest political writers of his age. He commenced his career as a political writer, under the signature of Peter Porcupine, in America,about the period of the breaking out of the war of the French Revolution. We believe his first publication wasan answer to an address of Dr. Priestley to the Americans,in which the Doctor represented himself as a martyr in the cause of civil and religious liberty, come to lay his bones in their land of freedom. There was at this time a numerous party in America enamoured of the principles of the French Revolution, and perhaps grateful for the services rendered to their country by the French during the American War. These men incessantly laboured to animate their country against England. Cobbett opposedthe speakers and writers of this anti-English party with energy and effect, and upheld the rights, interests andcharacter of his country, with so much ability and success, that Windham did not hesitate to declare in the British Parliament, “ he deserved a statue of gold” for his services. Prosecutions, however, were commenced against him in America, and to avoid the consequences of an unfavourable result he returned to his native country. POLITICAL SERIES. 353 He arrived in England with very slender resources, but the fame of Peter Porcupine had preceded him. He opened a bookseller’s shop in Pall Mall, and set up a daily newspaper called “ The Porcupine ;” this was discontinued in a few months : it is a very different thing to write an occasional political essay, or to supply the leaders of a daily paper. The booksellers shop was soon closed

Cobbett was not calculated to endure the confinement of a retail shop, nor had he either capital, or knowledge of the taste and literary wants of the public, to conduct either a retail or wholesale bookselling business. He hit on the happy expedient of publishing his “ Weekly Political Register.” He was now in his element. No one, since the time of Swift, ever addressed himself more effectively to the com- mon sense of the people ; he stripped every subject of technicalities, and placed every topic within the sphere of their apprehension. They who would not have apprehended the meaning of the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, readily comprehended the suspension of “the Personal Security Act.” He elucidated the most complicated subject, as, for instance, the monetary system, or, as he called it, “ Paper against Gold,” with marvellous simplicity and perspicuity, and subjects, hitherto supposed to be only intelligible to political economists, were rendered familiar topics oi conversation. The Peace of Amiens afforded ample opportunities for the display of Cobbett’s political powers. He analysed every article of the treaty with extraordinary ability, and pointed out to public indignation the sacrifices made by the preliminaries of peace. The reputation of his Weekly Register was now firmly established, and its circulation widely extended. His politics were entirely changed. He became the champion of democracy, and the assailant of every Administration. Politicians of every shade felt a deep interest in the publication ; this was not a little en2 a 2 354 gillray’s caricatures. hanced by the intrepidity of his assertions, his causticsatire, and the unrestrained personalities and invectives in which he indulged. Every one took in his Register, forevery one expected to see a friend or connection satirised. The spleen of many was gratified, all were amused. LordEldon seems to have been particularly annoyed at the extensive circulation of the Register, even among his ownfriends, and complained that the Attorney-General didnot prosecute it. He wrote to Sir William Scott : <c Asto the prosecution of the Morning Chronicle, and as to your friend Cobb?tt, I know what I should have done asto those publications long ago, if I had been AttorneyGeneral ; but it seems to me that ever since my time it hasbeen thought right to leave the Government character andindividual character without the protection of the lawenforced, because I had proved* its efficacy, when it wascalled into exertion.”

“ As to Cobbett , I am quite out ofpatience about those who will take in his paper

but I observe that all my friends, in short every body one knows, abuse him, but enjoy his abuse, till he taps at their own door,and then they do not like the noise he makes—not a bit of it.”

(Twiss’s Life of Lord Eldon, Vol. ii. p. 107, 8.) At length, however, in his Register of July 10, 1809,Cobbett published animadversions on the flogging of somelocal militia men in the Isle of Ely, and on the punishment being inflicted by soldiers of a German Regiment* We are surprised Lord Eldon should plume himself on his political prosecutions. He twice filed informations against Mr. Perry, the proprietor of the Morning Chronicle, and in both instances was defeated by the verdict of the jury. He had no reason to pride himself on the result of the trials of Hardy, Horne Tooke, and Thelwall for high treason. His obstinate perse- verance in the trials of Horne Tooke and Thelwall after the acquittal of Hardy is now generally condemned. He could not feel flattered by Burke’s significant question in reference to them : “ How comes it, that in all the state prosecutions of magnitude, from the Revolution to within these two or three years, the Crown has scarcely ever retired disgraced and defeated from its Courts ?” — ( Bur/ce’s first Letter on a Regicide Peace, 1796.) POLITICAL SERIES. 355 stationed there. This he represented to be an indignity to the English character. If the punishment were to be inflicted, it ought to have been by their own countrymen, and the backs of Englishmen ought not to have been profaned by the stripes of foreigners. The Attorney-General (Sir Vicary Gibbs) prosecuted the paper as a libel, calculated to excite mutiny in the army. Cobbett was found guilty by the jury. He perceived at once the very serious situation in which he was placed ; he recollected his energetic attack on Lord Ellenborougffis appointment to a seat in the Cabinet, and dreaded the vindictive character of that political judge, whose influence would chiefly determine the amount of his punishment. He therefore endeavoured to negotiate with the Government, and engaged. the good offices of Mr. Reeves,* the celebrated Chairman of the Crown and Anchor Loyal Association, to propose that he should not be brought up for judgment, and that, in consideration of this, he should bind himself to discontinue the Weekly Register, and abstain from all political writing. Sir Vicary Gibbs and the Government were inexorable. He was brought up for judgment, and sentenced to be imprisoned two years in Newgate, and to pay a fine of £1000. The sentence was astounding. It had too much the appearance of vindictiveness. Either the long imprisonment, or the heavy fine might have satis- fied the offended majesty of the law. The publication of the Register was continued, and

• Mr. Reeves’s admiration of the patriotic writings of Peter Porcupine induced him to seek Cobbett’s acquaintance on his arrival in England. They

were mutually pleased with each other, and their acquaintance ripened into friendship. It is to their mutual credit that subsequent differences in politics did not dissever their friendship. Cobbett could not have chosen a negotiator more likely to have accomplished his object. But the Government had him now in their power, and were determined to make an example of him. Perhaps, too, they might think that any compromise would be attributed to political cowardice. We have already given an account of Mr. Reeves’s ultra- Tory pamphlet, for which he was prosecuted. See page 71. 356 GILLRAy’s CARICATURES. lasted thirty-three years from its original commencement.At the first general election after the passing of the ReformBill, Cobbett was elected Member for Oldham. His Parliamentary efforts disappointed the expectations of his enthusiastic admirers. His rival in notoriety, Hunt, dis- played more talent for public speaking. Cobbett died, June 18th, 1835. 366, TENTANDA VIA EST QUA ME QUOQUE POSSIMTOLLEKE HUMO. Virgilii Georg. He steers his flight Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air That felt unusual weight. August 8 thy 1810.MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM. MARQUIS OF STAFFORD. WINDHAM.FOX. LORD GRENVILLE. LORD TEMPLE. LORD HENRY PETTY. ARCHBISHOP OF YORK. BISHOP OF LONDON. SIR WATKINW. WINN. DUKE OF BEDFORD t SHERIDAN. LORD GREY. WHITBREAD. LORD SIDMOUTH. REV. W. CROWE. This print of Lord Grenville’s Installation is intendedas a companion to that of his Election, No. 356. LordGrenville, seated in a balloon, is ascending into the air. He is attired in his Chancellor’s gown, with a crucifix onhis back. During his upward flight he has thrown awayhis Cardinal’s hat, rosary and mitre, and placed a tiara onhis head. In his aerial progress he drops from the bal- loon “ A letter to the Earl of Fingal “ Liber Valorum”(or. Account of the value of benefices, with precedents for presentations, inductions, &c.) On the upper part of the balloon on minute inspection may be seen a face of a person, whose hand extends round the balloon, and drops promises among the Members of the Convocation. This is

• Lord Grenville published, in 1810, a Letter to the Earl of Fingal, on the

subject of Catholic Emancipation. POLITICAL SERIES. 357 probably meant for Dr. Hodgson, Principal of Brazennose College, who was an active canvasser for Lord Grenville, and was said to have procured for him more votes than any other person. The Marquisses of Buckingham and Stafford are contemplating the passing scene from the windows of the Oxford Theatre. Fox, metamorphosed into a bird, is blowing with all his might to aid the ascent of the balloon. Windham is entering the door of the Convocation, to which is affixed : “ Ordered that no Doctor of Laws be admitted without Bag Wig.” The u Liber Regis” (or, Value of Livings in the King’s Books, with precedents for presentations, &c.), Oxford edition, is affixed to the entrance. Three Bishops, mounted upon asses, are bestowing benedictions on the Chancellor, and endeavouring to grasp hold of the descending Cardinal’s hat. The Archbishop of York is drawn in his state carriage, and is cheered as he approaches. (The Archbishop had voted for Lord Grenville.) Sir Watkin Williams Winn and his two brothers are hurrahing in an open chaise drawn by Welsh goats. Sheridan has doffed his harlequin’s jacket and wand. He is putting his hand to his head in despair. Annexed to his harlequin’s wand is a notice, ee Lost, supposed to be stolen, a Doctor of Laws’ new red Gown and Bag Wig.” This alludes to a joke circulated at the time, that Sheridan would have had the degree of Doctor of Laws conferred on him, but he could not raise the money to purchase a gown. Lord Henry Petty, in an academic gown and wig, with a chimney-sweeper’s brush and shovel in his hands, is dancing merrily. Crowe, the public orator, has fallen asleep. A pot of (i Whitbread’s Entire” has dropt from him ; on the floor by his side is his aca- demic cap, and ee Oratio Croweiana a dog’s hinder legs are on the oration, and he is paying it the same compliment, as Hogarth’s dog paid to Churchill’s Poetical Epistle to his master. Behind the public orator is a stone, in- scribed “ Miles from Oxford to Rome,” and a blank is left 358 gtllray’s caricatures. before “ Miles/5 as if the Popish proceeding of the Convocation in electing Lord Grenville had left it doubtful how much the distance had been already shortened. Underthe balloon is seen a Broad- Bottomed elephant, with a man’s face, intended for Lord Grenville. Over his denis inscribed, 6C Wonder of the World—the biggest FlyingElephant in the whole Fair.” We shall now proceed to give a short account of the installation of Lord Grenville, which took place on the 3rdof July, 1810. The uninitiated in the ceremonials of the University of Oxford may naturally suppose that this wasa day exclusively or especially dedicated to the installation of the newly elected Chancellor into office. This, however,is a popular error. The following is the account of the ceremony of installation given by the intelligent Academiccorrespondent of the Oxford Herald of December 23rd, 1809, to whom we were indebted for some interesting particulars respecting Lord Grenville’s election.* “ Theform of investiture is generally conducted by a delegacy, which is privately received ; and this is properly the installa- tion , though the same term is applied to the Commemoration at the ensuing Act, when the new Chancellor first takes the chair of the University.” The Commemoration is always an attractive spectacle and scene of gaiety and festivity at Oxford. It was preeminently so on the present occasion, which combined the double celebration of the Commemoration and Installation. Seventeen years had elapsed since the Installation ofthe Duke of Portland ; the charm of novelty was therefore added to most of the spectators. Lord Grenville arrived in a private manner at Oxford on the night of the 2nd ofJuly, and took up his residence at Balliol, the College ofthe Vice-Chancellor, as is usual. The next morning LordGrenville, attended by the University officials, went in grand procession to the Convocation, and was conducted* See page 347. POLITICAL SERIES. 359 to the Chancellor’s chair. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on the Marquis of Buckingham, Earl Jersey, several of the nobility, on the Right Hon. George Tierney, and other distinguished public and literary characters. It is needless to enter minutely into the details of the proceedings ; we shall confine ourselves to noticing the speech of the public orator, the Rev. Wm. Crowe. It was composed in very elegant Latin. The following is a translated extract from it. After commemorating the virtues and munificence of the most distinguished Chancellors and other benefactors, from the earliest periods, he turned to the Chancellor, and said: “ I have not hesitated to celebrate the munificence of other Chancellors in your presence, for I am not apprehensive that my speech can be misinterpreted so far as that any should think I have a design to stimulate you to acts of bounty by this recital of the bounty of others. Your good-will to the University is already well known, and she has proofs of your liberality, for instance, in the new annual prize.* Other acts I could willingly mention, but this is not the season. Envy is too often the attendant upon virtue, and death alone can extinguish it. It is not till then that virtue has her due reward. The age to come will not fail to give you most ample praise. But may you long live to preside over us, and may that day be far distant, when your praises will be heard without envy ! This is the wish of all who wish well to our University.” We have stated that the Chancellor’s procession to the Convocation was headed by the University officials; one, indeed, was absent ; the procession was not graced by the presence of the High Steward. The office of High Steward is the second in dignity in the University; if was held by Lord Eldon ; he knew and felt it was his duty to attend the ceremonial. He wrote to Sir William Scott; “ As to

• Lord Grenville had founded an annual prize for the best composition in Latin prose.

360 gillray’s caricatures. what I am to do about the High Stewardship, I am willingto pause ; but upon looking into the Statutes, and my oathof office, I may be called upon to do what I never will do. The short result seems to me to be, and perhaps the bestresult, that a few weeks will send me to dear Encombe as a resting-place between vexation and the grave/’ Surelythis was an indication of a littleness of mind, and a miserable exhibition of party feeling and personal mortification unworthy of Lord Eldon, and extraordinary in a LordChancellor, for it is the usual practice for a retiring ordismissed Lord Chancellor to attend his successor into theCourt of Chancery on the first day of the new Chancellor’staking his seat in the Court. He ought to have resignedhis office or discharged its duties. If he felt that he couldnot conscientiously attend the installation of a noblemanwho had advocated Catholic Emancipation, how did hereconcile to himself his attendance on the installation ofthe Duke of Wellington, who had carried the question?He then received the marked plaudits, which were so justly due to his distinguished attainments, and his pre- sence would have been equally greeted on the formeroccasion, and perhaps even more enthusiastically, becausehis attendance would have been considered a respectful discharge of a painful duty he owed to his Alma Mater.On the death of Lord Grenville, Lord Eldon wrote to his daughter, Lady E. J. Bankes : “I take it, the Duke of Wellington will certainly be the Chancellor of Oxford. It is singular that the warmest supporters of the author of the Roman Catholic Bill, seem to be those who, on account of that anti- Protestant measure, threw out Peel from his situation of M.P.”— ( Iwiss’s Life of Lord LJldon, Vol. ii. p. 218 .) Lord Sid mouth and other friends wrote to himto assure him that, if he offered himself for the vacant Chancellorship, it was almost certain he would be elected without opposition ; but he replied with becoming dignity that “ should he thus late in life be elected to this office, POLITICAL SERIES. 361 it would under the circumstances add comparatively but little honour to one who had held the Great Seal for nearly a quarter of a century.” Lord Eldon died January 13, 1 838. The newly elected Chancellor William Wyndham Lord Grenville was born Oct. 25, 1759. He was the third son of the Right Hon. George Grenville, formerly Prime Minister, and author of the disastrous Stamp Act, which caused the American War, and the loss of our North American colonies. He was educated at Eton ; he took a prominent part in the rebellion under Doctor Foster, and shortly afterwards removed to Christ Church, Oxford. Here he pursued his studies with untiring application. His contemporaries predicted his future eminence. In 1779 he gained the Chancellor’s prize for a composition in Latin verse ; the subject was “ Vis Electrica.” On quitting Oxford he entered his name as a student at one of the Inns of Court, and intended to follow the law as a profession. A more alluring prospect soon opened to his view. In February, 1782, he was elected Member for Buckingham, and in the September following, his eldest brother, Earl Temple, being appointed Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland, Mr. William Grenville became his private Secretary, and continued to discharge the duties of that office until June, 1783, when a change of Ministry took place. Mr. Pitt became Prime Minister in December, 1783. Mr. Grenville was appointed Paymaster of the Forces. From his entrance into Parliament his attention to his Parliamentary duties, and subsequently to those of the various offices he filled, was unremitting. He exhibited the same perseverance, diligence and methodical habits, which had formed prominent features in the character of his father. He soon became an able debater, and a valuable coadjutor of his friend and relative, Mr. Pitt. On the 5th of January, 1789, he was elected Speaker* of the House of Com-

• He was one of tlie youngest persons who ever filled the Speaker’s chair, being little more than 29 years of age.

362 GILLRAY? S CARICATURES. mons on the death of Speaker Cornwall, and in four monthsafterwards was appointed Secretary of State for the HomeDepartment. On the 25th of November, 1790, he wascreated a Peer, in order to take the Ministerial lead in theHouse of Lords, for Lord Thurlow had become impracticable. In May, 1791, he became Secretary of State for the Foreign Department, and continued in that office until the dissolution of Mr. Pitt’s first Administration. In1795 he obtained the lucrative office of Auditor of theExchequer, now abolished, but which was then held for life. He warmly condemned the Peace of Amiens, as sacri- ficing some of the best interests of this country. This ledhim into opposition to the Addington Administration, andeventually to a co-operation with Fox. On Mr. Pitt’s return to power, Lord Grenville was invited to resumeoffice, but he peremptorily refused to do so without Mr.Fox, to whom he considered himself bound in honour,though not by engagement. He now became the vigorousopponent of Pitt. On the death ofthat Minister the Fox andGrenville Administration was formed in February, 1806.Mr. Fox died in the September of the same year. TheAdministration was dismissed in March, 18075 as we havestated in a previous article. Overtures were made to LordGrenville at the time of the Regency, on the death of Perceval and on the resignations of Canning and Lord Castlereagh, in 1812, but they terminated unsuccessfully. Heconsidered the acceptance of office with an implied condition of not supporting Catholic Emancipation, would havebeen the dereliction of a great constitutional principle. Lord Grenville’s name stands high among the Parliamentary orators of his time. In the House of Lords hewas only second to Lord Grey. His speeches aboundedin information. He was always master of the subject onwhich he addressed the House. His diction was elegant,his elocution ready, he never hesitated for a word ; hismanner was dignified, but generally too cold, formal, and un- POLITICAL SERIES. 363 varied to give due effect to the important matter contained in his addresses. He wanted the fire, spirit and indignant sarcasm which glowed in the speeches of Lord Grey, and the graceful delivery which gave additional force to them. But, perhaps, no one ever heard Lord Grenville on a complex or important question without acquiring information ; he must have often carried conviction to his compeers, when he could not secure their suffrages. From the time of Lord Grenville^s retirement from Parliament, he lived entirely at his seat at Dropmore, near Windsor, where he expended large sums in laying-out and ornamenting the grounds. He devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1810 he privately printed a volume in quarto, consisting of his own literary compositions and translations in Greek, Latin and Italian, entitled, “Nugas Metricae.” In the year 1800, in conjunction with his brothers the Marquis of Buckingham and the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville, he had caused an edition of the Iliad and Odyssey of his favourite Homer to be printed at the Clarendon Press, Oxford, and engaged Porson to subjoin a collation of the Harleian manuscript of the Odyssey in the British Museum. The large paper copies were never sold, only presented to their friends. They are highly prized by collectors for the beauty of the typography and accuracy of the text. In 1806 Lord Grenville edited the letters of Lord Chatham to his nephew Thomas Pitt, afterwards created Lord Camelford. In 1828 he published a pamphlet on the supposed direct advantages of the Sinking Fund. He contended that the only real Sinking Fund is that which is supported by a surplus revenue. This was announced as the commencement of a work, but the continuation never appeared. In 1829, in a pamphlet entitled Oxford and Locke, he defended the University of Oxford from the charge of having expelled Locke, against the aspersions of Dugald Stewart. 364 gillray’s caricatures. In the year 1829, Lord Grenville had the satisfaction to see Catholic Emancipation, for which he had made so many sacrifices, carried by the combined intelligence andcommanding influence of the Duke of Wellington andSir Robert Peel. He died January 12th, 1834, in the 75thyear of his age. END OF THE POLITICAL SERIES. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES.

MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. SATIRES ON PERSONS AND MANNERS, Plates 367 to 582. 367. LES PLAISIRS DU MENAGE. Aug. 1st, 1781. This print is chiefly interesting as being one of Gillray’ s earlier productions, before his style of caricaturing had become formed. The catch it illustrated is said to have been

“ Give me the sweet delights of life, A smoky house, a failing trade, Six squalling brats, and a scolding jade.”* 368. GRACE BEFORE MEAT; or, A PEEP AT LORD PETER'S. (1778.) GEORGE III. AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE. LORD AND LADY PETRE. LADY EFFINGHAM. LORD AMHERST. A CATHOLIC PRIEST. “ Grace before Meat," is one of the earliest, and most probably the first caricature designed and engraved by Gillray. It is without date. Mr. Stanley, in his edition of Bryan’s Dictionary of Painters and Engravers,f conjectures that “ Paddy on Horseback," published March 1, 1779, was the earliest of Gillray’ s caricatures ; but from the occurrence here satirized, it is evident that the print must have been published either the latter end of October, or early in November, 1778. George III. had announced his intention of having a

• This popular catch was composed by Dr. Harington of Bath.

+ See Bryan’s Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, with numerous additions by Stanley, royal 8vo. 1849. 2 B 368 gillray’s caricatures. grand review on Warley Common, on the 20th of October,If 78. Lord Petre, one of the most distinguished of theCatholic nobility, invited their Majesties to take up theirresidence at his house, Thorndon Hall, during their progress to and from Warley. The invitation was most graciously accepted. The following account of the reception and entertainment of their Majesties on the 19th of October, is givenin the “ Morning Post” of October 20, 1778 : —“ OntheirMajesties’ arrival at Thorndon Hall, they were receivedbyLord and Lady Petre at the hall door, who attended themto a magnificent drawing-room, where after the King andQueen had taken some refreshment, a Levee was held,atwhich the General Officers, &c. attended. At five o’clocktheir Majesties sat down to dinner at separate tables,covered with every delicacy the season could produce.Lady Petre, Lady Effingham, &c. &c. had the honourtodine with the Queen ; and Lord Petre and the GeneralOfficers, with his Majesty. In the evening they wereentertained with a concert, of which several of the Nobilityand Gentry of the County of Essex had the honourtopartake.” The “ Morning Chronicle” of October 21st,adds the following particulars. “ Their Majesties’ arrivalwas announced by the discharge of eleven pieces of smallcannon, planted in the front of the house. Lord Petre’shouse and gardens were most superbly illuminated. Thefurniture of the apartments destined to the use of theirMajesties is entirely new, grand, and noble.” It adds,“ The next day, after the review, their Majesties returnedto Thorndon Hall. Lord Amherst (the Commander-inchief), the General Officers, Colonels, and Lieut. -Colonels,had the honour to dine with the King.” The “ Gentleman’s Magazine” for October 20th, 1778, p. 546, givesthe following account : “ The King and Queen went fromLord Petre’ s house at Thorndon Place, Essex, where theirMajesties lay the preceding night, to Warley Commonto MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 369 review the troops encamped at Warley. After the review was ended, their Majesties returned to Lord Petrels, and next day, after visiting Lord Waldegrave at Navestock, arrived at the Queen’s House about five o’clock.” On the 22nd of October the following liberal paragraph appeared in the “ Morning Post.” “Lord Petre is the first Catholic Peer who has been honoured with a visit of the late nature from the Sovereign, sinee the Hanoverian succession ; and since it was thought necessary to throw aside that illiberality of religious sentiment which had so long kept the Prince and his loyal Catholic subjects at a distance from each other, a fairer opportunity could not have offered than the present for his Majesty to lay aside this ill-founded prejudice, than by visiting the mansion of a Catholic nobleman, in the lines of his encampment; the loyalty of whose family has been long tried, and whose own private virtues and unbounded hospitality pointed him out as the person on whom first to confer this mark of honour and esteem.” “ The late expense which Lord Petre has been at in entertaining their Majesties, is calculated by a gentleman well acquainted with the whole, at about fifteen thousand pounds ; eight thousand of which were expended in additional furniture; sixty cabinet-makers and upholsterers being employed for a month to prepare the apartments for the royal reception. The state-bed cost alone two thousand guineas, though, after all, their Majesties did not lay on it, as on such occasions they always sleep on their own field-bed, which was sent down for that purpose.”*

• Lord Petre died July 2, 1801. He married May 1, 1762, Anne, daughter

of Philip Howard, Esq. of Buckingham, Norfolk. His remains were ac- companied to the grave by all his tenants in mourning and the Volunteer Corps of the neighbourhood, and interred with military honours. He anmially expended ^5000. in charities, a practice that was not discovered till after his Lordship’s death, and one proof, among many others, that he deserved the character which he bore of being one of the best men of the age.—Gentleman's Magazinefor July, 1801, p. 677* 2b2 370 gillray’s caricatures. Gillray appears to have been scandalized at the thoughtof a Protestant Sovereign accepting the hospitality ofaRoman Catholic nobleman, and insinuates that he necessarily subjected himself to having Popish rites and cere-monies performed in his presence. Accordingly in“ Grace before Meat at Lord Peter’s,” he representsthe King and Queen seated under a canopy, at the dinnertable in the banqueting room at Thorndon Hall. TheirMajesties and the assembled company have their handsdevoutly clasped, and are listening to the Grace pronouncedby a Roman Catholic Priest, whose hands are elevated, andhis eyes steadfastly fixed on a crucifix. On the left of theKing hangs a painting of a Madonna weeping, her headirradiated with a halo of glory. We must, however, beslow in censuring Gillray for illiberality in this point ; itonly shews that he was not superior to the prejudicesofhis age, and perhaps his apprehensions had been excitedby a “ Bill for the Relief of Roman Catholics,” which hadpassed a short time before; for even Horace Walpolewrites thus to Cole on the 21st May, 1778, “ May notI,should not I, wish you joy on the restoration of Popery?I expect soon to see Capuchins tramping about, andJesuits in high places. We are relapsing fast to our pristine state, and shall have nothing but our island and ouroldreligion.”—See Horace Walpole’s Letters, Yol. 5, p. 484.Walpole’s editor, Sir Denis Le Marchant, observes inanote, “ Walpole alludes to the Bill for the relief of theRoman Catholics, which released their priests from persecution, and allowed members of that religion to purchaselands, and take them by descent. It passed both Houseswithout opposition.” 369. THE GERMAN DANCING MASTER. April 5th, 1782.JANSEN. This is said to represent Jansen, the celebrated Germandancing-master. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 371 370. REGARDEZ MOI. probably 1782. LORD CHOLMONDELEY. YESTRIS. This is a satire upon Lord Cholmondeley, who is represented as taking a lesson of the dancing-master Vestris.* On the table is seen an open volume, entitled, “ Electrical Eel.” This is a misprint for “ Electric Eel,” a loose poem written by the late James Perry, Esq., in 1777 * On the floor lies another licentious poem, “ The Torpedo,” dedicated to L. C. (Lord Cholmondeley) . On the upper right hand corner of the room is a painting, representing Lord Cholmondeley playing at hazard with a gentleman, who has the head of a fox (Mr. Pox) . Mr. Eox exclaims, “ A nick, by God.” These poems and the painting suffi- ciently indicate the taste and habits of the noble lord. 371. A NATURAL CROP—alias, A NORFOLK DUMPLING. Sept. 2lst, 1791. DUKE OF NORFOLK. A characteristic portrait of the Duke of Norfolk, who was one of the first to set the example of wearing his

• Regardez-moi was the common and frequent admonition of Vestris to

his pupils. He was the most celebrated dancer and teacher of dancing of his age. The French bestowed on him the appellation of “ Dieu de la Danse this inspired him with inordinate vanity, and he was wont to say there were only three great men in Europe, “ Le Roi de Prusse, Monsieur Voltaire et Moi-meme.” When he introduced his son and successor on the stage he appeared in a full court dress, with a sword by his side, and addressed a grandiloquent oration to the spectators on the sublimity of his art ; having finished, he turned to the young debutant, and said, “ Allons, mon fils, montrez votre art, ton Pere te regarde This son married Miss Bartolozzi grand-daughter of the celebrated engraver, herself a distinguished comic actress ; she is now Mrs. Charles Mathews, but retains her theatrical appellation of Madame Vestris. 372 gillray’s caricatures. hair without the elaborate dressing and powder then prevalent. The following graphic sketch of the Duke of Norfolk by Bate Dudly, in his Vortigern and Rowena, (jocularly pretended to be extracted from Shakspeare’s play of that name; in the possession of Ireland) , is so spirited and appropriate, that we are persuaded the reader will be gratified by its insertion in this place. u Should a man in these hurlie-burlie daies, be permitted to weare a heade on his shoulders, let him not quarrel about the colour of it ! but if they powder mine, they shall eat it into the bargaine ! IT1 weare my nob as long as I can, in sable, for the frailties of my bodie ! Theknaves knewe that my sole delights were in rape and canarie, and therefore have they clapped a double taxe on our women* and wine l” —Vortigern and Rowena, Vol. I. p. 50. 372. PAILLE D’AVOINE,—PAILLE D’AVOINE. Nov. 10th9 1786. This sketch of one of the cries of Paris, is only etched by Gillray, from a drawing of Samuel Egerton Leigh, Esq. 373. MONUMENTS LATELY DISCOVERED ON SALISBURY PLAIN. June 15 th, 1782. MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. PRINCE OF WALES. MRS. ROBINSON. MARCHIONESS OF SALISBURY. This print indicates the Marquis of Salisbury’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales’s pointed attentions to the Mar-* The Duke of Norfolk, when Earl Surrey, was a strenuous opponent of Pitt’s Tax on Maid-servants, and in conjunction with Fox and Sheridan, suc- ceeded in obtaining its repeal. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 373 chioness of Salisbury. Horns are sprouting out of his head. Bate Dudly, in his Yortigern and Rowena, concludes the sketch of the Marquis of Salisbury thus : he is “ so great a naturalist, that he knows the buddinge season by the note of the propheticke cuckoe.” Gillray makes the Marquis exclaim, “ Zounds, Sir, leave my wife alone—or Pll tell the old Wig” (id est, the King) . The beautiful and accomplished Mrs. Robinson, (who acquired the sobriquet of Perdita, from her admirable performance of that character in the Winter’s Tale) is the deserted lady. She left for publication Memoirs of her Life, in 4 vols. duodecimo, printed in 1801, in which she gave an account of her connection with the Prince of Wales. When she was abandoned by her royal lover she formed a liaison with General Tarleton. Fox also was one of her admirers, and one of the caricatures of the day represents her driving her own phaeton, with Fox by her side, intimating that she kept him, not he her. 374. LA BELLE ASSEMBLEE. May \2lh} 178?. LADY MOUNT-EDGECUMBE. LADY ARCHER. HON. MISS JEFFRIES. HON. MRS. HOBART. LADY CECILIA JOHNSTON. Some of the more remarkable ladies of the bon ton of the day, most of whom will be recognised in the following caricatures. Lady Archer, of riding and hunting notoriety, (indicated by her whip), brings a lamb as an offering, a contrast, it appears, to her own temper ; Lady MountEdgecumbe is similarly satirized in her offering of a pair of doves ; Miss Jeffries brings the offerings of Flora ; and the Hon. Mrs. Hobart pours incense on the altar. The lyre is placed in the hands of Lady Cecilia Johnston, a well known votary of fashion. 374 gillray’s caricatures. 375. THE ASSAUT D’ARMES, OR FENCING MATCH,WHICH TOOK PLACE AT CARLTON HOUSE,ON THE 9th OF APRIL, 1787, BETWEENMADEMOISELLE LA CHEYALIERE D’EON DEBEAUMONT, AND MONSIEUR DE SAINTGEORGE. Bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere Virg-o, Hac vincit Mares divina Palladis arte. PRINCE OF WALES. MRS. FITZHERBERT. CHEVALIER DE SAINT GEORGE. MADEMOISELLE LA CHEVALIERE d’eON. We have extracted the following account of the Chevalier Saint George from H. Angelo’s Pic Nic or Table Talk, p. 21 —25. “ The Chevalier de St. George was born at Guadaloupe. He was the son of M. de Boulogne, a rich planter in the colony, and who became the more fond of him, as he was the result of an illicit connexion, by no means uncommonin the West Indies. His mother was a negress, and was known under the name of the handsome Nanon. She was justly considered as one of the finest women that Africa had ever sent to the Plantations. The Chevalier de St. George united in his own person the grace and features of his mother, with the strength and firmness of M. de Boulogne.” “ He excelled in all the bodily exercises in which he engaged ; hut the art in which he sur- passed all his contemporaries and predecessors, was fencing. No professor or amateur ever shewed so much accuracy, such strength of lunge, and such quickness. His attacks were a perpetual series of hits ; his parade was so close that it was in vain to attempt to touch him ; in short, he was all nerve.” “ He had the honour of fencing before his Royal Highness with Fabian, a celebrated professor at Paris, and thrusting carte and tierce with Madame la Chevaliere d’ Eon.” “ He served as a Colonel of Hussars MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 375 under Dumouriez in Brabant. He died at Paris in 1810 or 1811” In this print, representing the fencing scene between the Chevalier St. George and D’Eon at Carlton House, the spectator will observe D’Eon has made a successful thrust, and hit St. George in the sword arm. Mademoiselle La Chevaliere d’Eon. The following account of this extraordinary, we had almost said, amphibious person, is given in Mr. Britton’s entertaining autobiography. “ During nearly the whole of these three years it was my custom to dine at an eating-house in Great Turnstile, Holborn, on very cheap and moderate fare ; the cost of the meal, with beer, seldom exceeding nine pence. In an humble room, the parlour of this establishment, I became acquainted with several persons, both male and female ; for some of the latter sex were occasional visitors. One, of questionable nature in this respect, excited much curiosity and speculation at the time, and for many years afterwards. This was the noted Chevalier d’Eon. At the time I met him he dressed in female attire, and was respectable and respected. Though an occasional guest at this humble house of refreshment, it was evident that he had been accustomed to refined society, and was courteous, well-informed on various subjects, and communicative. I own that I always hailed the meeting with gratification, and that it induced me to prolong my dinner-time till the last moment. The history and adventures of this extra- ordinary person were full of romance, and it is to be regretted that they were not put on record by himself. f His story, (says Lysons, Environs of London, Yol. ii. part 2, p. 644), has for many years excited much curiosity and interest. After distinguishing himself in the service of his native country, as a soldier and negotiator, he assumed the habit of a female at the requisition of the French Court, and as such was appointed to a situation in the household of the Queen ; but he is now known to be 376 gillray’s caricatures. the son of a gentleman of an ancient and respectable family at Tonnerre in Burgundy, where he was born, October 2, 1728. Though subjected to many hardships and vicissitudes, he lived to attain his eighty-second year, and died at a lodging in Millman Street, Lamb’s Conduit Street, London, May 21, 1810, and his corpse was interred in the old parish churchyard of St. Pancras. The body was examined after death by Mr. T. Copeland, and Mr. Capue, in presence of Mr. Adair, Mr. Wilson, and LePere Ellisee, who verified that the deceased was a perfect male. A post mortem drawing was made by Mr. C. Turner, and engraved. (I have a copy.) The register of his baptism states the child to be a boy, though the sex appears then to have been doubtful.* Throughout life the personal appearance, manners, and modest demeanour of the Chevalier, were indicative of the fe- male sex. As a man, he was noted for courage, was an officer in the army,f an accomplished horseman, learned in different languages, an elegant and skilful fencer, and had fought three or four duels. In female attire, in England, he exhibited his address and skill at Banelagh and the Opera House, and also gave lessons. As an author, he wrote several works on Statistics, History, Politics, &c.J The Magazines and Newspapers of London

• In the “ Biographie Universelle” his name is given, Charles-Genevieve- Louise-Auguste-Andre-Timothee d’Eon de Beaumont. But a foot-note says, “ Sous les Registres de la Paroisse on lui donne le nom de Charlotte, &c. mais

cette piece est remplie de fautes d’orthographe, ou de contradictions, peutetre faites a dessein.” t He was Aide-de-Camp to Marshal Broglio. t Horace Walpole, in his Memoirs of George III., Vol. i., p. 392, says, “ On the 23rd of March (1764) appeared one of the most extraordinary books ever published, and though written by a foreigner, and in French, by no means inferior in detraction to the North Britons. It was a large quarto, called, ‘ Lettres Memoires et Negotiations particulieres du Chevalier d’Eon,’ &c., and contained the history of his employments, troubles, quarrel with Monsieur de Guercliy, and his own wonderfully imprudent and insolent letters MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 377 abound with anecdotes and accounts of this remarkable person, particularly the Gentleman s for 1810/ ”—Britton s Autobiography , pp. 83, 84. We may add, that some very curious particulars of the Chevalier d’Eon are given in Henry Angelo’s Memoirs of his Father, Yol. ii. pp. 55 —60. H. Angelo knew him when he first appeared in this country in male attire, as a French captain of dragoons, and subsequently when he returned to England in female apparel. He candidly confesses that he materially assisted his father in his Treatise on Fencing.* We ourselves recollect to have met the Chevalier in the latter years of his life at the house of a friend. He looked a heavy unwieldy figure in his female habiliments, but his manners were soft, easy, and refined, suited to the costume he had adopted, and the sex he personated. to the Due de Praslin, the second Minister in power at the Court at Versailles. The contempt expressed for the Comte de Guerchy was transcendent, but yet this was not the most reprehensible part of the work. With the most indefensible wantonness D’Eon had inserted the childishly fond, but friendly letters of his patron, the Due de Nivernois. With still greater indiscretion, he published others of an intimate friend employed in the office of the Secretary of State at Versailles, in which that friend, in confidence, had familiarly censured his masters : and with the most abominable treachery D’Eon added confidential letters between the Dues de Nivernois and Praslin, in which, though with good will towards him, they spoke of their intimate friend, Monsieur de Guerchy, with much contemptuous pity, which might be excused between such near friends, though never to be pardoned by Guerchy. These letters D’Eon, when trusted with the Due de Nivernois’ keys, had stolen or copied.” Horace Walpole’s editor, Sir Denis Le Marchant, in a note on this passage observes, “In his passion D’Eon forgot the laws of decency as well as of honour, and the publication of his book injured him certainly not less than his enemies. It had an immense circulation, and the attempts to suppress it at Paris, of course, served to make it more sought after. Lord Holland, who happened to be there at that time, used to lend Ms copy by the hour.” In further illustration of the preceding extract from Walpole’s Memoirs, we may state, that the Chevalier D’Eon came to England in 1761 as Private Secretary to the Due de Nivernois, then the French Ambassador in England.

• Published in London, 1763.

378 gillray’s caricatures. Gibbon makes the following whimsical comparison between Pope Joan and the Chevalier d’Eon. Having re- ferred to the fabulous history of Pope Joan, and her having had an amour with a domestic, in consequence of which she became pregnant, and was suddenly taken ill and delivered of a child as she was going in procession to the Lateran Church, and died on the spot; he adds, “As false, this deserves the name of a fable, but I would not pronounce it incredible. Suppose a famous French Chevalier of our own times to have been in Italy, and to have been educated for the Church, instead of the Army. Her merit or fortune might have raised her to St. Peter’s chair ; her amours would have been natural; her delivery in the streets unlucky, but not improbable.” 376. MARGARET’S GHOST. March 25th, 1791. MISS GUNNING, MRS. GUNNING, AND MISS MARGARET MINIFIE. Mrs. Gunning was accused of having attempted to bring about a marriage of her daughter with the Marquis of Blandford, son of the Duke of Marlborough, and the subject was much talked and written about in the fashionable world at this time. Gillray has laid the scene of this print in Miss Gunning’s bedroom. Miss Gunning is lying ill in bed; her mother is seated by her bedside. Her aunt, Miss Margaret Minifie is introduced as “Margaret’s Grimly Ghost ;” her terrific appearance has struck consternation into the fair invalid, and frightened Mrs. Gunning from her propriety ; by a sudden start she has overturned a bottle of brandy, placed by her side to soothe her sorrows. Mrs. Gunning says, “ I was sitting by the bedside of my smilinginjured-innocent lambkin, and holding one of the sweet- tender hands of my amiable-gentle-dovelike cherub, whenher aunt came into the room, with a face paler than ashes MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 379 —“What is the matter, Auntee Peg,” says my chaste, adorable, kind-beneficent-enchanting-heart-feeling-beneficent-paragon of goodness, “What’s the matter, Auntee Peg, what makes you put on such a long face ?” This absurd accumulation of foolish expressions of fondness is taken almost literally from passages in Mrs. Gunning’s letter to the Duke of Argyll. Again, “ He broke upon us the dishonourable-infamous-impudent-false accusations, and the cruel, most cruel messages that accompanied them, at that moment a vow issued from my torn, myrent, my wounded, my agonized, my suffered heart, and my dear, divine, glorious, arch-angelic angel said,” &c. &c. This alludes to General Gunning’s accusation of his daughter. See further particulars in the explanation annexed to the next print. 377. BETTY CANNING REVIVED; or, A PEEP ATTHE CONJURATION OF MARY SQUIRES, ANDTHE GYPSEY FAMILY. March 25th, 1792. MISS GUNNING, MRS. GUNNING, NAUNTEE PEG (MISS MIN1FIE), AND GEN. GUNNING’S GROOM. This caricature refers to the same occurrence as the preceding print. It is a parody on the well known story of Elizabeth Canning and her pretended persecutions. It alludes to a circumstance which caused considerable sensation in the fashionable world. General Gunning had a most beautiful and accomplished daughter ; her charms attracted many admirers, among others the Marquis of Blandford, eldest son of the Duke of Marlborough, and the Marquis of Lorn, eldest son of the Duke of Argyll. At first the young lady seemed to favour the pretensions of the Marquis of Lorn, hut in a short time she evinced a decided preference for the Marquis of Blandford. The Duke of Argyll, who had married 380 gillray’s caricatures. the widow of the Duke of Hamilton,* a sister of General Gunning, inquired of the General,f whether the Duke of Marlborough was apprised of his son’s attentions to his daughter, and approved of the projected matrimonial alliance. The General frankly admitted he did not know, but would immediately address a letter to the Duke of Marlborough on the subject, and if he disapproved of the match, he would at once put an end to the affair. Accordingly he wrote a letter to the Duke, and sent it to Blenheim by his groom. He received an answer expressive of the Duke’s entire approval of his son’s choice, and of his own deep sense of the good qualities of the young lady. General Gunning immediately repaired to the Duke of Argyll, who, having read the letter attentively, expressed strong suspicions of its authenticity. General Gunning then went to Lord Charles Spencer, the Duke’s brother, who unhesitatingly pronounced the letter to be “ an awkward imitation of the Duke of Marlborough’s handwriting.” The seal was either an impression from a small seal, which the Duke had ceased to use for many years, or from one copied from it. General Gunning returned home, and questioned his wife and daughter on the subject ; they assured him the letter was genuine, or they had been imposed on. The General next interrogated the groom, who, impelled partly by threats, and partly by solicitations, confessed he had been bribed by Miss Gunning, who had fur- nished him with the letter. The General then turned his daughter out of his house, and shortly after separated from his wife.J Mrs. Gunning published a large pamphlet, entitled, “ A Letter to the Duke of Argyll,” in which she attributed the forgery to Captain and Mrs. Bowen, whom

• This Lady was mother of the present Duke of Hamilton,

t Another sister of the General married the Earl of Coventry. X In 1792 an action was brought by James Duberley, Esq. against General Gunning, for having committed adultery with his wife. The Jury awarded <£5000. damages. In summing up, Lord Kenyon designated General Gunning, “ a hoary, shameful, and detestable lecher.” MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 381 she had offended by endeavouring to prevent their marriage, at the earnest solicitation of Mrs. Bowen’s father. But Mrs. Gunning does not attempt to explain how the Bowens became acquainted with the General’s intention to write to the Duke of Marlborough, or transmit his letter by his groom. The Duke of Argyll declined all fur- ther intercourse with his sister-in-law, Mrs. Gunning, and his niece. Miss Gunning. The occurrence gave rise to several pamphlets. In this print Gillray depicts Miss Elizabeth Gunning consulting a female necromancer, and swearing an affidavit before her. “ I swear that I never wished or tried, directly or indirectly, to get a coronet ; that I never saw or wrote to Lord B. (the Marquis of Blandford) or Lord L. (Marquis of Lorn) in all my life,” &c. The old hag has a broom by her side, and other symbols of her art upon the table; she replies, “Well done, Bett ! we’ll get through the business, I’ll warrant you. We can write all sorts of hands, we’ve got all sorts of seals, and with the assistance of our old friend under the table, we shall be able to gull them.” The friend under the table is the devil. He exclaims, “ Swear [” The groom is shadowed in the extreme left of the print. He says, “ I’m ready to ride or swear.” A sign-post points out the road to Blenheim. On the right hand of the print Mrs. Gunning is kindling a flame by blowing the fire with a pair of bellows, on which is inscribed, “Letter to the Duke of A.” (Duke of Argyll), she says, “ That’s right, my sweet innocent angel ! say grace boldly, make haste, my dear little, lovely lambkin. I’ll blow up the fire, while Nauntee Peg helps to cook up the coronets ; we’ll get you a nice little tit-bit for dinner before we’ve done, my dear, little deary.” Nauntee Peg (Miss Minifie) is stirring the pot upon the fire with a ladle, she says, “ Puff away, sister. The soup will soon boil. Law’s me, how soft the green peas do grow, and how they jump about in the pot when you puff your bellows.” 382 gillray’s caricatures. 378. THE THUNDERER. Avg. 20tli, 1782. PRINCE OF WALES. MAJOR TOPHAM. MRS. Robinson {as a whirligig). Major Topham was, at the period of the publication of this caricature, Brigade-Lieutenant of the Second Troop of Horse Guards ; equivalent in rank to Captain in a regiment of Infantry. He was a man of fashion, possessed considerable intelligence and knowledge of the world, united with agreeable manners. He had ingratiated himself into the favour of the Prince of Wales, and was one of his early companions. Gillray has depicted him as enact- ing the part of Captain Bobadil. He is flourishing his sword in the front of the Prince of Wales, and says : “ Theyhave assaulted me, some three, four, five, or six of themtogether, and I have driven them afore me like a flock of sheep ; but this is nothing, for often in a mere frolic, I have challenged twenty of them, kill'd them—challenged twenty more, kill’d them,—twenty more, kill’d them, twenty more, kill’d them too ; and thus in a day have I killed twenty score; twenty score, that’s two hundred*—two hundred a day ; five days, that’s a thousand,—that’s a zounds, I can’t number them half,—and all civilly and fairly with one poor Toledo.” It would seem as if he wished to impress upon the Prince the value and import- ance of such an ally, while indulging in the frolics and gaieties of youth. The Prince replies ; “I’d as lief as twenty crowns I cou’d talk as fine as you, Captain.” Onthe right hand upper corner of the print is a house of en-

• Ben Jonson has made the magnanimous Bobadil a sorry arithmetician ; we should not have supposed that he would have underrated the number

he had slain, but rather that he would have declared that in sober truth, “ twenty score” made four hundred, and confirmed the asseveration “ by the foot of Pharaoh,” and “ as he was a soldier and a gentleman.” MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 383 tertainment, called The Whirligig on the upper part of the sign-post, is a female figure, who says :

• '* This is the lad I’d kiss most sweet, Who’d not love a soldier ?” At the bottom is painted, “ Alamode Beef hot every

night.” Perhaps it is intended to be insinuated that Topham had introduced the Prince to some house of enter** tainment, unsuited to his rank and dignity. Major Topham, however, was not a mere vapouring sol- dier ; he could wield a pen as well as a sword. He became proprietor of the u World” newspaper, which he enlivened with fashionable news, anecdote and pleasantry ; sometimes he assumed the province of a moral censor, and many felt the keenness and severity of his strictures ; among others the family of Earl Cowper. On the 22nd of December, 1789, died at Florence, George Nassau Clavering, third Earl Cowper.* As soon as the news of his demise reached England, a character of him appeared in the “ World,” in which he was held up to public scorn, as an infamous character, polluted by almost every vice, and deserving the execration of mankind. He was accordingly indicted for a libel on the late Earl. We have not been able to obtain a sight of the newspaper, but we can collect with accuracy the substance of the alleged libel from the indictment. It charges him with endeavouring “ to cause it to be believed that the said Earl in his lifetime was a person of a vicious and depraved mind and disposition, and destitute of filial duty and affection, and of all honourable and virtuous sentiments and inclinations, and that the said Earl led a wicked and profligate course of life, and had addicted himself to the practice and use of the most cri- minal and unmanly vices and debaucheries.” Major Topham defended the action, and instructed his Counsel to

• He was descended from Lord Keeper Cowper, and was father of the late Earl Cowper.

2 e 384 gillray’s caricatures. maintain that the dead enjoyed no immunity from just reprobation, which it was as necessary to inflict to deter the living from a vicious course of life, as it was just and pleasing to bestow praise on good men, to incite their survivors to a course of honourable action. The cause was tried before Judge Buller,* who pronounced the character of the deceased to be a libel, as it tended to a breach of the peace ! ! Topham was found guilty ! Still the Major persevered. He instructed his Counsel to move for an arrest of judgment on the ground of the misdirection of the judge to the jury, and that he had been convicted on an illegal technicality ; for there could be no breach of the peace between the dead and the living. The case was argued at great length before the Court of King’s Bench by the ablest counsel on each side. The Court granted an arrest of judgment ; but took time to consider its decision. After a long protracted delay (perhaps from a hope that neither party would pray for a decision), on the 29th of January, 1791, Lord Kenyon delivered the judgment of the Court in a most elaborate speech, and ordered the rule to be made absolute, and thus virtually overset the verdict of the jury. We are indebted to “ The Thunderer” for the signal triumph of this branch of the Liberty of the Press, which is now established on a firm basis by the solemn decision of the Court of King’s Bench. (See Durnford andEast’s Term Reports, vol. 4, folio, p. 126 to 130.) TheEnglish historian and biographer is now only restrained bythe moral obligation, “ ne quid falsi dicere audeat, ne quid veri non audeat, and it deserves to be recorded that weare indebted to Major Topham for the judicial recognition of this invaluable privilege.

• Buller was generally considered a harsh judge, and unfriendly to the

liberty of the press. He is now chiefly remembered from his sobriquet of “ Judge Thumb,” he having laid it down as the law of England, that a hus- band might chastise his wife with a stick “ not thicker than his thumb.” This dictum caused him to be assailed in epigrams, satires and caricatures. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 385 379. ORNAMENTS OF CHELSEA HOSPITAL ; or, A PEEP INTO THE LAST CENTURY. Jan. 19th, 1789. A CHELSEA PENSIONER. DR. MESSENGER MONSEYWe think we cannot do better than present the reader with the following extracts from Faulkner's History of Chelsea, respecting Doctor Messenger Monsey. They render intelligible the epitaph, which Gillray has subjoined to the print, and which might otherwise appear exaggerated and caricatured, when in fact it is little more than a versification of the testamentary directions of the eccentric physician of Chelsea Hospital. “ Dr. Messenger Monsey was born in 1693 at a remote village in the county of Norfolk, of which his father was rector. He received a good classical education, and after spending five years at the University, studied physic for sometime under Dr. Wrench, at Norwich; from which place he went and settled as a physician at Bury St. Edmunds. Having accidentally afforded some professional assistance to the Earl of Godolphin, that nobleman took him under his protection, and introduced him to many of the first characters of the age. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1742 succeeded Dr. Tessier, as Physician to Chelsea Hospital. Flis character and humour bore a striking resemblance to that of Dean Swift.. By his will he directed that his body should not suffer any funeral ceremony, but undergo dissection; after which, “ the remainder of his carcase ” to use his own expression, “ may he put into a hole, or crammed into a box with holes, and thrown into the Thames, at the pleasure of the sur- geon.” The surgeon to whom he assigned this charge, was Mr. Forster, of Union Court, Broad Street ; who, in pursuance of the Doctor’s singular will, delivered a dis- course in the theatre of Guy’s Hospital, to a numerous 2 c 2 386 GILLRAY’ S CARICATURES. audience, at the dissection of the body. Dr. Monsey died, December 26, 1788, at his apartments in Chelsea Hospital, aged ninety-five.” (See Faulkner’s History of Chelsea, p. 194.) Dr. Moseley, who succeeded Dr. Monsey as Physician to Chelsea Hospital, observes, “ My predecessor had been Physician to the Hospital forty- six years and six months.” Gillray has placed under the print the following “ Epitaph on the late Dr. Monsey, supposed to he written byhimself :”

“ Here lie my old limbs, —my vexation now ends, For I’ve liv’d much too long for myself and my friends ; As to churchyards and grounds which the parsons call holy, ’Tis a rank piece of priestcraft, and founded on folly. “ In short, I despise them ; and as for my soul, Which may mount the last day with my bones from this hole, I think that it really hath nothing to fear From the God of mankind, whom I truly revere. “ What the next world may be I little trouble my pate ; If not better than this, I beseech thee, O Fate, When the bodies of millions fly up in a riot, To let the old carcase of Monsey be quiet.” This epitaph is from the pen of Peter Pindar (Dr. Wolcot.) It is only necessary to add, that Dr. Monsey, in extreme old age, was accustomed to ramble about the College gardens, accompanied by one of the pensioners, whomhe designated “ his crutch.” 379 * HOW TO HIDE WITH ELEGANCE THROUGHTHE STREETS. April 8th, 1800. “ ’Tis notin mortals to command success ; Arrah, but we’ll do more, Sempronius, we’ll deserve it.” LOltl) LANDAFF. In this print Gillray represents Lord Landaff exhibiting his equestrian elegance ; in a subsequent one, No. 525, he MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 387 pourtrays him displaying his dandy pedestrianism in walking up and down the fashionable streets in company with his two brothers, the Hon. Montague and George Mathews. Those who recollect Lord LandafF will at once recognize the exact resemblance of the rider and his manner. The “ Arrah” in the motto might seem to indicate that Lord LandafF traced his descent from a line of ancestry, natives of the Emerald Isle ; it is true that a collateral branch of the family settled in Ireland, but the family boasts its descent from the Principality of Wales. “ Edward Mathew, or ap-Mathew, ancestor to the noble Lord,” says Lodge, “resided at Rader in the County of Glamorgan, about the year 1660, who inherited a good estate, principally consisting of Chiefries,* being the remains of an ample fortune, possessed by his ancestors from time immemorial ; he was also possessed of the town of LandafF,f in the same county, whence the present Lord,;]; in whom it now vests, derives his title.” § (See Lodgers Peerage of Ireland, by Archdall, vol. vii. p. 222.) “Francis, the only son (of George Mathew) , now Lord LandafF, served many years in Parliament for the county of Tipperary, and was created a peer of this realm (Ireland), 20th of September, 1783. He had issue Francis James (the subject of Gillray’s print), Montague and George.” (See Lodge’s Peerage, vol. vii. p. 222.) The reader, however, must not conclude that the family of Mathews was a race of dandies. One at least, Admiral Mathews, distinguished himself by his gallant exploits, and the important services he rendered to his country during a considerable portion of the first half of the last century. Charnock calls him “ a brave but unfortunate commander.”

• A Chiefrie is a small annual rent paid by a tenant to the Lord Paramount.

t Then a flourishing town, now dwindled into a poor village, says Britton, in his Beauties of England and Wales, vol. 18. p. 618. Its cathedral might seem to have secured it a better fate. t The father of Lord LandafF, whose portrait is here given. I The title is Lord LandafF of Thomas Town in the county of Tipperary. 388 gillray’s caricatures. " But,” continues Charnock, “ notwithstanding the figure he afterwards lived to make in the naval world, together with the high character he acquired, and which, surviving the malice of his enemies, he still continues to retain in the eyes of all candid and impartial men.” . . . “ Hisgallantry has never been questioned even by his bitterest enemies ; and the heaviest charge they were ever able ta adduce against him, was that he understood the practical part of his duty better than the theory of it, or in plainer English, that he himself knew better how to fight than to command others to do the same.” (See an interesting Memoir of Admiral Mathews in Charnock’s Biographia Navalis, vol. iii. p. 252 to 273.) 379.** SAMPSON OVERCOME BY A PHILISTIAN. SIR SAMPSON WRIGHT. Sir Sampson Wright, the chief magistrate of Bow Street, is seated at the office table, prepared to commence his official duties. A gentleman of a commanding figure stands before him, his fist is clenched, and almost thrust into Sir Sampson’s face; he says, “You rascal! I’ll break every bone in your body.” Sir Sampson’s terrified son exclaims, “ O Lord, O Lord, my poor Pap ’ll be killed !” On the right hand of Sir Sampson is a person, apparently an attendant official ; his hands are outspread in a state of consternation. On the table lie “ Dirty Shillings,” that is, shillings taken for swearing affidavits, or fines inflicted on the poor for street rows,

at the bottom of the print, instead of the artist’s name, &c. is “ Invented by a Thief.” “ Published by Bonde, at the Thief Office, Bow Street.” “ Engraved by a Pickpocket.” Under the print is subscribed :

“ If e’er we want a very valiant knight. Have we not Sampson—bold Sir Sampson Wright ?” “ This plate is humbly dedicated to the Magistrates of MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 389 Westminster, as a grateful tribute due to the unshaken integrity of a late be-hiighted Justice, by his and their obliged servant, On-Slow Dry-Butter.” This plate has no date, but we think it must have been published about the latter end of the year 1782, as it speaks of a late be-knighted Justice.” Sir Sampson Wright was appointed to succeed the late Sir John Fielding (whose clerk he had originally been) in 1780. He was knighted the 4th of September, 1782. The verses quoted above are taken from the * f Beauties of Administration, a Poem,” published in 1782. Weare persuaded that this caricature refers to some occur- rence relating to some member of Lord Onslow’s family, from the dedication being signed “ On- Slow Dry-Butter.” We think the magistrates of Bow Street about this time granted warrants to enter private houses to search for faro tables and implements of gaming. This was decided to be illegal, and would of course render the person, whose mansion was invaded, little scrupulous in menacing the magistrate who had granted the illegal warrant. Sir Sampson Wright appears to have discharged his magisterial duties generally with credit to himself and advantage to the country. He died in 1793. The Gentleman’s Magazine for April of that year, in recording his death, calls him “ the distinguished Magistrate of the Bow Street Office.” 379.*** ANECDOTE MACONIQUE. A MASONIC ANECDOTE. Nov. 21, 1786.. The allusions to this print are explained in a great measure by the inscriptions and verses at the bottom. It relates to the exposure of the quackery of that celebrated impostor Cagliostro, while he was in London, and his portrait is conspicuous among the group. His real name was Joseph Balsamo. He was born in Palermo in 1743, and after sundry vagaries, practised as a physician, and acquired 390 gillray5 s caricatures. considerable notoriety by assuming to have bad intercourse with the invisible world, and to have discovered the Elixir vitse, or balsam of life. He became a freemason, and formed a new order of masonry, which he called the Eyyptictn, and of which he made himself Grand Master. A female branch of the order was headed by his wife, whowas no less profligate than himself, and who, under pretence of certain splendid ceremonies, abstracted a considerable number of valuable jewels from her simple disciples. Cagliostro, after extorting large sums by impositions of every kind on the credulity of the Londoners, particularly persons of rank, indiscreetly went to Rome, where, upon an information laid against him by his own wife, he was seized by the Inquisition, and died within its walls, in 1794. His adventures are given in a scarce little volume, translated from the Italian, and printed at Dublin in 1792. In the Morning Chronicle of September 16, 1791, is advertised, price 3s 6d, “ The Life of Joseph Balsamo, commonly called Count Cagliostro. Printed for G. Kearsley, Fleet Street/ 5 We have not been able to put our hand on this little volume, and should not have thought it necessary to notice it, but for the purpose of extractingthe note which Kearsley has subjoined to his advertisement. “ N.B. Compared with other villains who have at different periods infested the world, Cagliostro raises a degree of wonder at the subtilty of his schemes, the enor- mity of his depredations, and his hazardous escapes, which, no others are entitled to/5 380. SHAKSPEARE SACRIFICED ; or, THE OFFERING TO AVARICE. June 20th, 1789. ALDERMAN BOYDELL. In the centre of the print is a whole-length portrait of Alderman Bovdell, attired in his Aldermanic gown ; it is MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 391 a striking resemblance of his person and manner. He is advancing to offer sacrifice on the altar of Avarice. On the altar is seated Avarice, with a bag of money under each arm ; on his shoulders stands a boy, with a peacock’s fea- thers on his head, and a pipe in his mouth, blowing up the bubble of “ Immortality.” On the altar is inscribed a List of the Subscribers to the Sacrifice (id est, to Boydell’s edition of Shakspeare) . Representations of various pictures in the Shakspeare Gallery are disposed round the print. The wily Richard Duke of Gloucester is selected from Northcote’s picture ; at a little distance is Tyrrell smothering the young King Edward Y. in the Tower. The aged and impetuous Lear, seated in his chair of state, is casting off his daughter Cordelia. Cardinal Beaufort is breathing out his agonised soul, taken from Sir Joshua’s picture. The Witches of Macbeth are taken from Sir Joshua’s picture. Hamlet is starting at the ghost of his Father, copied from Fuseli’s picture. The figure of Midas in Midsummer Night’s Dream, is taken from Wheatley’s painting, &c. &c. Death, representing the Grave Digger in Hamlet, with a spade in his hand, is preparing to entomb all these productions. By the side of Boydell is an inscription, “ The cloud-capt towers, the gorgeous palaces, the solemn temples, yea, the great globe itself shall dissolve, and like the baseless fabric of a vision, leave not a wreck behind.” At the bottom of the print is, “ Soon as possible will be published, price one Guinea, No. 1 of Shakspeare Illus- trated, with the text, annotations, &c. complete ; the en- gravings to be carried on, in imitation of the Alderman’s liberal plan. Further particulars will shortly be given in all the public papers.” It is impossible to refuse our unqualified admiration of the extraordinary talent exhibited in the design and exe- cution of this print ; the felicity displayed in the selection and grouping of the subjects, and the concentration of so many objects in one point of view, strike the spectator, 392 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. and give additional poignancy to the satire. This carica- ture must certainly rank in the very first class of the productions of Gillray’s genius. We must not, however, suf- fer our admiration of great talent to make us unjust. Welament that Gillray should have made so furious an onslaught on so praiseworthy an undertaking, calculated to give liberal encouragement to our celebrated painters andengravers, and to call from obscurity neglected genius pining for employment. “Satirical criticism,” says Johnson, “ may be considered useful, when it rectifies error and improves judgment. He that refines the public taste is a public benefactor.” We freely admit the justice of this canon of criticism, but we think we are entitled to add, that he who by satire, ridicule or caricature, counteracts a laudable design, cal- culated to improve the fine arts, and diffuse taste, acts inconsiderately, and runs the risk of inflicting a public injury. It may not be irrelevant to give a short sketch of BoydelTs life as connected with the fine arts. He was born at Staunton in Shropshire, Jan. 19, 1719. His father was a land-surveyor, and intended his son should be brought up to his own profession. The lad early discovered a talent for drawing, which his father encouraged, thinking it would be serviceable to him in his intended business. But accident often decides the future course of a man’s life, and this was strongly exemplified in Boydell’s case. Having by chance seen an engraving of the seat of a neighbouring gentleman, Sir John Glynne, and the old castle attached to it, engraved by Toms, he immediately recognised its exact resemblance, and became enamoured of an art, which could multiply copies to an indefinite extent. He now panted to be an engraver, and communicated his wish to his father, who discouraged the project, and remonstrated with him on the folly of relin- quishing a well-established business, to embark in an MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 393 undertaking with, which he was unacquainted, and which he had neither money nor connections to enable him to pursue. Genuine enthusiasm, however, is seldom trammelled by the dictates of prudence, or the remonstrances of affectionate solicitude. At the age of 21 years. Boydell walked up to London, sought an interview with Toms, and hound himself apprentice to him for seven years. He was unremitting in his attention to his business, and in the evenings attended the Academy in St. Martin’s Lane, to improve himself in drawing. By these means he made rapid progress in the art of engraving, and surpassed his master in skill, Toms generously allowed him to buy up the two last years of his apprenticeship on easy terms. He was now launched on the ocean of life, and commenced business on his own account. His first publication was six small landscapes, which he sold for a shilling each

these he stitched together, and the hook was called by collectors, “ The Bridge Book,” as a bridge was introduced into the scenery of each plate. His exertions continued unremitting, and by continued application he executed an hundred and fifty-two landscapes ; these he collected into a portfolio, and sold for five guineas. The publication was eminently successful, and the profits arising from it enabled him to extend the sphere of his business ; and he used to say with pride, in after life, that it was the only book which had made a Lord Mayor of London. His own taste and judgment had now become materially improved, and he had the rare tact of discerning that he himself should never attain sufficient excellence to vie with his foreign competitors. He therefore resolved to abandon the pursuit of the art, and by liberal encouragement to secure the services of the first talent of the country. In Woollett he- found an artist who realised all his wishes. The Temple of Apollo, from Claude, and the engravings of the two premium landscapes by the Smiths of Chichester, were among the first fruits of this connection. Boydell had 394 gillray’s caricatures. agreed to pay Woollett fifty guineas for engraving the plate; the engraving surpassed his expectations or his hopes, he gave the artist an hundred pounds. He remunerated him for the two landscapes with similar liberality. The Niobe and Phaeton, after pictures of Wilson, were universally allowed to be chef-d^ oeuvres ; they established the fame of the artist, and extended the business of the shop from which they issued. The celebrity of these publications enabled Boydell to establish a correspondence, with the most eminent Continental printsellers, whom he supplied with his publications. He was now decidedly the first printseller in Europe. He did not confine himself to the publication of single prints, but put forth some expensive books of prints, as the Houghton Gallery, in two vols. and Earlonds Liber Veritatis, or a series of engravings from Claudels landscapes, 2 vols. His assiduous application to his business, his liberal encouragement of artists, and the high merits of his publications, had established a most prosperous trade, and effected a most important change in one branch of our commerce. Large sums of money had hitherto been remitted to the Continent annually for the purchase of prints ; by his exertions the cur- rent of commerce was turned, England became an exporting country, and the balance of trade was largely in our favour. On the 5th of August, 1 782, Boydell was elected Alderman of the ward of Cheap. He served the office of Sheriff in 1785, and was elected Lord Mayor in 1790. Boydell had realised an ample fortune, and might have retired to enjoy it, or carried on his business with ease and comfort by the assistance of his nephew and partner, Josiah Boydell. We have said that an accidental circumstance madeBoydell an engraver and a printseller. Another accident opened a new prospect to his view, and induced him to embark in a most costly undertaking. In November, 1786, he happened to meet a dinner party at his nephew’s. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 395 Mr. Josiah BoydelTs. The company consisted of Benjamin West, Romney, Panl Sandbv, Hayley the poet, Hoole the translator of Ariosto and Tasso, Nicol the bookseller, and Mr. Brathwaite of the Post Office. In such a company it is not surprising that Literature and the Fine Arts should form a large part of the conversation. The Alderman was complimented on the liberal encouragement he had given to the art of Engraving, and the remarkable fact that by the exertions of an individual an important change should have been made in the commerce of the country, and the balance of trade with the Continent so signally turned in our favour. The Aiderman, acknowledging the compliment, said he was not yet satisfied with his efforts ; that, old as he was, he still cherished the ambition to refute the stigma cast upon us by foreigners, that England possessed no genius for historical painting. The success, which he had been the fortunate instrument of producing, in the art of Engraving, convinced him that his countrymen only wanted proper encouragement and fit subjects to excel in historic painting; and this encouragement he would find, if subjects could be found. Nicol immediately observed, that there was one great national subject, on which there could be no differ- ence of opinion—the Works of Shakspeare. The suggestion was received with acclamation and adopted by the Alderman ; and so early as December of the same year, the plan of BoydelTs edition of Shakspeare was matured, and a prospectus published. A new and unexpected difficulty, however, arose. The first application was naturally made to Sir Joshua Reynolds to furnish a picture. It was deemed indispensable to obtain a painting by Sir Joshua to decorate the intended Shakspeare Gallery; but he received the proposal with coldness, and even with aversion. He hinted that it would be a degradation of his art to paint an historical picture for a printseller. This was an extraordinary feeling in one, 396 gillray’s caricatures. who would not have hesitated to have painted the portrait of the same individual, and who had already painted an admirable portrait of Mr. William Strahan, the King’s printer, equally connected with trade. Boydell was nowin despair, but an able negotiator was found in George Steevens, the celebrated editor of Shakspeare, who highly approved of the plan of the magnificent edition of his favourite poet, and had undertaken to revise the text. Wewill give the account in the words of Northcote the painter, who had been Sir Joshua’s pupil. “ George Steevens, the editor of Shakspeare, undertook to persuade him to comply, and taking a Bank bill of five hundred pounds in his hand, had an interview with Sir Joshua; and, while using all his eloquence in argument, he in the meantime slipt the Bank bill into his hand, he then soon found that this mode of reasoning was not to be resisted, and a picture was promised.” (Northcote’s Life of Sir J. Reynolds, vol. ii, p. 226.) The painting from the scene of Macbeth meeting the Witches with their cauldron was the first contribution of Sir Joshua to the Shakspeare Gallery ; for this Boydell paid him a thousand pounds. The Death of Cardinal Beaufort was the next ; for this Sir Joshua received five hundred pounds. Puck was the last picture he painted for the Gallery. The picture of Macbeth was at first attacked with severe and unmerited criticism. “ My own opinion of this piece,” says Northcote, “is that the visionary and awful effect produced both in the conception and execution of the background of this picture is certainly without a parallel in the world ; its novelty and its excellence bid defiance to all future attempts at rivalry. Had the figure of Macbeth been but equal in the requisite to this appalling scene, the picture would have stood without a companion on earth.” Sir Joshua’s assistance being secured, and his counte- nance thus given, no difficulty could present itself on the part of any other artist. Indeed, the most eminent MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 397 painters highly approved of the design, and the work now proceeded with all reasonable speed. The Shakspeare Gallery was opened in Pall Mall in 1789.* In the preface to the descriptive Catalogue of the Pictures, Boydeli says, “ I hope upon inspection of what has been done, and is now doing, the subscribers will be satisfied with the exertions that have been made, and will think that their confidence has not been misplaced ; especially when they consider the difficulties that a great undertaking, like the present, has to encounter where Historical Painting is still but in its infancy. To advance that art towards maturity, and to establish an English school of historical fainting was the great object of the present design.” By what stretch of ingenuity pictures like Dogberry, Verges, the TownClerk and Sexton, by Smirke:—Mrs. Page and Mrs. Ford, by Peters —Justice Shallow, Falstaff, Bardolph and Bullcalf, by Douro—or Fuselis picture of Titania, Queen of the Fairies, Bottom, &c.—could be included in the category of historical painting, we are at a loss to conjecture. But if Boydeli did not establish a school of Historical painting, he did better —he instituted a school of English painting, in which every artist in the kingdom might display his peculiar genius, taste and fancy. The picturesquef beauties of Shakspeare afforded a boundless field for the display of every description of talent, for it has been truly said of our immortal bard, that “ Each change of many-coloured life he drew, Exhausted worlds, and then imagined new.” And from these creations of his imagination the artist was

• The premises which formed the Shakspeare Gallery are now the property

of the British Institution, but the statue of Shakspeare, by Banks, in altorelievo, remains, and faces the front of the building in Pall Mall. t We use, with a little latitude, the word “ picturesque” in the sense employed by Gilpin. He defines picturesque objects to be those which please from some quality capable of being illustrated in painting, or such objects as are properfor painting . 398 gillray’s caricatures. at liberty to select and embody what was most congenial to his own talent. Another great advantage to the fine arts afforded by the Shakspeare Gallery was, every artist could contemplate the works of his contemporaries, and instead of trusting to the resources of his own single mind, collect valuable suggestions from the varied excellence placed before him, and become familiarly acquainted with the very last line and boundary to which science had advanced, and skilfully apply the acquired knowledge to his own use. “The greatest natural genius,” observes Sir Joshua Reynolds, “cannot subsist on its own stock; he who resolves never to ransack any mind but his own, will be soon reduced from mere barrenness to the poorest of all imitations ; he will be obliged to imitate himself, and to repeat what he has before repeated. When we know the subject designed by such men, it will never be difficult to guess what kind of work is to be produced.” When the Shakspeare Gallery was first opened, the exhibition was crowded with visitors, and continued to be so for several years. Every thing seemed to promise success, when that stupendous event, the French Revolution, burst like a torrent on the astonished world. Its fatal effects were felt throughout Europe, and all commerce con- nected with the fine arts was paralysed. Boydell no longer received orders of any consequence from the Continent, but still he struggled manfully with his difficulties. It is painful to proceed

the Shakspeare was completed, but its Projector was ruined. He communicated his embarrassments to his friends. Great sympathy was felt for one, who clearly shewed that he had expended three hundred and fifty thousand pounds in his efforts to promote the fine arts. Government, recognizing his merit, allowed him to dispose of the Shakspeare Gallery, and a portion of his stock, by lottery. The sale of the tickets proved extremely successful, and he lived to know that the last ticket was sold shortly before his death. He died MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 399 December 11, 1804, aged 85. The produce of the sale of tlie tickets discharged all his debts, and left a considerable surplus to his descendants.* Tassie, of Leicester Square, the dealer in gems, was the fortunate gainer of the grand prize, and the Shakspeare Gallery became his property. If Boydell really intended to make “ A Sacrifice on the Altar of Avarice,” never was sacrifice attended with a more unfortunate result. 381. BOMBARDINIAN CONFERRING UPON STATE AFFAIRS WITH ONE IN OFFICE. “ Important Blanks in Nature’s mighty roll.”

Churchill. SIR GREY COOPER, SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY. LIEUT. -GENERAL SIR ROBERT HAMILTON. Sir Grey Cooper says, “ Then—my Lord introduced the affair you and I know of.” General Hamilton replies, “ Hum.—Aye.—Mum.” This is intended as a satire on General Hamilton's self-importance, and his affectation of being acquainted with secrets of State, and mysteries of the Cabinet. The following is the account given of Sir Robert Hamilton in Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, under the head of “ Hamilton of Silverton Hall.” “ Sir Robert Hamilton.—This gentleman having adopted the profession of arms, attained the rank of Lieutenant-General, and was Colonel of the 108th foot, a regiment reduced at the peace in 1 763, when General Hamilton was appointed

• His niece Mrs. Nicol (formerly Mary Boydell) inherited her uncle’s taste

for the fine arts. She was a most amiable lady. She formed a very fine col- lection of modern prints, the great part of which was purchased by the late Duke of Buckingham by private contract ; the remainder was sold by auction by Mr. Evans. Her supreme delight was to obtain a choice impression of a print, —and to make others happy, t Lord North. 2 D 400 gillray’s caricatures. to the Colonelcy of the 40th. Sir Robert married first, Mary, daughter of W. Price Williams, Esq., by whom hehad one son. He married, secondly, in 1775, Anne, daughter of Sir John Heathcote, Bart, of Normanton, in the county of Rutland, and was succeeded at his decease, byhis grandson, the present baronet/5 He died in August, 1786. This print is without date ; it was probably executed about 1780 or 1781 ; it cannot be later than March, 1782, as Sir Grey Cooper retired from office on the dismissal of Lord North’s administration. The spectator will observe, behind Sir Robert Hamilton, a porter with a package onhis head, and a female with child-bed linen under her arm

they are about to knock at the door of Lieut. -General Bombardinian ; the position of the two dogs must also beremarked ; there is a temple on the upper corner of the print, a cart is standing before it, emptying out some filth. A pun is intended on the first syllable of the appellation which Gillray has bestowed on the General. We cannotbe more particular in our allusions. “ Tu, quem Nequitise Procaciores Delectant nimium, salesque midi,” must search them out in the scandalous chronicles of theday. 382. A PEEP INTO THE SHAKSPEARE GALLERY.April 26th, 1?91.ALDERMAN BOYDELL. Some pictures in Alderman Boydelks Shakspeare Gallery were wantonly cut, upon which his enemies set abroada report that he had secretly cut them himself, in order to excite public sympathy. The libel is here embodied ingraphic representations, and is rendered more bitter by the MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 401 allusion contained in the words erased “ The monster broke loose,” as though it had been an old plate turned to a new purpose. The “ Monster” was Renwick "Williams, who excited public terror and indignation by prowling about the streets in the West End, and cutting and stabbing ladies. He was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment for wounding a young lady in St. James’s Street. This print exhibits a whole-length portrait of Boydell

he has a large knife in his hand, and is cutting one of the pictures in the Shakspeare Gallery. He says to himself, “ There ! there ! there’s a nice gash ! There ! this will be a glorious subject for to make a fuss about in the newspapers ; a hundred guineas reward will make a fine sound. O, there will be fine talking about the Gallery, and it will bring a rare sight of shillings for seeing of the Cut Pictures ; —there, and there, again. Egad ! there’s nothing like having a good head-piece ! Here ! here ! and there ! there ! and then these small pictures won’t cost a great deal of money replacing ; indeed, one would not like to cut a large one to pieces for the sake of making it look as if people envied us. No ! that would cost rather too much, as my pocket begins—but mum—that’s nothing to nobody. Well, none can blame me for going the cheapest way to work, to keep up the respectability of the Gallery ; —-there, there, there, there !” Gillray is, in general, a good-natured satirist ; he playfully ridicules the foibles or follies of the age, and only lashes vice with a justifiable severity. But he has here pursued Boydell with a rancour which would almost seem to arise from resentment of some supposed injury or personal affront. This Plate must be allowed to be an indefensible attack on the moral character of a man who would have scorned the act ungenerously imputed to him. Boydell had the ill luck to have his publications, and their appearance by subscription, attacked by another able satirist—by Mathias, in his Pursuits of Literature :

2 d 2 402 gillray's caricatures. t{ Shall I new anecdotes from darkness draw. Which e’en Strawberrian Horace never saw ; Prefix some painting, or antique vignette, To please old Boydell’s fond subscribing set, With wire-wove, hot-pressed paper’s glossy glare, Blind all the wise, and make the stupid stare.” Mathias, however, subsequently paid his homage to the press of Bulmer, the printer of Boydell's Shakspeare, byprinting at his office the beautiful series of the Italian publications edited by himself; also his edition of Gray's Works, in 2 vols. 4to, and the Pursuits of Literature, in 4to. If Boydell was the object of unjust satire, he was, at least, in one instance, the subject of unfounded panegyric. The Bev. Mr. Perring, a student of Christchurch, Oxford, preached a sermon, on the 8th of January, 1804, before the Corporation of London, in which he pronounced a panegyric on the Corporation generally, and then said, there was one among them who had contributed greatly to the promotion of the Fine Arts. “ He has, at a great expense, adorned a magnificent Bible the Bev. Divine having thus confounded Boydell's Shakspeare with Macklin's Bible. We are not anxious to bestow indiscriminate praise onBoydell, or conceal an instance of his weakness. Wethink Gillray might have found a fair subject for carica- ture in Boydell's absurd vanity in parading up and downthe Shakspeare Gallery decorated with the gold chain hewore as Sheriff of London, many years after the expiration of his Sheriffalty. Boydell, however, considered this chain as the symbol of the success of his undertakings, and we may, perhaps, be allowed to plead, in extenuation, the good-natured apology of Sydney Smith for similar displays of ostentation : “ There are some sayings in our language about merit being always united with modesty, &c. (I suppose because they both begin with an m, for alliteration has a great power over proverbs, and proverbs MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 403 over public opinion;) but I fancy, tbat in the majority of instances, the fact is directly the reverse.” Sydney Smith’s Moral Philosophy, 1850, p. 9 ) 383. THE FINISHING TOUCH. Sept. 29th, 1791. LADY ARCHER. A characteristic picture of this celebrated lady, equally remarkable for the love of play and the love of driving. She was esteemed one of the best whips of the day. Wehave a perfect recollection of her, and can testify that the portrait is an admirable likeness. We have stated, in a former article, that Lady Archer used to have her face enamelled ; she is here seated at her toilet, putting on the Finishing Touch of rouge. Bate Dudly has thus described her :

“ Mine was the earlie arte To banish Nature’s blushes from the cheeke ! I learnt it of a dyer’s wife in Spaine, Whose face in Tyrian die was so engrain’d, That Turkie cocks assail’d her as she past.” Vortigern and Rowena, vol. i. p. 29. 384. LA DERNIERE RESSOURCE; or, VAN BUTCHELL’S GARTERS. Oct. 3rd, 1791. HONOURABLE MRS. HOBART (LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.) The Honourable Mrs. Hobart has her right leg placed on a footstool; she is putting on the garters of Van Butchell. On the right hand corner of the room there is a picture representing Nina terrified at the sudden appear- ance of the supposed ghost of her lover kneeling before her, and making protestations of his affection. The story of Nina was very popular in France, and gave rise to a Play and a Novel, bearing her name. Le Texier read the French Play in London in the course of his Dramatic Readings. It particularly attracted the attention of 404 gillray’s caricatures. Mrs. Hobart, and she procured a translation to be made, which was published with the following title, “Nina, or the Madness of Love,” a Comedy,* translated from the French. Prefixed is a Dedication : “ To the Honourable Mrs. Hobart, this translation of Nina, a work that is much indebted to her for the fame it has received in this country.” The name of the translator or dedicator is not given, but it was George Monck Berkeley. The date of 1787 is subscribed to the advertisement. Mrs. Hobart, now better known as Lady Buckinghamshire, was a distinguished votary of fashion ; still more celebrated for her love of play, and the far-famed loss of her faro-bank and its contents. She lived in St. James’s Square, next door to Dr. Porteus, Bishop of London,—to the great annoyance of that worthy Prelate. A large assemblage of persons met at her house almost every evening, to indulge their passion for play, Sunday not excepted, until the Bishop sent her a letter of remonstrance on the violation of the Sabbath. —Sacred music was said to be substituted. The Hon. Mrs. Hobart had two sons and two daughters

both her sons died. We presume Gillray has depicted her as trying on the garters of Yan Butchell as her “ Derniere Bessource,”—her last hope of obtaining a healthy and vigorous heir to the title and estates to which her husband

• In the Comedy, Germeuil, the Lover of Nina, has been detained in the country much longer than he expected. —A report of his death is circulated, and obtains credit. Nina is overwhelmed with sorrow ; the affliction produces an aberration of mind. One day, when she was walking in her father’s garden, attended by her companion Eliza, Germeuil suddenly appeared, and

threw himself at her feet, with many protestations of love. The frantic Nina supposed it to be his apparition. This is the subject of the picture hanging up in Mrs. Hobart’s room. Mr. Berkeley, in his dedication, says, the Comedy “ is much indebted to her for the fame it has acquired in this country it is there- fore extremely probable that she performed the character of Nina in the Private Theatricals at Brandenburgh House, then the residence of the Margravine of Anspach. —We know that she performed in the Dramatic Entertain- ments given there. Gillray has depicted her in the character of Cowslip, —see Plate 403. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 405 was next in succession. We know not whether there be any foundation for the insinuation intended to be conveyed, but it is not incredible. It is not easy to calculate the extravagant expectations and fatuity of credulity. Weknow that Dr. Graham attracted many persons of rank and fashion, merchants and opulent tradesmen, to his “ Temple of Health”* in Pall Mall, to sleep in his “ Celestial Bed,” which he promised would be attended with the efficacy, which Mrs. Hobart is said to have expected from the garters of Yan Butchell. Martin Yan Butchell must not be confounded with the ordinary class of empirics. His father was tapestry-maker to George II., to which was attached a salary of fifty pounds per annum. He had his son instructed in the French language, then an attainment rarely acquired by persons in the inferior situations of life. He lived in the parish of Lambeth, near the place where the Obelisk now stands, and close to a house of entertainment called “ The Dog and Duck,” which had a garden annexed to it, in humble imitation of Yauxhall. The father of Yan Butchell let his house out in lodgings ; foreigners often took apartments in it, and young Yan Butchell, from his knowledge of French, acted as valet-de-place to them : he possessed very agreeable manners, and recommended himself by these means to his employers. Sir Thomas Bobinson en- gaged him as travelling tutor to his son, but he eventually declined the offer, having been informed that Sir Thomas was extremely arbitrary, and that his situation would be very uncomfortable. He then entered into the service of Yiscountess Talbot, as Groom of the Chambers, and re- mained with her nine years. The situation must have been both easy and lucrative, as he was enabled to prose- cute his favourite studies of Mathematics and Medicine particularly Anatomy. The money he had saved in Lady

• Dr. Graham’s “Temple of Health” was the house in Pall Mall, lately occupied by Messrs. Payne and Foss, the eminent booksellers.

406 gillray's caricatures. Talbot's service enabled him to place himself as a pupil under the celebrated John Hunter. At the expiration ofhis pupilage, he commenced business as a dentist,* andacquired so much reputation, that a lady is said to havepaid him eighty guineas for a set of teeth. His eccentricity now began to develope itself.—He applied to the Marquisof Salisbury, then Lord Chamberlain, to be appointed dentist to his Majesty; and on the Marquis declining to make the appointment, he inserted an advertisement in the newspapers—“ That the Marquis of Salisbury need not trouble himself to apply to his Majesty to appoint Mr.Yan Butchell his dentist." He now extended his business, and acted as a general practitioner. He is said to have possessed considerable knowledge of his profession

and an assiduous student under John Hunter could have scarcely failed to acquire skill. He was very successful in curing Fistulas without cutting. He seems to have considered the medical profession overstocked in London ; andthat the only method by which a practitioner, without connections, could hope to attract attention, was to affect eccentricity. Accordingly he rode about town with a long beard, and painted various coloured spots on his white horse. But his principal reliance seems to have been on his eccentric advertisements. We will insert two specimens. “ Causes of Crim. Con. —Barrenness.—And the King's Evil;—Advice,-—One Guinea.—Come from ten till one, for I go to none. The Anatomist and Sympathizer, who never poisons,—nor sheds human blood.—Balm is always good." And again : —“ British Christian Lads. Behold—Now is the day of salvation.— Get understanding,—as the highest gain.—Cease looking boyish.—Becomequite manly. —Girls are fond of hair." The death of his first wife afforded another opportunity

• John Hunter, under whom Yan Butchell studied, gave lectures to his pupils on the natural history and diseases of the teeth ; which he afterwards published in quarto.

MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 407 for obtaining notoriety. He caused her to be dissected. Mr. Cruikshank,* the celebrated surgeon, told the writer of this article, that when the dissection was about to commence, he requested Mr. VanButchell to withdraw, as the spectacle would be too painful for a husband to witness, but he declined, saying that he had always devoted his particular attention to anatomy, and he felt bound to be present at the operation. When his wife’s eyes were about to be extracted, he was again entreated to retire, as the sudden turning up of her eyes upon him might powerfully affect his feelings ; but he was inexorable ; he remained unto the end. We are persuaded that the whole scene was intended by him for effect in the newspapers. His wife’s body is now deposited in the museum of the College of Surgeons. The reader who may be desirous to obtain further particulars of him may consult Kirby’s Wonderful Museum, vol. 1, p. 191, and Caulfield’s Eccentric Magazine, 4to. vol. 1. 385. PATENT BOLSTERS;—LE MOYEN D’ETRE ENBON-POINT. Oct. 18th, 1791. MRS. FITZHERBERT. About this period female dress seems to have attained the climax of absurdity, we had almost said of indelicacy. Ladies of rank thought proper to invest themselves with “ Pads” to affect pregnancy ; this gross folly was not confined to married ladies, but, proh pudor ! extended to widows, and even to ladies who never had husbands, f Fashion always descends with a rapid step. Imitators were soon found in every class of society. Milliners and

• Mr. Cruikshank was first the pupil, then the anatomical assistant, and

ultimately the partner of Dr. Wm. Hunter in Anatomy. t It is surprising that young unmarried ladies of the highest respectability could thus expose themselves to the remark of Sheridan’s Mrs. Candour “ Poor dear girl, who knows what her situation may be ?" 408 GILLRAY’S CARICATURES. mantua makers exhibited in their windows pads suited to every stage of pregnancy. This justly subjected the wearers to ridicule and satire. We shall give an extract from a tract called “ Humorous Hints to Ladies of Fashion, who wish to appear Pregnant, 1793.” “The parks, the theatres, every place of public resort present such a pregnant display, that a foreigner just arrived would suppose all the distinguished heroes of Ireland had driven Englishmen into exile, and had planted their standards uncontrolled in the fields of Venus throughout Great Britain.” Indeed, we might say with Hudibras :

“ Yes, ’tis in vain to think to guess At women by appearances.

There was published, “ The Pad, a Farce in one act (by Robert Woodbridge), performed at Covent Garden with considerable applause, 1793, 8vo.” “An amusing Satire on a ridiculous and indecent Female Fashion of the day, the wearing of a false Protuberance about the Waist, by which it was rendered difficult to distinguish the pure Maidfrom the pregnant Matron.” See Biographia Hramatica, 1812. The fashionable female folly did not however cease here. The protuberances caused by the pads in the front of the waist, were rivalled by exuberant projections at their hacks. “The subject of dress,” says the Rev. J. P. Malcolm, “ is now nearly exhausted, but I cannot part with the follies of thirty years without permitting an observer to speak of one of them.” “ Among the many enormous exuberances of modern dress, I believe there is one lately sprung up, which you may not have noticed. You will perhaps be surprised when I tell you it is the cork rump. To ex- plain this technical term, you are to know that the ladies have thought it conducive to elegance to make an addition to the hinder part of their dress, by sewing several pieces of cork under the straps of their stays, in order that by the protuberance of this new addition to the rump, their waist MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 409 may seem the smaller and the more delicate.’ 7 (See Malcolm’s Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the 18th century, 4to. p. 448.) This dress-epidemic could not last long. The good sense of our fair countrywomen was sure to prevail, and repudiate these excrescences.* We have great pleasure in extracting from Malcolm the following paragraph. “ The ladies have at length, much to their honour, thrown aside these hateful attempts to supply nature’s deficiencies or omissions, the false breasts, pads and bottoms, and now appear in their native grace and proportion, which distinguishes an Englishwoman ; the hair cleansed from all extraneous matter, shines in beautiful lustre, carelessly thrown round the head, in the manner adopted by the most eminent Grecian sculptors, and the form appears through their snow-white draperies in that fascinating manner, which excludes the least thought of impropriety. Their hats and bonnets of straw, chip and beaver are generally well-proportioned and handsome, and their velvet pelisses, shawls and silk spencers are contrived to improve, rather than injure the form.” (Malcolm, p. 448.) 386. AN ANGEL GLIDING ON A SUNBEAM INTO PARADISE. Oct. llth, 1791. MRS. SCHWELENBERG. The flight of the celebrated favourite of Queen Charlotte, the butt of so much of Peter Pindar’s satires, to

• The French gave the various appellations of Boufant, Panier, or Tournure, to the cork rump. Our Gallic neighbours, however, entertained a dif- ferent opinion of the delicacy of its use from what we have ventured to express. “ Ces paniers qui d’abord n’avoient ete faits que pour donner a la robe un

peu plus de developpement prirent un tel accroissement que leur largeur fut portee jusqu’a quatre pieds. Lorsque la jeune Marie Antoinette voulut, le matin au moins, se debarrasser d’un vetement aussi ridicule que difforme, on l’accusa d’indecence.” (See “ Dictionnaire de la Conversation et de la Lecture,” vol. 17. Paris, 1835. Article, —Costume.) 410 gillray's caricatures. Hanover, laden with her savings. An amusing account of Mrs. Schellenberg will he found in Madame Darblay's Diary. 387- BRITANNIA. June 25 th, 1791. A rather ludicrous burlesque on the map of Great Britain, the work of some amateur artist, and etched byGillray. 388. A WITCH, UPON A MOUNT'S EDGE. Oct. 17th3 1791. LADY MOUNT-EDGECUMBE. A caricature of Lady Mount-Edgecumbe, and a play upon her name. 389. LES TROIS MAGOTS. THE THREE SCAMPS. Nov. 1 st, 1791. THE THREE BARRYMORES. The Earl of Barrymore and his two brothers, three of the wildest rakes of the day, whose follies were so notorious and extravagant, that they received the popular nicknames of Newgate, Hellgate, and Cripplegate. Theyhad a sister, to whom the Prince of Wales gave the nickname of Billingsgate. 390. THE POWER OF BEAUTY- ST. CECILIA CHARMING THE BRUTE ; or, THE SEDUCTION OFTHE WELCH AMBASSADOR. Feb. 1792. SIR W. W. WYNNE. (?) LADY CECILIA JOHNSTON. Some forgotten anecdote of the scandal of the day. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 411 391. LE COCHON ET SES DEUX PETITES ; or, RICH PICKINGS FOR A NOBLE APPETITE. May, 1792. DUKE OF NORFOLK. Another subject of contemporary scandal, the hero of which, in this instance, is the celebrated Duke of Norfolk, who was nicknamed the Royal Duke, because he was always drunk, or, to use the vulgar phrase, “ royal.” Gill- ray has frequently represented him as an inebriated votary of Bacchus; he has here represented him sacrificing to Venus. After dining at the Piazza Coffee House, he would sally forth, and in a state of intoxication might be seen in the saloons of the theatres, or other places of public resort, seated on a sofa between a couple of fair Cyprians, quaffing his wine and conversing with them. He used to wear a grey coat, turned up with a black velvet collar, black small clothes, and black silk stockings, and would ask them, “ If they could take up with a country curate.” 392. ST. CECILIA. April ZAth, 1782. LADY C. JOHNSTON. Sir Joshua Reynolds had painted a picture of Mrs. Sheridan in the character of St. Cecilia, the patroness of music and singing. She is seated before a harpsichord. To mark her amiability, he placed two children on her lap, to amuse whom she is playing and singing. “ Among the families visited by Mr. and Mrs. Sheridan,” says Moore, “ was that of Mr. Coote (Purden) , at whose musical parties Mrs. Sheridan frequently sung, accompanied occasionally by the two little daughters of Mr. Coote, who were the originals of the children introduced into Sir Joshua Reynolds’s picture of Mrs. Sheridan as St. Cecilia.” Moore has subjoined this most interesting note to this passage. 412 GILLRAY? S CARICATURES. “ The charm of her singing, as well as her fondness for children, are interestingly described in a letter to myfriend Mr. Rogers, from one of the most tasteful writers of the present day. :

f Hers was truly “ a voice of the cherub choir,” and she was always ready to sing without anypressing. She sang here a great deal, and to my infinite delight ; but what had a peculiar charm was, that she usedto take my daughter, then a child, on her lap, and sing a number of childish songs, with such a playfulness of manner, and such a sweetness of look and voice, as was quite enchanting/ ” This print is a parody on Sir Joshua’s picture. Gillray has represented Lady Cecilia Johnston playing on a harpsichord, hut instead of the two children has substituted two cats, to denote her irritable and peevish temper. Themanners of Mrs. Sheridan are universally allowed to have been most fascinating; whether there really were anygrounds for Gillray’s sarcasm we are unable to discover; if well founded we might say with Hamlet :

“ Look here upon this picture, —and on this.” 393. A SPENCER AND A THREADPAPER. May 17th, 1792. A satire on the costume of the day. One of the characters may possibly be Lord Spencer. 394. A VESTAL OF —93, TRYING ON THE CESTUSOF VENUS. April 29th, 1793. “ Upon her fragant breast the zone was brac’d ; In it was every art, and every charm To win the wisest, and the coldest warm.” Engraved from a basso-relievo , lately found upon some fragments of Antiquity. LADY CECILIA JOHNSTON. Lady Henrietta Cecilia (whose maiden name was West), was the daughter of the Earl of Delawarr by his wife, the MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 413 Lady Charlotte Macarty. She was bom January 25, 1727, and married May 4, 1762, to Lieut. -General James Johnston. Burke, in his Supplementary Volume to the History of the Landed Gentry, gives the following account of her husband. “ J&nes Johnston, born in Dublin, was appointed Cornet of Hawley’s (13th Dragoons) in 173 6, and on General Hawley’s removal to the 1st Royal Dragoons in 1739, was transferred to that corps, and served with it at Dettingen, and the campaign in Flanders, where he obtained the Majority of the regiment in May 1745, having repeatedly distinguished himself in affairs of outposts. He was promoted to the Lieut. -Colonelcy of the 13th, Mostyn’s Dragoons, in 1754; and on his friend. General Conway, being appointed Colonel of the Royal Dragoons, he was again transferred to that corps and proceeded in command of it to join the Allied Army, under the command of Ferdinand of Brunswick. Here again he was particularly distinguished on several occasions, especially at Warburgh, Kirk Deuchern, and Kampfen

in the latter affair he was severely wounded. In 1?62, he was appointed Major-General in Germany, and continued to serve with that rank till the close of the war. On the Army marching into winter-quarters in Nov. 1762, the Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, under whose command he had formerly been engaged with the enemy, particularly at Kampfen, sent General Johnston a very handsome gold snuff-box with a flattering autograph letter, begging his acceptance of it. Peace being signed, the English regiments returned to England in 1763, and in the autumn of that year, Major-General Johnston was appointed Lieut. -Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Island of Minorca, whither he proceeded immediately, and retained that command till 1774, when he returned to England. From that period until his decease, he was much employed on the staff at home; and for several 414 gillray’s caricatures. years commanded camps of exercise, which were formed on Salisbury Plain. He died in Dec. 1797, being a General in the Army, Colonel of the Inniskillen Dragoons, and commanding the Eastern District, consisting of the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. General Johnston, when Major in the Royal Dragoons, was reputed the handsomest man, and best swordsman in the army

and many anecdotes are told of his exploits both in the field and in casual rencontres, which in those days, when no gentleman ever went out without his sword, were of frequent occurrence. Although of a Scotch family, he was, from the circumstance of his being born at Dublin, usually called Irish Johnston, and is so called by HoraceWalpole, who frequently mentions him in his letters to Sir Horace Mann, Marshal Conway, &c., to distinguish himfrom his relation of the same name and standing in the army, who died Colonel of the Scotch Greys, in 1795. By his wife, the Lady H. Cecilia West, eldest daughter of John, Earl of Delawarr, he had a daughter Caroline, married to Colonel Evelyn Anderson,* brother to Charles, first Lord Yarborough, who died in 1823, leaving no issue and one son.” Thus far, Burke in his History of the Landed Gentry : we may add that Lady Cecilia had another daughter, Hester Maria, who died in her infancy; and that her son, Henry George, was Major of the Yorkshire Hussars. He died before his mother. In this print, Gillray has depicted Lady Cecilia Johnston as a Yestal of—93, that is, of 1793. She is in a sitting posture, with Ovid’s Art of Love in her pocket. Cupid is encircling her with the Cestus of Venus, (<a pad) which one of the attendant Loves is adjusting to her person, and Cupid is preparing to fasten it on, while another of the Loves holds up a mirror, in which the delighted LadyCecilia surveys herself with transports of delight. Thearrows are falling out of Cupid’s quiver, and his bow with

• Of the county of Lincoln.

MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 415 an arrow in it lies below him. On the left of the print is a fire burning on the altar of Vesta. This print and its inscription, puzzled us extremely. We were aware there would be no mythological impropriety in investing a married woman with the Cestus of Venus, because Homer makes Juno borrow it to recover the waning affections of Jupiter : but we could not comprehend by what licence of sarcasm, or caricature, Lady Cecilia Johnston, a lady of unblemished character, who had been married upwards of thirty years and had three children, could be denominated a vestal, and represented as superintending the sacred fire on the altar of Vesta. We applied to an eminent collector to inquire if he could account for this representation of Lady Cecilia Johnston, and were informed, the plate had been altered from the original design ; a former portrait having been effaced, and that of Lady Cecilia substituted. “Ibi effusus est omnis labor.” The problem was solved. Gillray in altering the plate, forgot to remove the altar of Vesta, and make a corresponding change in the inscription. He gratified his spleen, but the incongruity injured his print. This exemplifies a remark of the Duke of Norfolk, that he never knew a painting altered,* without some

• The Duke’s remark is equally applicable to literary compositions.

When Pope first published the Dunciad, he made Theobald the hero of the poem, in revenge of Theobald’s attack on his translation of Homer, and his edition of Shakspeare; having subsequently quarrelled with Cibber, he dethroned Theobald, and elevated Cibber to the unenviable pre-eminence ; but the shafts of ridicule, which were successfully levelled against Theobald’s feeble attempts at emendatory criticism, his love of black-letter literature, and “ All such reading as was never read,” fell pointless on the author of the Careless Husband ; Theobald and Cibber had no pursuits in common. One splendid exception, however, must be made to the general remark on the usual infelicity of alterations and reconstructions of literary compositions. The enlargement of the Rape of the Lock by the introduction of the machinery of the Sylphs and Gnomes, is one of the finest conceptions of modern genius, and is managed with consummate skill and judgment. 2 E 416 gillray’s caricatures. material injury to it. When the Duke repaired andenlarged Arundel Castle, he converted the Chapel into adining-room, at one end of which he placed a very largepainted window, executed by Eginton. It representsKing Solomon (the Duke of Norfolk) entertaining theQueen of Sheba at a banquet. The guests are portraits of the Duke’s family or friends; among them is LadyElizabeth Howard, third daughter of the last LordEauconberg, and wife of Bernard Edwin Howard, Esq.After the painting was completed, but before it was putup, Lady Elizabeth eloped with Lord Lucan, and themarriage was dissolved by Act of Parliament in 1794. Mr. Howard was extremely urgent with the Duke to haveanother portrait substituted for that of his divorced wife

the Duke, however, was immoveable; he said, “he wassure some circumstance would be overlooked in makingthe alteration, and the harmony of the design destroyed.” The painting remains in its original state to the present time, and will now, of course, be so transmitted to posterity.* We have not been able to discover the cause of Gillray’s bitter attacks upon Lady Cecilia Johnston; she was avotary, not a slave of fashion. The Female Jockey Club, which draws severe characters of Lady Buckinghamshire,Lady Archer, and many of the leading ladies, wholly abstains from all allusion to Lady Cecilia Johnston. Themost solid testimony to her good conduct is, that on the death of her husband, Lieut. -General Johnston, she hadapartments assigned to her in Hampton Court Palace,

• Dallaway in his History of Sussex, Vol. 2, part 1, Rev. A. Tierney

(Chaplain to the late Duke of Norfolk), in his History of the Town and Castle of Arundel, and Horsfield in his History of Sussex, omit all notice of this painting. Britton in his Beauties of England and Wales, mentions the painting, but only notices the portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk as King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba ; he erroneously places the painted window in the drawing-room, instead of the banqueting-room. (Beauties of England, Vol. 14, p. 81.) MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 41 7 where she continued to reside, uutil her decease in March 1817. 395. SPOUTING. May 14th, 1792. MRS. ARMISTEAD. FOX. This is said to allude to a lover’s quarrel between Fox and his favourite, Mrs. Armistead, which occurred about this time. 396. A DUET. May 14th, 1792. Allusion to some story of contemporary scandal, now forgotten. The gentleman is said to he a city pastrycook, well known by the nickname of Captain Rolling-pin, one of the last heroes of the ancient city trained hands. 397. FLEMISH CHARACTERS. January 1st, 1793. This and the following were engraved from sketches made by Gillray during his tour through Flanders, where he accompanied Loutherbourgh in 1793, to prepare for the grand picture of the taking of Valenciennes. 398. FLEMISH CHARACTERS. January 1st, 1793. 399. AND CATCH THE LIVING MANNERS AS THEY RISE. May Jth, 1794. A satire on the ridiculous costume of this period, especially the enormous feathers worn by the ladies on their 2 e 2 418 gillray’s caricatures. lieads. These are two exquisites of the year 1794, probablymembers of the Manners family, judging by the title of the plate, which is no doubt a pun, as well as a quotation. This is the first of a series of plates, intended by Gillray, (< to shew the very age and body of the times, his form andpressure.” It is a satire on the enormous height of thefeathers worn by ladies of fashion at this period; atall lady was compelled to stoop in passing through thedoors of her rooms, and when she attended Queen Charlotte’s drawing-room so attired, and invested with a hoopof the amplitude required by Court etiquette, she wascompelled not only to stoop, but to pass sidling throughthe doors of her apartments, and to enter her carriage in asimilar manner. This reminds us of an anecdote relatedby Monstrelet, and other historians, that when QueenIsabel of Bavaria kept her court at Vincennes, in 1416,it was found necessary to heighten and widen the doors ofall the state apartments, that the head-dresses of theQueen and her ladies might have room to enter. 400. MODERN ELEGANCE. A PORTRAIT. May 22nd, 1795.LADY CHARLOTTE CAMPBELL (NOW LADY CHARLOTTE BURY.) Horace Walpole has written on his* impression of thisprint, “ Lady Charlotte Campbell, second daughter ofJohn Duke of Argyll, 1795.” Lady Charlotte Campbellis universally allowed to have been one of the most cele-brated beauties of the period, to have possessed considerable intellectual acquirements, and the most fascinatingmanners. Bate Dudly has given this bewitching description of her,

• This impression of the print is now in the possession of W. Smith, Esq.formerly the eminent printseller.

MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 419 ‘ ‘ Look what a shape ! Limbes fondlie fashioned in the wanton moulde Of Nature ! Warm in Love’s slie wytcheries, And scorninge all the draperie of Arte, A spider’s loome now weaves her thinne attire, Through which the roguish tell-tale windes Do frolicke as they liste !” VORTIGERN AND RoWENA. Lady Charlotte Susan Maria Campbell, was born June 21, 1775, she married June 14, 1796, Colonel John Campbell of Shawfield, who died 15th of March, 1809. She married secondly the Rev. Edward Bury, who died in 1832. She is the author of “ The three Great Sanctuaries of Tuscany, Yalombrosa, Carnaldoli and Laverna, a Poem, with historical and legendary notes, and engravings from drawings illustrative of the scenery, by the Rev. Edward Bury,” oblong folio, 1833. Also “ Family Records, or the Two Sisters;” 3 vols. 12mo. 1833. The Vox Populi, however, will make her un auteur malgre lui, and pertinaciously persists in ascribing to her pen, “ A Diary illus- trative of the Times of George IV.” 4 vols. 8vo. 1837-39, but her Ladyship repudiates this production, and assured a noble poet she did not write it ; he replied, “ he felt confident she did not, as no lady of any delicacy of mind could have written it.” No answer being returned, we do not know whether Lady Charlotte Bury received the remark as a sarcasm or a compliment. 401. COUNT ROUPEE. June 5th, 1797. P. BENFIELD. An equestrian sketch of the well known Paul Benfield, who, returning from India with £300,000, entered into partnership with Boyd, and established the firm of Boyd and Benfield, one of the most extensive mercantile firms in London. He obtained a seat in Parliament, and was prosecuted for bribery. Pitt, then a young man, was 420 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. on his first circuit, and, his senior counsel being takenill, conducted the defence. The house was most extensively engaged in loans, hut failed in consequence of theirlosing an enormous sum they had invested in the Frenchfunds, which was confiscated on the breaking out of theRevolution. By the treaty of 1814, however, the Frenchgovernment was bound to reimburse the English holders,which enabled Boyd and Benfield to pay their creditors20s. in the pound, with interest for the long interveningperiod of the war. The title given to Benfield by Gillray is no doubt inallusion to the circumstance of his wealth having beenacquired in India. 402. FOLLOWING THE FASHION. Dec. 9th, 1794.Another satire on contemporary fashions, which hardlyrequires any explanation, beyond what the print itselfconveys. 403. ENTER COWSLIP, WITH A BOWL OF CREAM.June 13 th, 1795.COUNTESS OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. Lady Buckinghamshire in the character of Cowslip,which she performed in the private theatricals at Brandenburgh House. 404. CHARACTERS IN HIGH LIFE. June 20th, 1795.DUCHESS OF RUTLAND. LADY GERTRUDE MANNERS. A continuation of the satires on the enormities of fashion.The persons represented are the Duchess of Rutland andher unmarried sister. Lady Gertrude Manners. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 421 405. PARASOLS FOR 1795. June 15th, 1795. Fashions again. At this time the ladies wore great and fantastic head-dresses of straw, and the gentlemen's hats were made absurdly wide, which might well be considered as serving the purpose of a parasol. 406. THE SHADOW OF A DUKE. June 25th, 1795. COLONEL THORNTON. Colonel Thornton imagined that he resembled the Duke of Hamilton, whose manners and gait he imitated with the utmost care, it was said in the conceit of being mistaken for the Duke when he walked the streets. 407. A SLICE OF GLOSTER CHEESE. June 2nd, 1795. PRINCE WILLIAM OF GLOUCESTER. This is said to have been a striking likeness, in form and manners, of the late Duke of Gloucester, who, when young, was remarkably thin. He was nicknamed a single slice of Gloster. Prince William of Gloucester was horn in the Theodole Palace at Rome, January 15, 1776. He was sent to the University of Cambridge to finish his education ; on quitting the University he entered the army, and in progress of time became a Field Marshal in the British army. He succeeded his father as Duke of Gloucester in August, 1805. On the death of the Duke of Grafton he became a candidate for the Chancellorship of the University of Cambridge, and was opposed by the Duke of Rutland. The election took place on the 26th of March, 1811. The votes 422 GILLRAY^S CARICATURES. were, for the Duke of Gloucester, 476 ; for the Duke of Rutland, 356. He was installed on the 29th of June following. On the 26th of July, 1816, he married his first cousin, the Princess Mary, the fourth daughter of George III. He was a Whig in his political principles. His marriage with the sister of George IV. did not induce him to compromise his independence. When the Bill of Pains and Penalties against Queen Caroline was introduced into the House of Lords he uniformly voted in favour of the Queen. He died in November, 1834. The Duchess of Gloucester survives him. 408. FOR IMPROVING THE BREED. SKETCHED ATWIRTEMBERG. Oct. 24th, 1796. KING OF WIRTEMBERG. A burlesque picture of the Duke of Wirtemherg, whowas remarkable for his obesity, published when he cameover to marry the Princess Royal. 409. A LADY PUTTING ON HER CAP. June 30th, 1795. On the turban-caps worn by the ladies at this time, which were remarkable for the quantity of materials the ladies contrived to wrap round their heads. 410. THE GREAT SOUTH SEA CATERPILLAR,TRANSFORMED INTO A BATH BUTTERFLY. July 4th, 1795. SIR JOSEPH BANKS. Sir Joseph Banks was a great favourite with George III. by whose influence he was elected President of the Royal MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 423 Society, a place which some thought might have been tilled more worthily, although, considering all the cir- cumstances, this is a matter of very great doubt. The King’s interference in appointments connected with science and art was a common subject of disapprobation. On Sir Joseph’s return from the voyage round the world, in company with Captain Cook, he was made a Knight of the Bath, and a Privy Councillor. “ From Joseph Banks unto Sir Knight, Then Privy Councillor, in spite Of nature, brain, and education !

If, for the last, be hands has kiss’d. There’s not a reptile on his list E’er knew a stranger'transmutation ” Peter Pindar. It is the sunshine of royalty which is represented as having produced the metamorphosis. Sir Joseph was profoundly versed in the science of Natural History, and was held in the highest esteem by his contemporaries. On his death, which took place June 19th, 1820, Cuvier pronounced a public 'doge upon him, and the Linneean Society caused a statue of him to be executed by Chantrey, which is now placed in the British Museum. 411. THE ARCHDUKE. Nov. 1 5th, 1796. ARCHDUKE CHARLES. The Archduke Charles of Austria, though a brave and skilful general, was rather strange and eccentric in private, and furnished plentiful material for ridicule and satire. 412. A DECENT STORY. Nov. 4th, 1795. This plate, etched by Gillray from the sketch of an amateur, needs no explanation. 424 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. 413. TWOPENNY WHIST. January 1 Ith, 1796.betty (the shopwoman at Mrs. Humphrey’s), mrs. Humphrey.MR. JEFFREY. WATSON. This appears to be intended as a sketch of one of theordinary evening parties at the house of Mrs. Humphrey,the publisher of Gillray’s Caricatures. Mrs. Betty is thewinner of the game, to the evident astonishment of someof her companions. 414. A MODERN BELLE GOING TO THE ROOMS ATBATH. January 13 th, 1796. Another satire on the monstrous head-dresses. Somesuch contrivance as this seemed very necessary to allow a lady to take her place in a sedan. 415. THE FASHIONABLE MAMMA; OR, THE CONVENIENCE OF MODERN DRESS. Feb. 1 3th, 1796. This is an ingenious adaptation of fashion to convenience. This lady, who is said to have been a Viscountess, then oneof the chief leaders of the beau monde, contrives to do the duties of a mother, although, as the carriage outside shews, on the point of starting for a route. 416. LADY GODIVAS ROUT; OR, PEEPING TOMSPYING OUT POPE JOAN. March 12th, 1796. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. DR. SNEYD. LADY COVENTRY. It would not be easy now to point out all the persons MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 425 represented in tliis satire on fashionable life, which is especially aimed at the rather extreme scantiness of clothing, which characterized the costume of the ladies at this period. The eyes of the personage who acts as candle- snuffer are evidently occupied with some totally different object to that which requires his attention. 417. HIGH CHANGE IN BOND STREET ; OR, LAPOLITESSE DU GRAND MONDE. March 21, 1796. This is understood to he a very fair attack on the want of courtesy in the gentlemen frequenters of Bond Street (the grand fashionable lounge at the time it was published), some of whom shewed no hesitation in taking the wall, and even the pavement of the ladies, throwing them, as here represented, into the street. Matters are certainly improved, hut even now street politeness is not always carried to the utmost extent. 418. A BURGESS OE WARWICK LANE. July 3rd, 1795. DR. BURGESS. Dr. Burgess, a medical practitioner, who resided in Mortimer Street, was one of the remarkable characters of his day, and was frequently made the subject of prints and caricatures. He is called a Burgess of Warwick Lane, from the College of Physicians being there at this period. 419. LA BELLE ESPAGNOLE ; OR, LA DOUBLUREDE MADAME TALLIEN. Feb. 25th, 1796. This is said to represent a Creole lady from Spanish 426 GILLRAy’s CARICATURES. America, who was at this time a celebrated performer in the ballet, and who bore a striking resemblance to MadameTallien, also a Creole. 420. MY POLL AND MY PARTNER JOE, April 18 th, 1796. One of those offsprings of wit which requires no explanation but what itself furnishes. 421. OH! THAT THIS TOO SOLID FLESH WOULDMELT. March 20th, 1791. An illustration of the great bard which would hardly find a place in the Shakespeare gallery. 422. CYMON AND IPHIGENIA. May 2nd, 1796. A rather broad parody on the classic story. 423. THE LOSS OE THE EARO BANK; OR, THE ROOKSPIGEONED. Feb. 2nd, 1797- LORD BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. MRS. CONCANNON. FOX. SHERIDAN. COLONEL HANGER. LADY ARCHER. This and the following prints were intended as satires on the rage for gambling which was at this time the curse of fashionable life. The three ladies of this party. Lady Buckinghamshire, Mrs. Concannon, and Lady Archer, were so notoriously addicted to the faro table, that they were commonly known by the derisive appellation of “ Faro’s (Pharaoh’s) Daughters.” The present caricature MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 427 is said to refer to an incident which happened at the house of Lady Buckinghamshire, when at the faro table, Lord Buckinghamshire suddenly entered aghast, with the infor- mation that the hank was robbed, and the thieves were fled, to the great consternation of the whole party. It was suspected that this robbery was a mere trick to suit the convenience of the table-holders, for all the party were re- duced at times to considerable distress by their gambling propensities. The print contains an insinuation against Fox, as being at least privy to the cause of the disaster. Gillray has here assumed the licence of a caricaturist, as Fox had left off play for many years. 424 . DISCIPLINE A LA KENYON. March 27th, 1797- LADY ARCHER. LADY MOUNT-EDGECUMBE. LORD KENYON. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. The trio of gambling ladies brought under the lash of the law. When giving judgment on a case relating to gambling, that had been brought before the Court over which he presided as Judge, Lord Kenyon gave utterance to his honest indignation against the fashionable vice of the day ; and concluded, in allusion to its prevalence among the aristocracy, and the ruin it was bringing on society, by declaring, “ If any prosecutions of this nature are fairly brought before me, and the parties are justly convicted, whatever may be their rank or station in the country, though they should be the first ladies in the land, they shall certainly exhibit themselves on the pillory.” The satirist has pictured the possible consequences of this threat. 428 gillray’s caricatures. 425. EXALTATION OE PHARAOH’S DAUGHTERS. May 12 th, 1796. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. LADY ARCHER. Two of the same trio undergoing Lord Kenyon’s “ disci- pline.” 426. GEORGY A COCKHORSE. Nov. 23rd, 1796. COLONEL HANGER. Colonel George Hanger, afterwards Lord Coleraine, wasone of the most celebrated characters of his day, and is often figured in the present series of prints. He is here represented at the tavern called the Mount, in LowerGrosvenor Street, celebrated at this time as the meetingplace of a club of wits who lived joyously. 427. SANDWICH CARROTS ! DAINTY SANDWICHCARROTS. Dec. 3rd, 1796. LORD SANDWICH. The scene represented here is said to have been one of the usual amusements of Lord Sandwich. A guinea wasthe-usual mark of his attention to the lucky flower-girl, or itinerant barrow-woman, who attracted his glance. 428. A CORNER NEAR THE BANK; OR, AN EXAMPLEFOR FATHERS. Sept. 2 6th, 1796. This is understood to represent a clerk of the Bank of England, well known in his day, for his attentions to the city frail ones. The scandalmongers of the past have only handed his name down to us as “ old P .” MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 429 429. A PEEP AT CHRISTIE’S ; OR, TALLY-HO ANDHIS NIMENEY-PIMENEY TAKING THEMORNING LOUNGE. Sept. 4tk, 1796. MISS FARREN. EARL OF DERBY. Miss Farren acted with inimitable skill the character of Nimeney-Pimeney in General Burgoyne’s Heiress. Eor some reason or other, this lady, one of the most admired beauties of her day, was an object of determined hostility with Gillray. But a few months after the date of this cari- cature, she became the second wife of the Earl of Derby, who, for his political principles, was also a very frequent subject of Gillray’ s wit. Lord Derby was a great hunter, and here, viewing the pictures at Christie’s, they are supposed to be shewing their several tastes. It may be remarked, in regard to the allusion apparently made here, that no slur was ever cast on Miss Farren’s virtue. In evidence of which we think it right to record that when Miss Farren became Countess of Derby, she addressed a letter to Queen Charlotte, to inquire whether she would be admitted to her Drawing-room. The Queen replied, that she would be very happy to receive her there, as she always understood her conduct to be very exemplary. 430. CONTEMPLATIONS UPON A CORONET. March 20th, 1797- MISS FARREN. Another satire on this celebrated actress, who, as the period of her marriage approached, is represented as making a nearer contemplation of the object of her ambition. 430 gillray’s caricatures. 431. MODERN GRACE; OR, THE OPERATICAL FINALETO THE BALLET OF “ ALONZO E CARO !” May 5 th, 1796.A satire on the opera, where the ballet had attained toan extraordinary popularity. A great outcry was set upby the strict moralists against the exposure of the personexhibited by the danseuses. 432. THE MARRIAGE OF CUPID AND PSYCHE. May 3rd, 1797.EARL OF DERBY. MISS FARREN. A satire on the marriage of the Earl of Derby with MissFarren. The reader need hardly be informed that this is a parody on the beautiful antique gem of the marriage of Cupid and Psyche, known as the Marlborough Gem. 433. PYLADES AND ORESTES. April 1st, 1797. COUNT NASSALIN. PRINCE WILLIAM OF ORANGE. The abdicated Stadtholder spent much of his day thus perambulating Old Bond Street, with his Secretary, CountNassalin ; the Prince himself, who was remarkable for his heavy corpulence, being frequently in a state of somnolence during his walk. 434. HEROES RECRUITING AT KELSEYS; OR, GUARDDAY AT ST. JAMES’S. June 9th, 1?97- CAPTAIN BURCH. The tall hero regaling himself is understood to represent MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 431 Captain Burch, of the Royal Household Troops, the officers of which troops, when on guard at St. James's, were great frequenters of this celebrated fruiterer's in St. James's Street. 435. A HINT TO MODERN SCULPTORS AS AN ORNAMENT TO A FUTURE SQUARE. May 3rd, 1796- PRINCE OF WALES. A satirical portrait of the Prince, in the costume of his regiment, which he is supposed to be going to review. About this time it was in contemplation to erect statues in some of the squares of London. 436. UN DIPLOMATIQUE, SETTLING AFFAIRS AT STEVENS'S, June 9th, IJ97. BARON DE HASLANG. One of the diplomatic body (the Bavarian minister), who was in the practice of enjoying himself alone at Stevens's, in Bond Street, one of the most fashionable taverns of that period. 43?. STAGGERING BOBS, A TALE FOR SCOTCHMEN ; OR, MUNCHAUSEN DRIVING HIS CALVES TO MARKET. Dec. 1st, 1796. GEORGE HANGER. A caricature on Colonel Hanger, afterwards Lord Coleraine. The noble Scot alluded to is said to have been Lord Galloway. 2 F 432 gillray’s caricatures. 438. PORTRAIT OF AN IRISH CHIEF; DRAWN FROMLIFE AT WEXFORD. July \Oth, 1798.GRATTAN. Grattan, tlie great Irish patriot, in the character of anIrish rebel. The rebellion broke out in the county ofWexford in the May of 1798, and the rebels made themselves masters of that city, which remained for a time theirchief post. This print is supposed to allude to an in-terview between Grattan and Arthur O’Connor at Grattan’s country house. Grattan refused to join the “ UnitedIrishmen,” but Government struck him out of the PrivyCouncil, and the Corporation of Dublin removed his portraitfrom their court room. Gillray has put into the mouth ofGrattan the words No Union. Erin go Bragh /* 439. PUSHPIN. April 17th, 1797.MRS. WINDSOR. THE DUKE OF QUEENSBERRY. Peter Pindar’s “ little gamesome Piccadilly Duke” oc-cupied in one of those very intellectual games, which werefashionable at this time. The lady with whom he is atplay is said to have been a well-known priestess of Venus,usually designated by her customers as “ Mother Windsor.”440. THE GORDON KNOT; OR, THE BONNY DUCHESSHUNTING THE BEDFORDSHIRE BULL. April 19th, 1797.DUKE OF BEDFORD. DUCHESS OF GORDON AND HER DAUGHTERS.On the projected marriage of a daughter of the Duke of* “ Ireland for ever !” MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 433 Gordon to the Duke of Bedford. Other caricatures appeared on the supposed anxiety of the Duchess to secure the noble son-in-law, some of which were not over delicate. John, sixth Duke of Bedford, who was a widower, paid some marked attention to Lady Georgiana, but appears after- wards to have repented, and went to Paris. The Duchess, however, immediately followed, accompanied by her daughter, when the Duke renewed his attentions, and they were married six years after the publication of the present caricature, viz. in June, 1803. The three Graces in the distance represent three other daughters of the Scottish Duke; the one with the dog is Charlotte, Duchess of Bicli- mond; the middle one, Susan, Duchess of Manchester, is pointed out by the inscription “ Manchester velvet;” and the third is Lady Louisa ; the broom is supposed to indicate that she is exposed for sale. She was afterwards married April 17th, 1 7^7^ to Charles, second Marquis Cornwallis, and is now the present Dowager Duchess of Cornwallis. 441 . HOMEE SINGING HIS VEESES TO THE GEEEKS. June 1 6th, 1797. CAPTAIN MORRIS. SHERIDAN. EOX. This is understood to be an excellent and characteristic portrait of the celebrated song-writer. Captain Morris. It is enough to say that the allusions are to the licentious character of many of his effusions. Captain Morris, of the Life Guards, was distinguished by his social qualities, the vivacity of his conversation, the inexhaustible fund of merriment and anecdote which enlivened it ; and above all, by the facility with which he composed convivial songs, and the hilarity with which he sung them. These qualifications rendered him an universal favourite, and introduced him to the society and sumptuous 2 f 2 434 gillray’s CARICATURES. hospitality of the bon vivans of the first circles. He wasalways a welcome guest at the table of the Duke of Norfolkin St. James’s Square, Arundel Castle, and the socialdinners which the Duke delighted to give at the PiazzaCoffee House. In short, he was the great lion of thedinner table; he might be considered the poet laureateboth of Bacchus and Yenus, for he well knew how “ to entwine The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus’s Vine.” It is to be regretted that Morris did not devote histalents to a higher species of lyric compositions, as he mighthave attained considerable reputation; but, like Anacreon,his lyre would only chaunt love and wine. Morris waspassionately fond of dining out, and he suited his songs tothe taste of his company, for “ Those who live to please, must please to live.” He was, however, annoyed one day, when a person in thecompany, after Morris had concluded one of his luxuriantsongs, expressed his surprise that he never attempted anyother species of songs; another observed, “Oh, Morriscould not write in any other strain.” He replied, that atthe next meeting of the party he would refute the remark,by singing in a different strain. He accordingly sung“ Sensibility’s Tear,” from which we extract some stanzas,more particularly as it was unknown to all the musicalgentlemen of the present day with whom we have comversed. SENSIBILITY’S TEAR. il Though Bacchus may boast of his care-killing bowl, And Folly in thought-drowning revels delight, Such worship, alas ! hath no charms for the soul When softer devotions the senses invite. To the arrow of Fate, or the canker of Care, His potions oblivious a balm may bestow; But to Fancy, that feeds on the charm of the Fair, The death of Reflection is the birth of all Woe. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 435 What soul that ’s possessed of a dream so divine. With riot would bid the sweet vision begone ? For the tear that bedews Sensibility’s shrine Is a drop of more worth than all Bacchus’s wine. Come, then, rosy Venus, and spread o’er my sight The magic illusions that ravish the soul

Awake in my breast the soft dream of delight. And drop from thy Myrtle one leaf in my bowl. Then deep will I drink of that Nectar divine, Nor e’er jolly God from thy banquet remove ; But each tube of my heart ever thirst for the wine, That ’s mellowed by Friendship and sweeten’d by Love.” Lyra Urbanica, vol. 1 , p. 174 - 5 . The company applauded the song, and allowed he had re- deemed his pledge. Morris was a frequent attendant at the meeting of the Whig Club, and the celebrations of Fox*s election for Westminster ; on these occasions he always sung new and appropriate songs, but they were never embittered by party rancour. Morris always strenuously advocated the principles of the Revolution of 1688. The Duke of Norfolk was so deeply impressed with the soundness of his constitutional principles that he paid him the highest possible compliment by introducing his portrait in one of the painted windows of Arundel Castle, as one of the persons compelling King John to sign Magna Charta. The windows (says the Rev. M. A. Tierney, in his History of Arundel,) are thirteen in number, of which nine are finished, and fitted with stained glass. The largest occupies the north-west end of the hall, immediately opposite to the entrance. It is a splendid performance by Backler, from the design of Lonsdale, and describes the Ratification of the Great Charter by King John, who, with an indignant but powerless frown, seems to pause in the act of affixing his signature to the instru- 436 gillray's caricatures. ment, as if to upbraid the uncompromising patriotismof the Barons. On his right stand Cardinal Pandulf, thePope's legate, and the Archbishop of Dublin; on his leftare seen Cardinal Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury,and Almeric, the Master of the Knights Templars

• in the foreground appears Baron Fitzwalter,f, and hispage,J and behind him are the Lord Mayor of London,§and the attendant guards. The background affords a dis-tant view of the camp at Bunnymede. For chasteness ofdrawing, and correctness of outline, for depth of colouring,and sparkling brilliancy of effect, this window certainlyclaims a high degree of merit, and can scarcely be thoughtinferior to any similar production of modern art." Yol. i. p. 85. We are sure that the Duke of Norfolk || esteemedCaptain Morris worthy of the position he occupied, or hewould have considered he compromised his own dignity byassigning the place to him. This historical painting willtransmit Morris's name to posterity in a dignified manner,We are now about to relate an anecdote which we believe is unparalleled in literary history. When “ verging onninety-three," he was invited by the Beef Steak Club to* Portrait of Captain Morris. We observe Dallaway, in bis History ofSussex, has made a ludicrous mistake ; he calls Almeric Master of the Temple, instead of Master of the Knights Templars,

t The portrait of the Duke of Norfolk, t The late Henry Howard, Esq. of Greystoke. § Alderman Combe. || We cannot take leave of the Duke of Norfolk without observing that justice has never been done to one part of his character. He was a munificent patron of Literature. To our own knowledge, he defrayed the entire expense of printing Taylor’s translation of Plato, 5 vols. 4to. ; Dallaway’s History of Sussex, vol. 1, and voh 2, part 1, 4to. ; and Duncumb’s History of Hereford, vol. 1, and voh 2, part 1, 4to. He also allowed Mr. Duncumbthree hundred pounds per annum during the years he was compiling andwriting his history. Exoriare aliquis / We hope the present Duke of Norfolk, or one of his successors, will complete the historical paintings in the windowsof the Barons’ Hall, an undertaking worthy to confer fame even on the nameof Howard, MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 43 ? attend their meeting once more (to use his own words) “ before he quitted this world.” He complied, and after dinner, he recited (we can scarcely suppose he sung) a song, composed by himself for the occasion, which he re- quested the members to receive as “ the song of the dying swan /” One stanza, we are sure, will excite sympathy in every breast. c

• How many bright spirits I ’ve seen disappear. While Fate’s lucky lot held me happily here ! How many kind hearts and gay bosoms gone by, That have left me to mingle my mirth with a sigh.”

The buoyancy of Morris’s spirits supported him in ex- treme old age ; he was never known to be querulous, but endured his infirmities with serenity, he could even playfully allude to them, and only remark, that they bade him to cease all converse with the Muse. 44 I ’ll take a hint from my warning cough, Quit my jade of a Muse,—and Morris off.”* In the year 1840, his poems were collected and published under the title of “Lyra Urbanica, the Social Effusions of Charles Morris, late Captain in the Life Guards.” 442. THE SALUTE. July 10th, 1797. The persons intended to be satirized in this print are not now known. 443. TITIANUS EEDIYIYUS ; OR, THE SEYEN WISEMEN CONSULTING THE NEW VENETIANORACLE. Nov. 2nd, 1797. SIR J. REYNOLDS. MISS PROVIS. MACKLIN. BOYDELL. WEST. On a very remarkable piece of quackery which flourished

• A punning allusion to the Morrice-Dance.

438 gillray’s caricatures. for a moment, and deceived tlie Royal Academicians,under the title of “ The Venetian Secret.” In the year1797, a young female pretender to art, a Miss Provis, professed to have discovered the long-lost secret by whichTitian and the other great artists of the Venetian schoolproduced their gorgeous colouring, and, by dint of puffingand other tricks, she succeeded in gaining the faith of alarge portion of the Royal Academy. Seven of the academicians are said more especially to have been her dupes,Farringdon, Opie,Westall, Hoppner, Stothard, Smirke, andRigaud. Until her discovery was exploded, this lady soldit in great secret for a very high price. She would nowprobably have been entirely forgotten, but for the pencilof Gillray, who exposed her and her dupes to ridicule inthis caricature. In the upper part of this bold picture thelady artist is dashing off a daring subject with extraordinary effect of light and shade, her long ragged train endingin the immense tail of a peacock. The three naked Gracesbehind her, in the original coloured copies of this caricature, are painted of the gayest hues. She is leading thecrowd of academicians by the nose over the gaudy rainbowto her study to behold her specimen of Venetian art. Onone side, the buildings erected for the Royal Academy atSomerset House are falling into ruin, while on the otherthe Temple of Fame is undergoing repair. Below, we areintroduced into the interior of the academy, where theluckless seven occupy the foremost seats, deeply immersedin studying the merits of the new discovery. The ghostof Sir Joshua Reynolds rises up from the floor, contemplatesthe scene with astonishment, and apostrophises the groupsin the words of Sliakspeare “ Black spirits and white, blue spirits and grey, Mingle, mingle, mingle,—-you that mingle may !” On the opposite side there are three persons makingahasty flight; they are West, the president of the academy,who was not a believer ; Boydell, whose fears are excited MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 439 for the fate of his gallery, if this new invention should suc- ceed and destroy the value of what had been done while it was unknown ; and Macklin, who experiences an equal alarm for his grand illustrations of the Bible, which were put up by lottery, the tickets five guineas each. These fears, as far as the “ Venetian Secret” was concerned, were not of long duration. 444. GERMAN LUXURY ; OR, REPOS A L’ALLEMAND.Jan. 22nd, 1800. A satirical print, said to have been intended to tell upon the German Legion, at this time brought into England. 445. LOYAL SOULS; OR, A PEEP INTO THE MESSROOM AT ST. JAMES’S. Nov. 14th, 1797. GENERAL DAVIES. DUKE OF YORK. COLONEL JEKYL. CAPTAIN BURCH. A scene at the mess-table, intended to represent, in burlesque, some of the officers of the different regiments of the Guards. Among them we may recognize the personages mentioned above. 446. BRIGADE-MAJOR.

Weymouth, 1 707* Nov. 1 5th, 1797, MAJOR REID. The person intended to be represented here is said to be Major Reid; though others have taken it for Sir Henry Burrard, to whom the reader will find some reference in the Political Series. 447. THE MILITARY CARICATURIST. Dec. 6th, 1799. GENERAL DAVIES. The officer here represented was a well-known military 440 gillray’s caricatures. caricaturist, who had the bad taste to sneer at the productions of Gillray, who took his revenge in the print before us. 448. OPERATICAL REFORM; OR, LA DANSEAUEVEQUE. March Uth, 1798.MADEMOISELLE PARISOT. M. ROSIERE. The Bishop of Durham (Shute Barrington) made a vigo- rous attempt to repress the growing licentiousness of theopera dance. For this he became the subject of a hostof caricatures and^ewx d’esprit. GiUray has here inventeda dance, a Veveque, in which the figurantes were to concealtheir forms under the modest covering of the episcopal cassock. 449. A COUNTRY CONCERT ; OR, AN EVENING ENTERTAINMENT IN SUSSEX. Sept. 1st, 1798.Mrs. Billington lived with the Duke of Sussex duringthe absence of her husband, who, arriving suddenly onenight at her house at Hammersmith, surprised a smallparty consisting of the Duke of Sussex, Mrs. Billington, Savory of Bond Street, and another. Her husband, therefore, carried her off to Italy, where it is shrewdly suspectedshe met with an unfair death. 450. THIRTY YEARS HAVE I LIVED IN THIS PARISHOF COVENT GARDEN, AND NOBODY CAN SAY—MISTRESS COLE, WHY DID YOU SO? Dec. 1 6th, 1797.COLONEL WATSON. The words Gillray has taken for his motto in this plate, MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 441 are those of Mrs. Cole in Foote’s farce of the Minor. This venerable lady (whose real name was Douglas) kept a house of accommodation for young men, furnished with an assemblage of young women, whom she trained to prostitution. She was very scrupulous in religious obser- vances ; she went daily to the Tabernacle, and then to the inn to await the arrival of the York waggon, to watch for any handsome young women it might bring, whom she inveigled by specious offers of providing them with situa- tions in respectable families. Hogarth has depicted a woman of the like character (Mrs. Needham) in this pursuit, with the profligate Colonel Chartres anxiously watching the success of her manoeuvres, that he may have the first choice. Mrs. Cole prided herself on the propriety of her conduct, “ it was a great comfort to her that nobody could say, Mrs. Cole, black is the white of your eye,” and she allowed “ no knock-me-down doings in her house.” Colonel Watson was probably a roysterer, who violated this regulation in his drunken moods. 451. NOTORIOUS CHARACTERS, No. 1 . Dec. 1st, 1797. Mr. Bromley, in his Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits, p. 390, has erroneously put this Portrait into his Seventh Class. It ought to have appeared in the Tenth. See the Contents of it, p. 449. “ Such cursed assurance Is past all endurance.”

Maid of the Mill. SAMUEL IRELAND. In the year 1795, a rumour was circulated that a great literary treasure had been discovered, which would delight and astonish the world ; it was stated, that it consisted of The Autograph Manuscript of Shakspeare’s King Lear, containing many beautiful passages omitted by the original actors in the representation, and likewise in all 442 gillray’s caricatures. the printed editions ; and also that passages hitherto ob^scure were now rendered clear by the restoration of theoriginal readings. The newly-discovered treasure also contained various legal instruments, and documents ofdifferent descriptions, a few drawings illustrative of thecharacter of Shylock, one of his common-place books, hisring, and to crown all, a lock of his hair, sent with a love- posy to Anne Hathaway. A large portion of the publicwas indeed astounded, but more delighted at the supposedrecovery of these relics of the great Dramatic Poet, whohad seemed so indifferent to fame, that he never superintended the publication of any one of his plays, but whenhe had committed it to the stage, felt no further solicitude about it,* beyond the sphere of the theatre ; neither wasthere known to exist in manuscript any single letter ofhis, or copy of verses addressed to a contemporary poet, friend, or patron. Still it was not impossible that theaffectionate zeal of one of his relatives might have preserved these remembrances of him ; they might have beenlaid aside and forgotten by his descendants. Where this extraordinary assemblage of Shakspearian treasures hadbeen discovered was not revealed; the public was onlyallowed to know that they were deposited in the house ofMr. Samuel Ireland,f of Norfolk Street, in the Strand, to whose son, William Henry Ireland, these inestimable documents had been presented by a gentleman of ancientfamily, on the express condition and solemn promise thathis name should not transpire; he being a person remark

• “ It hath been no unusual thing (says Warburton) for writers, when

dissatisfied with the patronage of their own times, to appeal to posterity for a fair hearing. Some have even thought to apply to it in the first instance, and to decline acquaintance with the public till envy and prejudice had quite subsided. But of all the trusters to futurity, commend me to the author of the following poems (Shakspeare), who not only left it to time to do him justice, as it would, but to find him out as it could.” f Previous to this occurrence, Mr. Ireland had been advantageously known by the publication of his Picturesque Tours of the Thames, Medway, &c. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 443 ably shy, and of retired habits. A committee of literary gentlemen was formed to examine these documents, consisting of George Chalmers, Caldecott, Pye, the Poet Laureate, Sir James Bland Burgess, Boaden, &c They unanimously reported their conviction of the authenticity of the documents. The public was then invited to inspect this Shakspearian treasure. Numerous persons of the first literary eminence visited Mr. Ireland's house ; Dr. Parr, Archdeacon Nares, Dr. Warton, and many others,* signed their attestations to the genuineness of the documents. “ It is mortifying," says Gifford, in a note in his edition of Ford’s plays, “to reflect that, had the youth possessed but a single grain of prudence, and known when and where to stop, Ms forgeries might, at this moment, he visited hy anniversary crowds of devoted pilgrims, in some splendid shrine, set apart in his father’s house for that pious purpose.’’ Emboldened, however, by the attestations of such distinguished literary characters, Ireland now announced that his son had made another most important discovery in the stores of the nameless gentleman, an entirely un- published Play of the immortal Bard, called “ Vortigern and Bowena.’’ Ireland very fairly declined to exhibit the manuscript,, that the interest of the tragedy might not be lessened by a knowledge of its construction and plot previous to its representation. Public curiosity was intensely excited. The two great National Theatres competed for the honour of bringing forward the play. Drury Lane secured the prize on the most extravagant and unheard-of terms. An agreement was signed by Bichardson, on the part of the proprietors of Drury Lane, and by Ireland on the part of his son (then a minor), stipulating that three hundred pounds

• When Porson had examined the Shakspeare Manuscripts, Ireland courteously invited him to sign his attestation to their authenticity. Porson drily

replied, “ Mr. Ireland, I thought my refusal to sign Articles of Faith had been generally known.” 444 gillray’s caricatures. should be paid down to Ireland, and half the receipts ofthe house for the first sixty nights of the performance,after deducting the expenses ! ! ! At length the 2nd ofApril, 1796, arrived, big with the fate of Vortigern andIreland. We were then in our youthful days, and resolvedto encounter the risk—we might say, the danger of endeavouring to obtain a seat in the pit. The rush on theopening of the doors was truly awful ; we were, however,successful in obtaining an excellent seat. The audienceseemed to be in very good humour, pleased at having over-come their difficulties. We had now leisure to peruse ahandbill, which had been extensively circulated at thepit door. It was issued by Ireland ; it stated that “ Amalevolent and impotent attack on the Shakspeare MSS.had appeared on the eve of the representation of the play,when it was impossible to answer it.” - It was “ requestedthat the play may be heard with that candour which hasever distinguished a British audience.” At length, Whitfield presented himself to speak the Prologue, and addressing the audience as a Court of Criticism, called on it toratify the authenticity of the play by its judgment andapprobation. When, with extended arms, he emphaticallypronounced the words f< Before the Court immortal Shakspeare stands,” it exceeded all power of face to preserve gravity, it was,however, a good humoured laugh, which was irresistible. Kemble had taken to himself the part of Yortigern; Bowena was assigned to the beautiful and talented MissMiller. The play now commenced, and during the first threeacts “ dragged its slow length along.” In the fourth actthe audience began to be obstreperous, and the actors couldscarcely proceed; when Kemble came forward, and addressed the house in the most conciliatory manner : “ Allowme to remind you that the title to authenticity, which MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 445 this play lays claim to, depends on your giving it a fair and full hearing.” This address produced the desired effect, the play was allowed to proceed till nearly the conclusion of the fifth act, but when Kemble, in his character of Yortigern, said

il And when this solemn mockery is o’er,” the house was convulsed with laughter, one peal suc- ceeded another. Never did Irish Johnson in the character of Dennis Brulgruddery, nor Jack Bannister and Mrs. Jordan as Jobson and Nell; never did the wittiest comedy nor the broadest farce produce such long continued and tumultuous laughter, and such protracted hurrahing. At length the audience seemed fairly to have exhausted itself, then Kemble resumed by a repetition of

tl And when this solemn mockery is o’er.” The loud laughter, vociferations, and noises of various kinds were renewed, and seemed as if they would never end; “ Encore, encore, Kemble,” was shouted again and again, at last a calm ensued, and the play proceeded to its termination. An epilogue written by Della Cruscan Merry, was spoken by Mrs. Jordan. Then public expectation was on tip-toe to ascertain whether the play would be given out for repetition ; but the farce of My Grandmother very appropriately commenced. During the in- terval an animated conversation took place behind the scenes, between Ireland and Sheridan : Ireland urging that the play should be announced for repetition on Monday, Sheridan declined, but agreed to have a conference with him on the subject the next day (Sunday), at Mr. Kemble’s house in Great Bussell Street. The party met accordingly, Ireland used every possible persuasive to induce Sheridan to bring forward the play on the next night, all the expenses of scenery, decorations, &c. had been incurred, the house was certain to be full, and the 44f> gillray’s caricatures. representation would produce a considerable sum to thetreasury: Sheridan replied, “that he was satisfied thehouse would be full, but John Bull, when offended, wasavery awkward customer at a theatre, he tore up thebenches, broke the chandeliers, and did other mischief;”Ireland attempted to rally, Sheridan, however, terminated the conversation, by saying, he must conferprivately with Mr. Kemble on the subject, and theirdecision should be communicated to him. Mr. Kembletold the writer of this article, that as soon as Ireland wasgone, he said to Sheridan : “ Well, Sir, you cannot doubtthat the play is a forgery.” “ Damn the fellow,” repliedSheridan, “I believe his face is a forgery, he is the mostspecious man I ever saw.” On the next day, Monday, April 6, appeared a critiqueon the play of Yortigern and Rowena, from which weshall extract the following passages. “ To say that numbers did not come with their opinion more than halfformed would be false. A volume of MSS. affirmed to beShakspeare’s had been published. Literary men had beeninvited to examine others. Documents almost innumerable had been held forth to induce a belief that Yortigernwas no forgery. Was it supposed that they should beread only to excite astonishment and impose upon ourfaith. If it were intended that the audience should as-semble without opinion or predilection, why were theseproofs sent forth, why was not the play suffered to restsolely on its own merits ? Is there a man of literature inthe kingdom, who, when this newly discovered treasurewas announced, did not feel delighted at the bare possibility that it might be true ? Is there a lover of Shakspeare on earth, who must not feel indignation at anyattempt to injure the fame of a poet, who, wherever he is known is adored ? Is it a crime to be jealous of that fame,or which is of infinitely greater consequence, is it criminalto inquire into truth, and to publish our inquiries ? If MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 44? not we can see no reason for the publication of the handbill which was distributed at the doors.” “ Shakspeare ! the effrontery of producing such crudities, such bombast, such impudent and audacious plagiarisms, and challenging the whole kingdom to deny the farrago to be Shakspeare’s, exceeds credibility ! The bottle conjuror himself would not have calculated so grossly. Need we add the abortion was treated as it deserved? Yet from the spirit that pervaded the handbill, and various advertisements that have appeared, we can foretel that the funeral dirge of Yorti- gern will be bitter and vociferous.” See “ Morning Chronicle,” April 4, 1796. In the Times” of the same day appeared a very able critique, our limits will only permit us to extract the following pertinent observations : “ Look through the plot, and every critical eye in examining the scene can see its archetype, while the plot itself bears a strong resemblance to Macbeth,—there is a Duncan murdered,—a Malcolm flies, —a Seward comes to fight for him,—let England and Scotland change places, and the likeness is complete, so that it appears the skeleton of that master-piece, which the great God of Poetry has clothed with nerves and muscles, breathed into it the 8etherial fluid, and warmed it with Promethean fire. But Mr. Ireland in his promulgated handbill, has informed the public, it is in the press. Every reader will then have an opportunity of judging for himself, et qui vult decipi, decipiatur.” Mason wrote the following epigram on the forger of the Shakspeare Manuscripts : — “ Four forgers, born in one prolific age, Much critical acumen did engage. The first* was soon by doughty Douglas scared, Though Johnson would have screen’d him had he dar’d ;

• Lauder.

448 gillray’s caricatures. The next had all the cunning of a Scot,* The third, t Invention, Genius,—nay, what not ? Fraud, now exhausted, only could dispense To her fourth son, their threefold impudence.” The Treasurer of Drury Lane Theatre accounted to Ireland for one hundred and three pounds, due to himas his half of the receipts of the night’s performance,after deducting expenses, so that four hundred and threepounds was the total amount of what he derived from theperformance of the play. The reader may, perhaps, wish to know what authenticautographs of Shakspeare are known to exist, at the presenttime. They are the signatures to his Will, now in Doctors’Commons. His autograph signature affixed to a deed ofbargain and sale of a house purchased by him in Blackfriars from Henry Walker, dated March 10, 1612, withseals attached to it. This document was presented by Mr.Featherstonhaughj to Garrick, and is now in the possessionof Mr. Troward, son of Mr. Troward, the partner ofAlbany Wallis, Garrick’s executor. Shakspeare’s auto-graph signature to the counterpart of this deed, soldby Messrs. Evans in 1841, for £145, and purchased forthe Library of the Corporation of the City of London; and Shakspeare’s autograph on the fly-leaf of Florio’sTranslation of Montaigne’s Essays, sold by Mr. Evans,* Bower. t Chatterton, to whom Payne Knight has paid this feeling tribute in his Poem on the Progress of Civil Society, 4to. p. 120. 1796. u See Chatterton,—but ah, fond Muse, forbear, In pity veil the horrors of despair ; Nor let the indignant voice of Fame relate The Heaven-born Poet’s melancholy fate. Hide his untimely end, when poison gave All he could hope on earth,—a peaceful grave ! In silent sorrow consecrate his name, Nor let his glory be, his country’s shame.” t This was found among the title-deeds of Mr. Featherstonhaugli in 1778. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 449 in 1838 for £100,* purchased by Mr. Pickering, and re- sold by him to the Trustees of the British Museum. 452. MONSTROSITIES OF 1799. June 25th, 1799. A satire on the absurd and inelegant costumes in vogue at the close of the last century. 453. PUNCH CURES THE GOUT, THE CHOLIC, ANDTHE TISICK. July 13th, 1799. This and the following are excellent specimens of the artist’s fancy, which require no particular explanation. The first is an illustration of the old catch

Punch cures the gout, the cholic, and the ’tisic ; And it is by all agreed the very best of physic. These verses and the “Laus Podagras” (by Coquillet), convince us of the truth of Romeo’s ejaculation

“ He jests at scars that never felt a wound.” 454. THE GOUT. May 14th, 1?99. One of the cleverest and most popular of this artist’s numerous productions. 455. A GENTLEMAN OF THE COURT OF LOUIS XVI. A GENTLEMAN OF THE COURT OF EGALITE1799. August 15th, 1799. A satire on French manners, before and after the Revo-

• Mr. Evans received this volume from the Rev. E. Patteson ; he inherited

it from his father, who resided at Smethwick, in Staffordshire, contiguous to the county which gave Shakspeare birth. In the emphatic words of Sir Frederick Maden : It challenges and defies suspicion. See his admirable Tract on the Autographs of Shakspeare, p. 7, 8. 2 g 2 450 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. lution ; at the former period they were as extravagant in excess of refinement, as at the latter they were in vulgarity. 456. FRENCH TAILOR FITTING JOHN BULL WITHA JEAN DE BRY. Nov. 18th, 1799. A temporary intercourse with France brought over French fashions. The present caricature is intended to shew how ill they fitted John Bull. 457- WALTZER AU MOUCHOIR. Jan. 20th, 1800. This was intended for a quiz upon the then foreign dance, waltzing, somewhat like the foregoing upon foreign dress. It may he easily distinguished as the work of an amateur. 458. OH ! LISTEN TO THE VOICE OF LOVE. Nov. 14th, 1799. A graphic parody on the burthen of a popular song. Ahighly-finished plate, a principal object of which appears to be the “ anatomy of expression.” 459. THE COMFORTS OF A RUMFORD STOVE. June 1 2th, 1800. COUNT RUMFORD. It is hardly necessary to state that Count Rumford was one of the most remarkable pretenders to science of his time, though not deficient in ingenuity, as his stoves and his various contrivances for the improvement and simplifying of MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 451 kitchen operations proved. Peter Pindar has well recorded his fame

• l Knight of the dish-clout, wheresoever I walk,

I hear thee, Rumford, all the kitchen talk

Note of melodious cadence on the ear, Loud echoes * Rumford’ here, and ‘ Rumford’ there. Lo, every parlour, drawing-room, I see, Boasts of thy stoves, and talks of nought but thee.” This is a portrait of the titled inventor of stoves, and is said to have given great amusement to the original. Garnet, the person alluded to in the inscription at the top, was a chymist attacked by Count Rumford in his journal for having differed in opinion with him. 460. A MILITARY SKETCH OF A GILT STICK, ORPOKER EMBLAZONED. June 11th, 1800. LORD CATHCART. A portrait of one of George the Third's favourites, General Cathcart. 461. A SCOTCH PONY, COMMONLY CALLED A GALLOWAY. June Ath, 1803. LORD GALLOWAY. Understood to he a portrait of Lord Galloway. His pride in the decoration which figures on his breast seems to have been almost proverbial. “ We’ll sing Lord Galloway, a man of note, Who turn’d his tailor, much enraged, away, Because he stitched a star upon his coat So small, it scarcely threw a ray

Whereas he wished a planet huge to flame, To put the moon’s full orb to shame.” 452 GILLRAY S CARICATURES. 462. EQUESTRIAN ELEGANCE ! OR, A NOBLE SCOT,METAMORPHOSED. May 7th, 1803. THE MARQUIS OF DOUGLAS (THE PRESENT DUKE OF HAMILTON). One of the first objects of Mr. Eox, on being appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in 1806, was to effect a general peace ; to accomplish this, he was most anxious to secure the mediation of Russia. He proposed the important embassy to the Marquis of Douglas (the present Duke of Hamilton), who accepted the appointment, and discharged its duties to the entire satisfaction of the Government and country. The present print is no doubt allusive to his diplomatic appointment, as well as to his mode of riding in very long stirrups. The Duke was dis- tinguished as one of the most accomplished horsemen of the day. 463. GEORGEY IN THE COAL-HOLE. July 1st, 1800. COLONEL HANGER. This caricature is founded on a story relating to George Hanger, who on one occasion, when brought into difficulties by his extravagance, set up as a coal merchant. He was a hanger-on of the Prince of Wales in his early days, and published his Memoirs, in 2 vols. 8vo. which contain manycurious anecdotes of his contemporaries. 464. A STANDING DISH AT BOODLE'S. May 28th, 1800. STANDISH. Represents Sir Frank Standish, an individual well known at Boodle's, where he was frequently seen sitting thus at the open window. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 453 465. GENTLE MANNERS, WITH AFFECTIONS MILD, IN WIT A MAN, SIMPLICITY A CHILD. Nov. 4th, 1798. GENERAL MANNERS. 466. SYMPTOMS OF DEEP THINKING. March 25 th, 1800. SIR CHARLES BUNBURY, BART. Sir Charles Bunbury, Baronet, of Barton, in Suffolk^ was born in May, 1740. On the 2nd of June, 1762, be married Lady Sarah Lennox, daughter of the Duke of Richmond. Lady Sarah Lennox was the grace and orna- ment of the Court of George III. at the commencement of his reign, and inspired the youthful monarch with a passion that many persons thought might place a crown on her head. Never was a couple more unfortunately asso- ciated than Sir Charles and Lady Sarah Bunbury. She was full of life and spirits, highly accomplished, a distin- guished leader of fashion, to be met with in every scene of gaiety. Sir Charles was absorbed in the pleasures of the turf : he had one of the finest studs of race horses in the kingdom ; and the training them for the race course was his supreme delight. He was the constant companion of sportsmen and jockies. We fear he was too often in the stable when he should have been in the drawing-room, and neglected to attend his wife to those parties of pleasure which her station in life entitled her to visit. Fatal con- sequences ensued ; f the form which pleased a king/ and remained unsullied, yielded to the artifices and unremitting attentions of a seducer. In the year 1776; at a masqued baU given at Holland House, by her sister, Lady Holland, she eloped with the Hon. George Napier. Sir Charles Bunbury sued for a divorce, and the marriage was dissolved 454 GILLRAY's CARICATURES. by Act of Parliament in the same year.* When Sir Charles was first informed of the elopement, he could scarcely credit it ; when convinced of the truth he became frantic, andthen sunk into a state of despondency. He abandoned all his former pursuits, Bellarioj* no longer interested him

he sold his stud, retired to the Continent, and travelled for two years in France and Italy. When returned home he fell into the company of his old associates, and became again an amateur and patron of the turf. He was elected President of the Jockey Club, and we believe retained the Presidency till his decease. He was considered an oracle on all sporting questions. Sir Charles Bunbury had one peculiarity,—he never wore gloves,—but might be seen every day, walking from his house in Pall Mall, to the club houses in St. James's Street, and down to the House of Commons, with his right hand in his bosom, and his left in his breeches' pocket. He was a very honourable man, and it was remarked, that though he never wore gloves, he had always clean hands, which could not be said of every frequenter of the turf. Sir Charles Bunbury must have possessed some solid good qualities and very conciliatory manners, as he represented the county of Suffolk in Parliament for forty-three years ; a similar honour could only be boasted of by two other Commoners during the long reign of George III. namely. Coke the Member for the county of Norfolk, and Byng the Member for Middlesex. Sir Charles Bunbury died in March, 1821.

• As soon as the divorce passed, the Hon. George Napier immediately- married Lady Sarah ; by this marriage she became the mother of the gallant

Sir Charles Napier, the late Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in India

and of General Sir William Napier, whom Sir Robert Peel called “ the faithful, impartial, and eloquent Historian of the Peninsular War." I His favourite race horse. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 455 467. [LARGE BOOTS.] May 25th, 1800. MR. FRANCO. A gentleman then well known on the turf, of Jewish descent, which is indicated by the pigs. This was a private plate. 468. CORPOREAL STAMINA. April 13 th, 1801. LORD CHOLMONDLEY 469. A PRINCE OF THE OLD SCHOOL. March 11^, 1800. BOOTHBY CLOPTON. Boothby Clopton was an eccentric old beau, who fre- quented White's and Boodle's, where he was known by the sobriquet of Prince Boothby. He wasted a large fortune, after which, in a fit of mental aberration, he shot himself. 470. PEN-ETRATION. August 6th, 1799. JOHN PENN, ESO. A caricature of John Penn, Esq. of Spring Gardens and Stoke Park,* whose look bespoke the very opposite characteristic to that which the word penetration designates. He was the author of Poems in 2 vols. 8vo. and founder of the Outinian lectures. Mr. Penn was the last proprietary and hereditary Governor of the Province (now State) of Pennsylvania. When the American Revolution broke out, he sold his quit-rents in that State for an hundred and thirty thousand pounds. He died June 21, 1834.

• Stoke Park was purchased by the Right Hon. Henry Labouchere in 1849.

456 gillray’s caricatures. 471. HALF NATURAL. August 1st, 1799.SKEFFINGTON. This celebrated fop of the last age expired very recently, viz. on the 9th of December, 1850, in South Lambeth, at the advanced age of 82. In early life he was notoriously extravagant in dress, and is several times caricatured byGillray for his foppish costume, as in the two plates before us. In person he was about the middle stature, with large features, sallow complexion, and dark curly hair. Hisdress for many years consisted of a dark blue coat, withgilt buttons, a yellow waistcoat, white cord inexpressibles with large bunches of white ribbons at the knees, andshort top boots, but of late years he became more modernized in his dress. In his declining years, beingseverely afflicted with rheumatism, which bent him nearly double, he saw but little company. His association with the members of the drama com-menced at a very early age, and he was on terms of intimacy with John Kemble, Cook, Munden, Mrs. Siddons, and many others of high standing. He was the author of several successful pieces, one of which, the Sleeping Beauty, had a long run at Drury Lane. Such was his fondness for theatres, that he used often to visit four on the sameevening ; and was never known to be absent at the first representation of a new piece, or the debut of a newperformer. On being applied to by the publisher of the present volume for an explanation of some of the scenes in which hefigures prominent, he avoided the question, observing, that he had hoped such fooleries were forgotten, and was sorry to see they were about to be disinterred. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 457 472. “SO SKIFFY SKIPTON, WITH HIS WONTEDGRACE.” Feb. 1st, 1800. SKEFFINGTON. The same beau, in full dress. The title of the print is a quotation from a political squib of the day. Another once very conspicuous personage, says the London correspondent of the “Liverpool Albion,” who has just been suffered to drop into the grave, with a mere line announcing his exit, is Sir Lumley Skeffington. He was almost the last of the roues of Carlton-house, being the glass of fashion in which the Regent dressed himself both before and after BrummeFs time. Sir Lumley was the D’Orsay of the past age—the crack man about town, and his name was a sort of public property at TattersalFs, Almack’s, the theatres, in fact, wherever men and women congregated. Many of his dramatic pieces had great popularity, and his taste in theatricals and clothes (he was a prime patron of the garment called “ Spencers”) was thus ridiculed in the “English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,” published forty years ago, viz. : <l Shall sapient managers new scenes produce From Cherry, Skeffington, and Mother Goose ? In grim array third Lewis’ spectres rise, Still Skeffington and Goose divide the prize. And sure great Skeffington must claim our praise, For skirtless coats and skeletons of plays Renowned alike ; whose genius ne’er confines Her flights to garnish Greenwood’s gay designs ; Nor sleep with * Sleeping Beauties,’ but, anon, In five facetious acts comes thundering on.” The five-act affair to which Byron here alludes is “ Maids and Bachelors,” the best known thing of Skeffington* s, next to the “ Sleeping Beauty,” both of which pieces still keep the stage. Greenwood, above referred to, was a scene- painter at Drury-lane, and as such, as the noble satirist says, the author is much indebted to him. 458 gillray's caricatures. 473. ALL BOND STREET TREMBLED AS HE STRODE.May 8th, 1802. COLONEL TOWNSEND. This is a portrait of Colonel Townsend, of the Grenadier Guards, who was accustomed to walk up and down BondStreet in a haughty, swaggering manner, which acquired him the soubriquet of altitonant. 474. PATTERN STAFF. Nov. 3rd, 1797- LORD WEYMOUTH. Said to be a back view of this Lord. 475. A DASH UP ST. JAMES'S STREET. Dec. 6th, 1797- CAPTAIN CUNNINGHAM. An officer of the Coldstream Guards, who lost his lower jaw by a wound received in fighting against the enemies of his country. 476. May 19th, 1800. CAPT. TOWNSEND. This is a portrait of Captain Samuel Irwyn Townsend,of the first regiment of Grenadier Guards, who was one ofthe regular promenaders in St. James's Street. He diedOct. 21, 1849, at Walcot Place, Lambeth, in the 75thyear of his age. 477. NAUTICUS. Oct. llth, 1791.DUKE OF CLARENCE. A caricature portrait of the late king, when he wasyoung. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 459 478. AN ILLUSTRIOUS CHARACTER. Nov. 1st, 1802. DUKE OF CLARENCE. Another picture of the same illustrious personage. 479. THE ROYAL LOUNGER. June 26tli, 1804. DUKE OF CLARENCE. The same personage in another point of view. 480. March 10^, 1802. THE PRINCE OF WALES. 481. TAKING PHYSIC. Feb. 6th, 1800. This and the three following subjects were merely etched by Gillray from the designs of an amateur. They are not deficient in character. 482. GENTLE EMETIC. Jan. 28th, 1804. 483. BREATHING A VEIN. Jan. 28th, 1804. 484. CHARMING WELL AGAIN. Jan. 28th, 1804. 485. MRS. GIBBS, THE NOTORIOUS STREET-WALKERAND EXTORTER. September 23rd, 1799. The character of the person here represented may be 460 gillray's caricatures. gathered from the inscriptions on the plate. She finally turned religions, and died in a madhouse. 486. COMFORT TO THE CORNS. Feb. 6th, 1800. An excellent example of Gillray's best attempts at the burlesque. 487. BEGONE DULL CARE, I PRITHEE BEGONEFROM ME ! June 1 6th, 1801.The burthen of a well-known song, and an admirablespecimen of Gillray’s powers of personification. It wouldnot be easy to imagine a better representative of oneof the greatest persecutors of human happiness. 488. HOUNDS FINDING. April 8th, 1800. This series of four sporting subjects was etched by Gill- ray from the designs of an amateur, whose name is indi- cated hieroglyphically at the corner. They are said to have been favourites with King George, who was a great lover of the chase. 489. HOUNDS IN FULL CRY. April 8th, 1800.490. HOUNDS THROWING OFF. April 8th, 1800. 491. COMING IN AT THE DEATH. April 8th, 1800. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 461 492. Plate 1. COCKNEY SPORTSMEN MARKING GAME. Nov. 12th, 1800. This and the three following prints form another series of sporting subjects, a burlesque companion to the preceding. They are the work of another amateur, who has only favoured us with his initials. They explain themselves. Hornsey Wood was a celebrated haunt of the sportsmen of the city. 493. Plate 2. COCKNEY SPORTSMEN SHOOTING FLYING. Nov. 12th, 1800. 494. Plate 3. COCKNEY SPORTSMEN RECHARGING. Nov. 12th, 1800. 495. Plate 4. COCKNEY SPORTSMEN FINDING A HARE. Nov. 12th, 1800. 496. VENUS ATTIRED BY THE GRACES. Dec. 8th, 1800. A satire on some vulgar fashionable of the commence- ment of the present century. 462 gillray’s caricatures. 497. DIDO IN DESPAIR. Feb. 6th, 1801. LADY HAMILTON. A rather exaggerated picture, as far as rotundity goes, of the mistress of the celebrated Nelson. The attributes of the picture allude to circumstances of the life and character of the lady, and to the antiquarian pursuits of her husband. She is said to have sat to the artist for the positions given in the volume known as Lady Hamilton’s Attitudes. 498. A COGNOSCENTI CONTEMPLATING THE BEAUTIES OF THE ANTIQUE. Feb. 10tk, 1801. SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON. A portrait of the celebrated antiquary and diplomatist, whose lady figures in the preceding print. It is not diffi- cult to guess the allusions in many of the articles he is contemplating. Lady Hamilton as Cleopatra,* and Nelson as Mark Antony, with himself in the character of Claudius —he was a great lover of the table—are the pictures which adorn the walls. 499. A PAIR OF POLISHED GENTLEMEN. March \0th, 1801. SKEFFINGTON. HON. MONTAGUE MATTHEWS. Another picture of Skeffington, in company with a fop not much inferior to himself. It is insinuated that the principal polish of these two gentlemen was on their hoots. 500. ARS MUSICA. Feb. 1 6th, 1800. Another amateur design, from the same artist as the

• She is represented in the character of Cleopatra in Boydell’s Plates to Shakespeare.

MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 463 sporting series described before, as we learn from tbe hieroglyphic in the corner. 501. A WELCH TANDEM. June 21st, 1801. SIR WATKIN WILLIAMS WYNN, AND BROTHERS. These three Wynns were celebrated characters in high life in their day. The three goats refer to their Welsh parentage. 502. WHAT CAN LITTLE T O DO? May 1sta 1801. What can little T O do ? Why drive a phaeton and two ! ! Can little T O do no more ? Yes, drive a phaeton and four ! ! ! ! TOMMY ONSLOW (AFTERWARDS LORD CRANLEY). A good likeness of one of the most celebrated whips of his day. The riders behind him are said to be Lord Kirkcudbright and another noted buck, then well known in fashionable circles. 503. FAT CATTLE. Jan. 1 6th, 1802. DUKE OF BEDFORD. An allusion to the obesity of this noble Duke, as well as to his agricultural tastes—he being a great breeder of cattle. 504. ELEGANCE DEMOCRATIQUE. A SKETCH FOUNDNEAR HIGH WYCOMBE. July 8 th, 1799. A portrait of the Earl of Wycombe, son of the first Marquis of Lansdowne. He opposed the French war, and 2 H 464 gillray's caricatures. was a supporter of all liberal measures. He succeeded bis father as Marquis of Lansdowne in ; and, dying without issue, was succeeded by his half-brother, Lord HenryPetty, the present Marquis of Lansdowne. 505. ANACREONTICS IN FULL SONG. Dec. 1st, 1801. A meeting of the Anacreontic Society, or of the NewBeefsteak Club, of both which Captain Morris and the Prince of Wales appear to have been members. One of the grossest collection of songs, containing among others many written by Captain Morris, is known as the Anacreontic collection. Prefixed to this volume, which is in three parts and without date, is a short account of the Oldand New Beefsteak Clubs, the Anacreontic Society, andthe Humbug Club. We quote one passage. “His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Orleans, are members of this club : the other contributory members are chiefly bon-vivant noblemen, military officers of rank, gentlemen of the learned professions, rich and respectable citizens, and other men of distinction in life.” 506. METALLIC TRACTORS. DR. PERKINS. A Dr. Perkins was the author of this invention to cure all diseases, which had extraordinary run, long enough for the inventor to pocket a considerable sum of money. Popular credulity seems to be the same in all ages. 507. A LYONESS. July 1 3th, 1801. MRS. LYON. A Jewish lady of the bon ton, the wife of a great loan contractor named Lyon, the Rothschild of his day. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 465 508. A BRAVURA AIR. MANDANE. Dec. 22nd , 1801. MRS. BILLINGTON. The most celebrated singer of her day, in one of her favourite characters. She resided in Italy for a considerable while for the improvement of her health and vocal powers. On her return to England there was as much excitement to hear her as there has lately been to hear Jenny Lind. The two great theatres competed to secure her, but eventually entered into a compromise by which she was engaged to perform alternately at each theatre, from Oct. 1801 to April 1802, and the proprietors respectively bound themselves to secure her £2000 each, including her benefit, a price unheard of in those days. She was at that time the only English vocalist who could act as well as sing. Mandane, in the opera of Artaxerxes, was her great character. 509. MENTAL ENERGY. April 13 th, 1801. LORD CLARE. This nobleman, whose eccentric appearance is here cari- catured, was celebrated chiefly as an Irish statesman, and was especially active at the period of the Union. 510. A PINCH OF CEPHALIC. Jan. 25th, 1822. The Parliamentary debates, even in those stirring times, required an antidote against the influence of Morpheus. 511. A BOUQUET OF THE LAST CENTURY. Feb. 1 st, 1802. THE DOWAGER LADY DACRE. 2 H 2 466 gillray's caricatures. 512. LORDLY ELEVATION. Jan. 6th, 1802. EARL OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT. Lord Kirkcudbright, who was a very little man, was remarkable for his vanity and foppery. He is here at his toilette, raised on the only elevation he possessed, that of his toilette. 513. ADVANTAGES OF WEARING MUSLIN DRESSESI Feb. 15^, 1802. Muslin dresses had become very fashionable at the period when this caricature was published, and several disastrous results of accidental ignition gave to this print a peculiar air of truthfulness. It may be that those in- terested in the print trade encouraged the production of what was likely to remove prestige from its rival. 514. TALES OF WONDER. Feb. 1st, 1802. A satire on the rage for the horrible which had beenextensively spread by the publication of “The Monk,”“ The Bravo of Venice,” and “ Tales of Wonder,” written by M. G. Lewis. 515. DIANA RETURN'D FROM THE CHASE. March 1 6th, 1802. THE MARCHIONESS OF SALISBURY. The Diana of Hatfield. Lady Salisbury was celebrated as a huntress, and as one of the leading dames in fashionable life. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 46? 516. BLOWING-UP THE PIC-NICS ; OR, HARLEQUINQUIXOTE ATTACKING THE PUPPETS. April 2 nd, 1802. MRS. BILLINGTON. GARRICK. LEWIS. KEMBLE. MRS. SID- DONS. SHERIDAN. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. LADY SALISBURY. COLONEL GRENVILLE. LORD CHOLMONDELEY. LORD VALLETORT. The Pic-nic Society is understood to have originated with Lady Albina Buckinghamshire ; it was formed in the spring of 1802, by a number of the fashionable stars of the day, to perform farces and burlettas, which were to be relieved with feasts and ridottos, and a variety of other entertainments. The Society was very exclusive. Each member, previous to the performances, drew from a silk bag a ticket which was to decide the portion of entertainment which he was expected to afford. The performances took place in rooms in Tottenham Street. The regular theatrical performers took alarm at this scheme, which they imagined would draw from the stage much of the higher patronage on which it depended for support. A charge of immorality was also raised against them, and they became the butt of the attacks of many of the newspapers, among which the Post, Chronicle, Herald, and Evening Courier were prominent. The greater actors are here attacking the Pic-nics, led by Sheridan, who was said to be the great instigator of the newspaper attacks. 517. THE PIC-NIC ORCHESTRA. April 23rd, 1802. LORD VALLETORT. LORD CHOLMONDELEYc LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. LADY SALISBURY. Another satire on the Pic-Nics, in which some of the leading musical members are represented in full character. 468 gillray’s caricatures. 518. GEUMANS EATING SOURKROUT. May 7th, 1803. A satire on German diet. From tlie inscriptions on the pot and platter, it appears that the scene is laid at Weyler’s in Castle Street, a noted house at that time for German diet, and much frequented by Germans. 519. THE COW-POCK ; OR, THE WONDERFULEFFECTS OF THE NEW INOCULATION ! June 12th, 1802. DR. JENNER. A graphic burlesque on the evils which it was presumedmight arise from vaccination, which was gaining ground in defiance of the rooted prejudice of most of the faculty in favour of the small-pox. Dr. Jenner had discovered andpresented this boon to mankind about six years before the publication of this plate. 520. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES ! NEW DISCOVERIESIN PNEUM.ATICKS ! OR, AN EXPERIMENTALLECTURE ON THE POWERS OF AIR. May 23rd, 1802. MR. THOLDAL MR. DENYS. SIR J. C. HIPPESLEY. (?) LADYC. DENYS. DR. GARNET. MR. (AFTERWARDS SIR H.) DAVY.mr. d’israeli. COUNT RUMFORD. A burlesque on the Royal Institution, which had beenrecently founded. Most of the figures are portraits of themore distinguished members of the Institution. The gentleman experimented upon is Sir J. C. Hippesley; theoperator, Dr. Garnet. The bellows are held by Sir Humphry Davy, not then a baronet. To the extreme right MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 469 (to the left of Davy) Count Rumford is easily recognized

and in the circle, beginning with him, are Mr. D’Israeli (in spectacles) ; Earl Gower (afterwards Marquis of Stafford) ; Lord Stanhope ; Earl Pomfret ; Sir Henry Engleheld; Miss Lock (afterwards Mrs. Angerstein) ; Mr. Sothehy ; Mr. Denys (in spectacles) with his little hoy

back front view of his wife, Lady Charlotte Denys (daughter of Lord Pomfret) ; Miss Denys ; Mr. Tholdal (a German in the suite of a foreign minister) ; and others who are either not portraits or are not now known. 521. GOVERNOR WALL'S GHOST. July 21 st, 1802. Captain Wall was Governor of Goree in Africa, and was subsequently tried and executed at Newgate for having during his governorship caused a private soldier to be wantonly flogged to death. His name was very unpopular with the London mob. The tall personage represented here was a great frequenter of the Cider Cellar in Maiden Lane, and bore so close a resemblance to the individual just mentioned, that he was commonly known by the nickname of “ Governor Wall’s Ghost,” under which character his appearance here alarms an unfortunate fish- woman. Governor Wall reported the parliamentary debates, and was the first person who gave the real names of the speakers. 522. MARY OF BUTTERMERE. November 15 th, 1802. A portrait of this rural beauty, whose fate excited so much commiseration. She was the daughter of old Mr. Robinson, who kept a small ale-house on the banks of the Lake of Keswick, in Cumberland, and was often called the Beauty of Buttermere. The disastrous event which brought her into public notice, was occasioned by a visit 470 gillray’s caricatures. of John Hatfield, the notorious swindler, &c. to Keswick, on a fishing party, in August, 1802. Here he took up his residence at the house of Mary’s father, calling himself the Hon. A. A. Hope, Member for Dumfries, and first paid his addresses to Miss D , a young lady of fortune, who was there at the same time. Failing of success with regard to her, in consequence of the interference of a gentleman, one of her friends, and fearing an exposure if he persisted, he made all haste to gain the hand of Mary, and married her publicly by license, at the parish church, October 2nd, 1802. He then persuaded some of the cre- dulous inhabitants to cash several of his drafts, and left the village on a tour, but returned shortly after, when Sir F. Vane granted a warrant for his apprehension, which obliged him to fly the place under the pretext of fishing on the lake, not however without getting another of his drafts cashed. Mary was now left at Buttermere, and in an old trunk, which belonged to her vicious husband, discovered a number of letters which disclosed a dark tissue of crimes and amongst others that of bigamy. The report of so great a man as Colonel Hope marrying a poor young woman in Cumberland was speedily contradicted in the public papers, and soon afterwards an advertisement appeared, declaring him an impostor, swindler, and felon, and offering a reward of £50 for his apprehension, giving an accurate description of his person. Within a few days he was apprehended near Brecknock, brought to London and lodged in Bridewell, and underwent several examinations before Sir B. Ford at BowStreet, where his long course of villainy was brought to light. On Monday, August 15th, he was tried at Carlisle before Baron Thompson, on the charges of having used the name of the Hon. Alex. Aug. Hope for fraudulent purposes, and of having forged bills under the same name, was found guilty, and condemned to the gallows. Neither Mary nor another wife could be prevailed upon to pro- MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 471 secute him for bigamy, and upon this charge he accordingly escaped. He met his death with great calmness and resignation, having passed the time subsequent to his conviction in reading, writing, and the offices of religion. Happily for Mary, the child with which she was pregnant by Hatfield was still-born. She bore an irreproachable character as an affectionate daughter, and a modest and well-conducted woman. Her beauty, it is said, has been very much overrated; but that her gracefulness, expression, and accomplishments, were more than equivalent for any deficiency in form or feature. 523. DILLETTANTI THEATRICALS; OR, A PEEP ATTHE GREEN ROOM. Feb. 18*//, 1803. VALLETORT. LORD CHOLMONDELEY. LORD CARLISLE. LORD DERBY. LADY SALISBURY. SPOONER. LORD SALISBURY. THE MISSES ABRAHAM. LADY BUCKINGHAMSHIRE. PRINCE OE WALES. MRS. EITZHERBERT. LADY JERSEY. SKEFFINGTON. LORD KIRKCUDBRIGHT. QUEEN SB ERRY. G. HANGER. Another satire on the Pic-nics, composed at the time when they were already sinking under a load of popular obloquy. It is a busy spirited scene, and the artist seems to have had in his eye Hogarth's well known picture of “ Dressing in a Barn." The list given above will explain the portraits. It is said that in one of these performances the bulky Lady Albina took the part of Cowslip, and that the no less huge Lord Cholmondeley actually performed that of Cupid. 524. A GREAT MAN ON THE TURF; OR, SIR SOLOMON IN ALL HIS GLORY. July 7th, 1803. DUKE OF BEDFORD. This is understood to represent the Duke of Bedford. Sir Solomon was the name of a noted racer. 472 gillray's caricatures. 525. THE THREE MR. WIGGINS'S. June 1 6th, 1803. THE HON. MONTAGUE MATTHEWS. LORD LLANDAFF. HON. GEORGE MATTHEWS. Lord Llandaff and his two brothers, a celebrated trio of fashionables, well known on the lounge in Bond Street. 526. THE BULSTROEE SIREN. April 14th, 1803. DUKE OF PORTLAND. MRS. BILLINGTON. Mrs. Billington was at this time residing with the Dukeof Portland at his mansion at Bulstrode. 527. A HINT TO YOUNG OFFICERS. July 7 th, 1804. LORD MOIRA. TOM SHERIDAN. The circumstance alluded to in this plate, is as follows. Lord Moira, w Tho was then Governor of Edinburgh Castle, severely scolded his servant one morning for not calling him in time for review. The man excused himself on the plea that Mr. Tom Sheridan, his lordship's aide-de-camp, never returned home till four or five o'clock in the morning, and that this was the cause of his oversleeping himself. Lord Moira desired him not to sit up that night, as he would open the door himself. Accordingly, whenSheridan knocked, his lordship opened it. Sheridan felt the rebuke, made many apologies, and promised to be more regular in future. 528. A BROAD HINT OF NOT MEANING TO DANCE.November 20th, 1804. One of those imaginative sketches, which afford such admirable pictures of contemporary manners. This and MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 4?3 the three following are from designs by Mr. Brownlow North. 529. COMPANY SHOCKED AT A LADY GETTING UPTO BING THE BELL. November 20th, 1804. A widow and her suitors, who seem to have forgot their manners in the intensity of their admiration. 530. AN OLD MAID ON A JOUBNEY. Nov. 20th, 1804. The satire in this print is said to he both general and particular, as the artist is supposed to have personified in his old maids the well known Miss Banks, whose collections have enriched the British Museum. 531. EOBTUNE HUNTING. Nov. 20^/ 1804. Another of Brownlow North’s sketches. 532. THE THEATBICAL BUBBLE; BEING A NEWSPECIMEN OF THE ASTONISHING POWEBSOF THE GBEAT POLITICO PUNCHINELLO,IN THE ABT OF DBAMATIC PUFFING. Jan. Jth, 1805. LORD DERBY. LORD CARLISLE. SHERIDAN. MASTER BETTY. MRS. JORDAN. DUKE OF CLARENCE. FOX. On the young Boscius (Master Betty), whose appearance on the boards of Drury gave so great a lift to Sheridan’s finances. The persons represented as spectators of Sheridan’s skill in the bubble way, were the great patrons of Betty’s performances. 474 gillray’s caricatures. 533. THE GUARDIAN ANGEL. April 22nd , 1805. PRINCESS CHARLOTTE. MRS. FITZILERBERT. STANHOPE. GRENVILLE. GREY. ERSKINE. CARLISLE. BURDETT. FOX. NORFOLK. SHERIDAN. This parody on the Rev. Mr. Peters’s picture is said to have been intended as a satire on a rumoured attempt of Mrs. Eitzherbert to convert the Princess Charlotte to the Catholic faith. The position given to the members of the celebrated “ All the Talents” Administration alludes to their efforts in favour of Catholic Emancipation. 534. A COCKNEY AND HIS WIFE GOING TOWYCOMBE. June 10th, 1805. A picture of Cockney life at the beginning of the present century. 535. POSTING IN IRELAND. April 8tli, 1805. This happy burlesque on the pleasures of travelling in Ireland was also from the pencil of an amateur, as are the two which follow. 536. CLEARING A FIVE-BAR GATE. August 20th, 1805. 537- POSTING IN SCOTLAND. May 25th, 1805. A worthy companion to No. 535. 538. HARMONY BEFORE MATRIMONY. October 2 5 th, 1805 This and the following are two of the happiest of Gill- MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 475 ray's fancy sketches, and have something Hogarthian in their character. 539. MATRIMONIAL HARMONICS. October 25th , 1805. 540. ELEMENTS OF SKATEING. ATTITUDE ! ATTITUDE IS EVERYTHING. November 24th, 1805. Four subjects in perfect accord with the season at which they were published, and no unfavourable samples of the artist's pencil. 541. ELEMENTS OF SKATEING. THE CONSEQUENCEOF GOING BEFORE THE WIND. November 24th, 1805. 542. ELEMENTS OF SKATEING. A FUNDAMENTALERROR IN THE ART OF SKATEING. November 24th, 1805. 543. ELEMENTS OF SKATEING. MAKING THE MOSTOF A PASSING FRIEND IN A CASE OF EMERGENCY. November 24th, 1805. 544. MORNING PROMENADE UPON THE CLIFF, BRIGHTON. January 24th, 1806. Another amateur production ; a picture of Brighton life in 1806. 545. THE RAKE'S PROGRESS AT THE UNIVERSITY. —No 1 . October 22nd, 1806. <f Ah me ! what perils doth that youth encounter, Who dares within the Fellows’ bog to enter.” This and the four following are a series of illustrations 476 gillray’s caricatures. of University life, rather too broadly caricatured, and not among the best of Gillray’s productions. 546. THE RAKE’S PROGRESS AT THE UNIVERSITY.—No. 2. October 22nd, 1806. “ Ah me ! that thou the Freshman’s Guide should’st read, Yet venture on the hallowed grass to tread.” 547- THE RAKE’S PROGRESS AT THE UNIVERSITY.—No. 3. October 22nd, 1806. “The Master’s wig the guilty wight appals Who brings his dog within the College walls.” 548. THE RAKE’S PROGRESS AT THE UNIVERSITY.—No. 4. October 22nd, 1806. “ Expulsion waits that son of Alma Mater Who dares to shew his face in boot or gaiter.” 549. THE RAKE’S PROGRESS AT THE UNIVERSITY.-—No. 5. October 22nd, 1806. u Convened for wearing gaiters, sad offence ! Expelled, nor e’en permitted a defence.” 550. THE SOUND OF THE HORN! OR, THE DANGEROF RIDING AN OLD HUNTER. Dec. 1st, 1807- The design of an Amateur. 551. CONNOISSEURS EXAMINING A COLLECTIONOF GEORGE MORLANDS. Nov. 1 6th, 1807- (?) ANGERSTE1N. MITCHELL. CALEB WHITEFORD. G. BAKER. MORTIMER. An Exhibition of “ Morlands.” The artist was driven MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 477 by bis necessities to manufacture many daubs, with which the market was at this time glutted. This print appears to be a satire on these puffed sales. Among the spectators may be observed Mr. G. Baker, of St. PauTs Churchyard, the well-known print collector, the Quisquilius of DibdnPs Bibliomania. MOTHER GOOSE, OE OXFORD. May 12th, 1807- A well known Oxford character of the beginning of the century. This series of pictures of the weather seems to have been the work of an amateur artist. In his latter years Gillray frequently etched the productions of other artists. 552. 553. DELICIOUS WEATHER. Feb. 10th, 1808. 554. DREADFUL HOT WEATHER. Feb. 10th, 1808. 555. SAD SLOPPY WEATHER. Feb. 10th, 1808. 556. RAW WEATHER. Feb. 10th} 1808. 557. FINE BRACING WEATHER. Feb. 10th, 1808. WINDY WEATHER. 558 . Feb. 10th, 1808. 4?8 gillray’s caricatures. 559. VERY SLIPPY WEATHER. Feb . 10th, 1808. A view of the shop of Gillray’s publisher, with the crowd usually assembled round the window. 560. MAECENAS IN PURSUIT OE THE FINE ARTS. May 9th, 1808. THE MARQUIS OF STAFFORD (THE FIRST DUKE OF SUTHERLAND.) This noble patron of the fine arts, entering Christie’s sale rooms on a cold wintry day. EAST ASLEEP. 561. Nov. 1 st, 1806. WIDE AWAKE. 562. Nov. \st, 1806. 563. A VIEW OE NEWMARKET HEATH. June 9th, 1807. DAVIS. A man well known on the turf by the epithet of “GooseDavis.” He is said to have received this name from the circumstance that having been transported in his youngerdays to the other side of the Pacific, he was bartered byone master to another for a goose. On his return hebecame rich, and cut a figure on the turf. 564. AN OLD ENCORE AT THE OPERA. April 1st, 1803. THE EARL OF GALLOWAY. A very constant attendant, even in his old age, at the Opera. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 479 565. FARMER GILES AND HIS WIFE SHEWING OFF THEIR DAUGHTER BETTY TO THEIR NEIGHBOURS ON HER RETURN FROM SCHOOL. Jan. 1st, 1809. A caricature on the pretentious manners of the English farmers, who were now beginning to ape the aristocracy, and gave their children an education calculated for anything hut the humble pursuits of their forefathers. 566. VENUS A LA COQUILLE ; OR, THE SWAN-SEA VENUS. March 28 th, 1809. This is said to represent Mrs. Jones, of Swansea, a celebrated whip, frequently seen in Hyde Park, driving a curricle. It is a very correct representation both of her person and costume. One of her attendants is said to have been a particular favourite. 567. THEATRICAL MENDICANTS RELIEVED. Jan. 1 5 th, 1809. MRS. SIDDONS. KEMBLE. DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. When Covent Garden had been destroyed by fire, John Kemble, who had a great stake in it, solicited subscriptions for rebuilding it. The Duke of Northumberland, whose son Kemble had instructed in elocution, gave him the munificent present of ten thousand pounds. Kemble, as it is well known, insisted on pronouncing the word aches as though it were written aitches, which is ridiculed in the inscription underneath this picture. 2 1 480 gillray's caricatures. 568. LES INVISIBLES. 1810. A satire on fashionable dress in the year 1810. 569. LA WALSE. LE BON GENRE. 1810. The walse was at this time new in England, and just coming into fashion. 570. PROGRESS OF THE TOILET. —THE STAYS.—Plate 1 . Feb. 26th, 1810. A series of illustrations which form another satire of fashionable manners, shewing the way in which nature wasbeautified. 571. PROGRESS OF THE TOILET. — THE WIG. —Plate 2. Feb. 2 6th, 1810. 572. PROGRESS OF THE TOILET. — DRESS COMPLETED.—Plate 3. Feb. 26th, 1810. 573. GRACE, FASHION, AND MANNERS.—FROM THELIFE. An amateur sketch of three young ladies, well knownat the time, and said to have been three daughters of LordHuntingtower. 574. A PETTY PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY,BROUGHT TO LIGHT. March 20th, 1810. PROF. SMYTH. A caricature on the well-known and respected Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge. MISCELLANEOUS SERIES. 48 1 575. COUNSELLOR O. P. DEFENDER OF OUR THEATRIC LIBERTIES. December 5th, 1809, CLIFFORD. “ Counsellor Clifford/5 a barrister who was a well known frequenter of the Cider Cellar, was the leader of the cele- brated O. P. riots on the re-opening of Covent Garden Theatre at the end of 1809. He is represented here as the theatrical incendiary. The paper on the ground alludes to an action connected with the O. P. riots, in which the Counsellor obtained a verdict of five pounds damages. 5 76. A SQUALL. May 1 6th, 1810. 577 . A CALM. May 1 6th, 1810. These two scenes on the beach appear to be only etched by Gillray. 578. THE GRACES IN A HIGH WIND. May 26th, 1810. LADY GRACE TOLLEMACHE. LADY JANE HALLIDAY. LADY LOUISA MANNERS (AFTERWARDS COUNTESS OF DYSART.) The inconveniences of windy weather illustrated in the case of three fashionable beauties. 579. A LITTLE MUSIC; OR, THE DELIGHTS OF HARMONY. May 20th, 1810. A most decidedly musical party. It is evident that the snoring of the old gentleman chimes in with the harmony 2 1 2 482 gillray’s caricatures. of tlie whole, quite as well as the canine and feline duofrom the floor. 580. MATINS AT D—WN—NG COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. March 28th, 1810. The Master of Downing, Sir Beusie Harwood, and his lady, an eccentric pair, who are said to have indulged in morning amusements of a somewhat singular character. 581. BILLY THE GAMEKEEPER. April 23rd, 1810. BATES. One of the gamekeepers of George III., said to be a favourite. 582. A BARBER’S SHOP IN ASSIZE TIME. Map 15th, 1818. This was Gillray’s last work on copper, and was not published till after his death. He is said to have workedat it during short lucid intervals of his mental derangement. The design, which is dated January 9th, 1811, is, as stated, by Bunbury, but it contains many traces of Gill- ray’s style, and forms a worthy conclusion to the series of his works. INDEX i The figures refer to the number of the Plate. Abbot, Mr. 265, 354 Abraham, the Misses, 523 Achmuty, Colonel, 89 Adding-ton, Hon. Mr. 201, 260, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 273, 274,276, 290, 293, 298, 300 Addington, Mr. J. H. 260 A(ddingto)n, Master, 274 Advantages of -wearing Muslin Dresses, 513 Affability, 120 Affrighted Centaur, and Lion Britannique, 236 Agriculture, Board of, 214 Ahithophel in the Dumps, 1 7 Airis, Governor, 217 Alecto and her train at the Gate of Pandemonium, 56 All Bond Street trembled as he strode, 473 Allied Powers unbooting Egalite, 246 Amherst, Lord, 367, 368 Amsterdam in a darn’d predicament, 29 Anacreontics in full song, 505 Ancient Music, 23 Anderson, iEneas, on the Embassy to China, 88 Anecdote Magonique, 379*** Angel gliding on a Sunbeam into Paradise, 386 Angerstein, Mr. 551 Annual Register, extract from, 279 Anticipation, or the approaching fate of the French Commercial Treaty, 20 Antisaccharites, 78 Apotheosis of Hoche, 219 Apotheosis of the Corsican Phoenix, 353 Apples (The) and the Horse-turds, 296 Archduke Charles, 411 Archer, Lady, 65, 374, 383, 423, 424, 425 Arden, Pepper, 20, 23, 44, 132, 135, 140, 155 Argyll, Duke of, 317 Armed Heroes, 276 Armistead, Mrs. 395 Ars Musica, 500 Arundel Castle, painted windows in, 394, 437 Ashbridge, Mr. 23 Assaut d’Armes, 375 Asne, General, 223 Atkinson, Christopher, 10 Austria, 126 Austria, Emperor of, 29 Austrian Bugaboo funking the French army, 81 Autographs of Shakspeare, 451 Bagenal, Mr. 6 Baiser (Le) ala Wirtembourg, 171 Baker, Mr. G. 551 Ballynahiuch, a new song, 182 Balsamo, Joseph, 379*** Banco to the Knave, 2 Bandelures, 48 Bank Notes—Paper Money, 165 Bank of England, 167 Banks, Sir Joseph, 410 Banks, Miss, 530 Bantry Bay, Expedition to, 159 Barbarities in the West Indies, 49 Barber’s Shop in Assize Time, 582 Barclay, Mr. 318 Barham, Mr. 161 Barre, Colonel, 8, 19, 23 Barrington, Sir John, 257 Barrington, Shute, Bp. of Durham, 448 Barrymores (The Three), 389 Bat-catching, 273 Bates, Joshua, 23 Bates, Gamekeeper of George III. 581 Bear (The) and his Leader, 317 “ Bed of Roses,” 316 484 INDEX. Bedford, Duke of, 122, 136, 144, 147, 155, 173, 175, 184, 188, 199, 206, 209, 216, 229, 236, 257,258, 262, 291, 299, 310, 311, 313, 337, 344,351, 355, 366, 440, 503, 524 Beaufort, Duke of, 356 Begging no robbery, 158 Begone, dull Care, I prithee begone from me ! 487 Belle Assemblee (La), 374 Belle Espagnolle (La), 419 Benfield, Mr. P. 401 Bengal (The) Levee, 89 Berkly, Mr. 235 Betty, Master, 532 Betty Canning Revived, 377 Betty (the shopwoman of Mrs. Humphreys), 413 Bexley, Lord, 164—See Vansittart Billington, Mrs. 508, 516, 526 Billy the Gamekeeper, 581 Birmingham Toast, 58 Bishop (The) of A Tun’s Breeches, 75 “ Black Dick,” 128 Black Dick turned Tailor, 26 Blaquiere, Mr. 89 Blessings ofPeace—Curses ofWar, 1 12 Blind Man’s Buff, 126 Blood on Thunder fording the Red Sea, 30 Blood of the murdered crying for vengeance, 97 Blowing-up the Pic-Nics, 516 Blue and Buff Charity, 1 06 Board of Agriculture, 214 Board of Controul, 22 Bombardian conferring upon State Affairs with One in Office, 381 Bonnet Rouge (Le), 169 Bosville, Col. 291, 329 Bosville, Mr. 325, 327, 329, 330, 349, 350, 354, 357 Bottomless Pitt, 74 Bouquet of the last century, 511 Bow to the Throne, 43 Boydell, Alderman, 380, 382 Boydell the Painter, 443 Bravura Air, 508 Breathing a vein, 483 Bridal Night (The), 170 Bridport (Admiral), 208 Brigade Major,Weymouth, 1797,446 “ Brissot’s Principles of Justice,” 322 Britannia, 275, 387 Britannia between Death and the Doctors, 301 Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis, 102 I British Butcher supplying John Bull with a substitute for bread, 130 British Tars towing the Danish fleet into harbour, 343 Britton, Mr. 375 Broad-bottomed Drones storming a hive, 345 Broad-bottomed Hemispheres, 336 Broad Hint of not meaning to Dance, 528 Brothers, Richard, the Prophet, 116 Bruin in his boat, 320 Buckingham, Marquis of, 140, 298, 319, 327, 328, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 344, 350, 351, 355, 356, 357,366 Buckingham, Marchioness of, 345 Buckinghamshire, Lord, 423 Buckinghamshire, Lady, 65, 72, 403, 416, 423, 424, 425, 516, 517, 523 Buffer, Judge, 13, 378 Bulstrode (The ) Siren, 526 Bunbury, Sir Charles, 466 Buonaparte hearing of Nelson’s vic- tory, 218 Buonaparte leaving Egypt, 254 Buonaparte Forty-eight hours after landing, 292 Buonaparte, 248, 250, 262, 269, 274, 276, 280, 281, 282,284, 286, 287, 288,295, 300, 301, 305, 308, 314, 315, 316, 323, 324, 327, 340, 343 Burch, Captain, 434, 445 Burdett, Sir Francis, 196, 201, 206 209, 210, 218, 229, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 267, 290, 293, 299, 311, 313, 314, 325, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 336, 338, 339, 344, 349, 350, 351, 354, 355, 357, 533 Burgess, Dr. 418 Burgess of Warwick Lane, 418 Burke, Mr. 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 41, 45, 52, 53, 70, 96, 99, 124, 127, 140, 144, 155, 157, 158 ; his death, 158, 206 Burrard, Sir Henry, 446. Bury, Lady Charlotte, 400 Bute, Earl of, 21 Butler, Bishop, 5, 34 Byng, Mr. 1 43,1 87, 327, 332, 336, 350 Byron, Lord, 174, 244 Cabinetical Balance, 308 Cagliostro, the Impostor, 379*** Calm (A), 577 Camden, Marquis, 44 Cambaceres, 250 Camelford, Lord, account of, 154, 201, 259 INDEX, 485 Campbell, Lady Charlotte, 400 Caneingin Conduit Street, 154 Canning, Mr. 155, 160, 174, 258, 273, 298, 332, 335, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344, 351 , 354, 35o, 356 Style of his Oratory, 343 ; j his character of Pitt, 305 Carlisle, Earl of, 6, 155, 290, 291, ! 298, 311, 337, 340, 344, 355, 523, ! 532,533 Caroline, Princess, of Brunswick, 115 ! Castlereagh, Lord, 316, 327,332,336, j 339, 340, 341, 343, 351, 354, 355 ; ! remarks on, 351 Catch the living Manners as they | Rise, 399 Cathcart, Lord, 177, 460 Catherine of Russia, 256 Catholic Emancipation Bill, 335 Catholic Priest (A) , 368 Cavendish, Sir Henry, 6 Chancellor of the Inquisition marking the Incorrigible, 99 Characters in High Life, 404 Charlemont, Lord, 6 Charlotte, Queen, 18, 23, 24, 39, 43, , 57, 61, 66, 78, 79, 80, 86, 86*, ! 110, 115, 120, 123, 170 Charlotte, Princess, birth of, 142, 533 Charlotte Corday, 105 Charming well again, 484 Charon’s Boat, 339 Chartres, Colonel, 450 Chatterton, the Poet, 451 Chelsea Pensioner (A), 379 Chevy Chace, 216 Childe Harold, Stanza of, 349 China, Embassy to, 88 Cholmondelev, Lord, 257, 370, 468, ! 516-17, 523 Church Militant, 5 Cintra, Convention of, 349, 350 Citizens visiting the Bastille, 217 Clare, Lord, 182, 207, 509 Clarence, Duke of, 80, 121, 170, 176, 299, 314, 332,344,477,478, 479, 532 Clarke, Mrs. Mary Ann, 352, 354 Clavering, General, 352 Clearing a Five-bar Gate, 536 Clifford, Counsellor, 330, 331, 350, | 357, 575 Ciopton, Boothby, 469 Coalition Ministry, 17 Cobbett, Mr. 325, 327, 329, 330, 336, 338, 349, 354, 355, 357, 358, 365 | Cobbett, William, Life of, 358

365 Cochon (Le) et ses Deux Petites St. Cecilias, 392 Cochrane, Lord, 333 Cockney Sportsmen, 492—495 Cockney (A) and his Wife going to Wycombe, 534 Cognoscenti (A) contemplating the Beauties of the Antique, 498 Cole, Mrs. 450 Coleridge, Mr. 174 Combe, Mr. Harvey, 255, 318 Comfort to the Corns, 486 Comforts of a Bed of Roses, 316 Comforts of a Rumford Stove, 459 Coming in at the Death, 491 Commemoration at Oxford, 366 Committee (The), a new song, 10 Company shocked at a Lady getting- up to ring the bell, 529 Concannon, Mrs. 423 Confederated Coalition, 290 Connoisseur examining a Cooper, 84 Connoisseurs examining a Collection of George Morland, 551 Conolly, Mr. 6 Consequences of a successful French Invasion, 178—181 Constitution, 250 Contemplations upon a Coronet, 430 Convention, 350 Conway, General, 8 Cooper, Sir Grey, 2, 381 Cooper, Mr. 331 Coote, Major-General, 202 Copenhagen, bombardment of, 343 Copenhagen House, 134 Comer near the Bank, 428 Cornwallis, Lord, 89 Cornwallis, Archbishop, 5 Corporeal Stamina, 468 Corsican Carcase-butcher’s Reckoning-day, 284 Corsican Pest (The), 285 Cotton, Sir Charles, 350 Counsellor O. P. 575 Count Roupee, 401 Country Concert (A), 449 Coup de Maitre (Le), 203 Courtney, Mr. 193, 337, 344 Coventry, Lady, 416 Cow-Pock (The), or wonderful effects of the new Inoculation, 519 Coxe’s Walpole, Extracts from, 303 Cranley, Lord, 502 Crowe, Rev. W. 366 Crown and Anchor, dinner at, 173 Crown (The) and Anchor Libel burnt by the Common Hangman, 139 486 INDEX, Cumberland, Duke of, 352 Cunning-ham, Capt. 475 Cupid, 234 Curtis, Admiral, 128 Curtis, Sir W. 291 Cymon and Iphigenia, 422 Dacre, the Dowager Lady, 511 Dagger Scene, 96 Daily Advertiser (The), 152 Danish fleet taken, 343 Dash up St. James’s Street, 475 Dauphin (The) of France, 64 Davies, Gen. 445, 447 Davis, “ Goose,” 563 Davy, Sir Humphry, 520 Death of the Great Wolf, 140 Death of the Corsican Fox, 280 Death of Admiral Nelson in the moment of Victory, 306 Decent Story, 412 De Grasse, French Admiral, 3 D’Eon, Mademoiselle la Chevaliere, 375 Delacroix, M. 156 Delicious Dreams, 341 Delicious Weather, 553 Democracy ; or Sketch of the Life of Buonaparte, 252 Democrat (A), or Reason and Philo- sophy, 98 Democratic Levelling, 146 Denmark, Crown Prince of, 343 Dent, Mr. 145 Denys, Lady C. 520 Denys, Mr. 529 Derby, Earl of, 36, 39, 114, 118, 119, 141, 155, 162, 187, 206, 216, 229, 257, 261, 262, 290, 291, 299, 309, 311, 313, 314, 320, 337, 344, 429, 432, 523, 532 Derby, Countess of, 429 Derniere Ressouree (La), 384 Design for the Naval Pillar, 251 Despair, 267 Destruction of the French Colossus, 213 Destruction of the French Gun-boats, 282 Diable Boiteaux, 307 Diana returned from the Chase, 515 Dickinson, Mr. 265, 266 Dido Forsaken, 28 Dido in Despair, 497 Dilettanti Theatricals, 523 D’lsraeli, Mr. 520 Diplomatique (Un) Settling affairs at St. Stephens’, 436 Disciples catching the Mantle, 351 Discipline a la Kenyon, 424 Dissolution, or the Alchymist, 150 Doctor Sangrado curing John Bull of Repletion, 274 “ Dog Dent,” 145 Dog Tax (The), 145 Dreadful Hot Weather, 554 Dudly, Bate, 371,383, 400 Duel between Pitt and Tierney, 201 j between Burdett and Pauli, 331 Duet (A), 396 Dumouriez, General, 51 Dumourier dining in State at St. James’s, 101 Duncan, Admiral, 208 Dundas, Mr. 20, 22, 23, 28, 36, 39, 44, 68, 77, 79, 92, 96, 124, 125, 127, 132,135, !38, 140, 145, 149, 157, 158, 159, 160, 168, 172, 178, 184,198, 201, 202, 206,258, 290—See Melville Dundas, Mr. defends Sir John Jervis, 161 Dundas, head of, 155 Dundas, Sir David, 177, 350 Dunning, Mr. 2, 7 Eden, Hon. Catharine Isabella, 164 Effingham, Lady, 368 Effusions of a Pot of Porter, 249 Egyptian Sketches, 221 Eldon, Lord Chancellor, 96, 202,340, 344, 351, 356, 365 ; his letters to Sir Wm. Scott, 335, 365 ; on the Oxford Chancellorship, 356, 366 Election Troops bringing in their accounts, 37 Election candidates, 333 Elegance Democratique, 504 Elements of Skateing, 540—543 “ Elijah’s Mantle,” 305, 310 Eliot, Mr. 164 Ellenborough, Lord, 308, 312, 314, 322, 323, 328, 332, 335, 336, 337, 340 Elliott, Mr. 333 End of the Irish Farce of Catholic Emancipation, 299 End of the Irish Invasion, 159 Enfant ( L’ ) Trouve, 345 Enter Cowslip, 403 Equestrian Elegance, 462 Erskine, Lord, 118, 119, 122, 139, 155, 159, 160, 162, 168, 172, 191, 206, 209, 210, 216, 229, 255, 257, 262, 269, 290, 291, 293, 298, 299, 303, 305, 308, 310, 311, 312, 314, INDEX. 487 323, 332, 335, 336, 337. 339, 340, 344, 351, 355, 366, 533 Esplanade (The), 177 Evans, Mr. 451 Exaltation of Pharaoh’s Daughters, 425 Excrescence (An)—a Fungus, 59 Exhibition of a Democratic Trans- parency, 229 Exit Liberte a la Francoise ! 248 Explanation (The), 201 Extirpation of the Plagues of Egypt, 207* Fall of the Wolsey of the Woolsack, 82 Fall of Icarus, 334 Farmer Giles and his wife shewing off their daughter Betty, 565 Farren, Miss, 429, 430, 432 Fashionable Mamma, 415 Fast asleep, 561 Fat Cattle, 503 Fatigues ofthe Campaignin Flanders, 100 Fighting for the Dunghill, 212 Fine bracing Weather, 557 Finishing Touch (the), 383 First Kiss these Ten Years, 271 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, 207 Fitzherbert, Mrs. 28, 32, 33, 47, 48, 115, 299,314, 319, 375, 385, 523, 533 Fitzpatrick, Right Hon. Col. 6 Fitzpatrick, General, 291 Flannel Armour—Female Patriotism, 104 Flemish Characters, 397, 398 Flood, Mr. 6 Flower, Sir C. 350 Folkestone, Lord, 354, 357 Following the Fashion, 402 For improving the Breed, 408 Fortune Hunting, 531 Foster, Captain, 183 Fox, Charles, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 65, 74, 76, 77,90,91,92,95,96,98, 100,* 101, 102, 106, 111,113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 122, 127, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143,145,146, 147, 148, 152, 155, 157, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172, 173, 175, 178, 184, 185, 198, 199, 200, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 215, 216, 229,231, 255, 257, 261, 263, 268, 269, 272, 274, 275, 290, 291 , 293, 298, 299, 300, 303, 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317,318, 319, 321,323, 335,336, 340, 351, 366,395, 423, 441, 532, 533 Fox, Mr. his speech at the Whig Club, 198 ; at the Shakspeare Tavern, 255 ; his visit to France, 269 ; his domestic habits, 199 Fox (Head of), 327 Fox (Monument of), 326 Fox, Mrs. 316, 319 Fox, General, 114 “ Fox’s Martyrs,” 17 France, burlesqued, 4, 126 Francis, Sir Philip, 35, 38, 43, 49 Franco, Mr. 467 French Consular Triumvirate, settling the new Constitution, 250 French Commercial Treaty, 20 French Democrats surprising the Royal Runaway, 64 French Generals retiring on account of their health, 245 French Habits, 185—196 French Hailstorm, 109 French Invasion, 278 French Invasion, Consequences of, 178-181 French Liberty - British Slavery, 94 French mounted Riflemen, 227 French Tailor fitting John Bull with a Jean de Bry, 456 French Telegraph making signals in the dark, 111 French Volunteers marching to the Conquest of Great Britain, 277 Friend of Humanity and Knife Grinder, 174 Friend (The) of the People and his petty new Tax Gatherer, paying John Bull a visit, 321 Frying Sprats, .66 Funeral Procession of Miss Regency, 47 Funeral (The) Procession of BroadBottom, 328 Galloway, Lord, 461, 564. Gainbier, Admiral, 343 Gardiner (Admiral), 208 Garnet, Dr. 520 Garrick, David, 516 Genera of Patriotism, 147. Genius of France triumphant, 112 Genius (The) of France nursing* his darling, 287 Genlis, Madame, 207 488 INDEX. Gentle Emetic, 482 Gentle manners, with affections mild, in wit a man, simplicity a child, 465 Gentleman of the Court of Louis XYI. ; Gentleman of the Court of Egalite, 1799, 455 George III. 3, 7, 14, 18, 23, 24, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 57, 61, 67, 74, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 86, 110, 115, 120, 123, 132, 141, 170, 177,280, 286, 288, 300, 302, 314, 331, 335,337, 346, 350, 351, 355, 368 George III., Extract from autograph letter of, 277, 351 George III. and Fox, 198 George, Chevalier de Saint, 375 Georgey in the Coal-hole, 463 Georgey a Cock-horse, 426 German Dancing-master, 369 German Luxury, 444 German Nonchalance, 270 Germans eating Sourkrout, 518 Giant Factotum amusing himself, 160 Gibbs, Mrs. the notorious street- walker and extorter, 485 Gillray and George III. 84 Gillray’s last work, 582 Ginetti, Mr. 89 Gloria Mundi, 11 Glorious reception of the Ambassador ofPeace, on his entry into Paris, 156 Gloucester, Duke of, 34, 170 Gloucester, Duchess of. 34 Gloucester, Prince William of, 34, 170, 407 God save the King*, in a bumper, 125 Good Shot, 83 “ Golgotha, or the Place of Skulls,” 356 “ Goose Davis,” 563 Gordon (Duchess of) and Daughters, 440 Gordon, Lord George, 25 Gordon Knot (The), 440 Gout (The ), 454 Governor Wall’s Ghost, 521 Grace before Meat, 368 Grace, Fashion, and Manners, 573 Graces in a high wind, 578 Grafton, Duke of, 8, 36, 44, 118, 119, 122, 127,132, 155, 185, 356 Grand Coronation Procession of Napoleon the First, Emperor of France, 294 Grattan, Mr. 6, 299, 357, 438 Great Britain, Conquest of, 277, 278 Great Man (A) on the Turf, 524 Great South Sea Caterpillar trans- formed into a Bath Butterfly, 410 Great Stream from a petty Fountain, 313 Grenville, Lord, 44, 82, 83, 129, 132, 135, 155, 157, 158, 159, 168, 258, 298, 299, 307, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313,314,317, 318, 319,322, 323, 327, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343, 344, 345, 349, 351, 355, 356, 366, 533 ; sketch of his life, 83, 366 Grenville, Lord, body of, in a hearse, 328 Grenville, Right Hon. Thomas, 345 Grenville, Col. 516 Grey, Lord, 122, 148, 168, 172,201, 290, 291, 293, 298, 303, 305, 308, 310, 311, 313, 314, 340, 351, 355, 356, 366, 533 ; sketch of his career, 351—See Howick Grey, Sir Charles, 161 Grey, Mr. 161 Grote, Mr. 164 Guadaloupe surrenders, 161 Guardian Angel, 533 Guillotin, Joseph Ignace, 175 Gunning, General, 376, 377 Gunning, Mrs. 376, 377 Gunning, Miss, 376, 377 Gunning, General, (Groom of) 377 Guy Yaux, 7 Guy Yaux discovered, 53 Habits of new French Legislators, 185—196 Hackney Meeting (A), 143 Half Natural, 471 Halhed, Mr. defends Brothers the Prophet, 116 Hall, J. 106, 150 Halliday, Lady Jane, 578 Hamilton, Duke of, 216, 462 Hamilton, Lieut. -Gen. Sir Robert, 381 Hamilton, Sir William, 498 Hamilton, Lady, 497, 498 Handwriting (The) upon the Wall, 281 Hanger, Colonel, 32, 162, 257, 262, 323, 423, 426, 437, 463, 523 Hanging—Drowning, 138 Hanover seized by Prussia, 315 il Hansard’s Debates.” Extract from, 316 Harmony before Matrimony, 538 Harmony, the Delights of, 579 INDEX. 489 Harpies defiling the Feast, 233 Harwood, Sir Beusie, 580 Haslang, Baron de, 436 Hastings, Warren, 30, 31, 35, 36, 39, 43 Hatfield, the Swindler, 522 Hawkesbury, Lord, 260, 261, 262, 265, 266, 268, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 290, 299, 336, 339, 341, 344 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of York, 71 Hercules Reposing, 231 Hero of the Nile, 211 Heroes recruiting at Kelsey’s, 434 Heroic Charlotte la Corde upon her trial, 105 High Change in Old Bond Street, 417 High Flying Candidate (The), 326 High German method of destroying Yermin at Ratstadt, 242 Hint to Modern Sculptors, as an Or- nament to a future Square, 435 Hint to Young Officers, 527 Hippesley, Sir J. 520 Hobart, Lord, 260 Hobart, Hon. Mrs. 374, 384— See Buckinghamshire Holland, Lord and Lady, 269 Holland, Lord, 126, 299, 319, 327 Homer singing his verses to the Greeks, 441 Honi soit qui mal y pense, 19 Hood, Lord, 37 Hood, Sir Samuel, 326, 327, 329 Hope, 266 Hopes of the Party, 57 Hoppner, the Painter, 133 Horne, Mr.—See Tooke Horrors of the Irish Union, 215 Hounds finding, 488 Hounds in full cry, 489 Hounds throwing off, 490 How to Ride with eleg-ance through the streets, 379* Howard, Lady Elizabeth, 394 Howe, Lord, 26, 109, 128, 208, 290 Howick, Lord, 319, 323, 328, 333, 335, 336, 337, 339, 343, 349, 351 —See Grey. Humphrey, Mrs. 413 Huntingtower, Daughters of Lord, 573 Hurd, George III.’s letter to, on Bonaparte’s projected invasion, 277 Hustings (The), 151 Hiittner, Mr. 88 Icarus, fall of, 334 Illustrious Character (An), 478 Impeachment (The), or Father of the Gang turned King’s Evidence, 52 Impeachment of Lord Melville, 303 Improvement in Weights and Measures, 214 Independence, 243 Inexpressible air of Dignity, 237 Infanterie Franqaise en Egypt, 223 Installation of Lord Grenville, 366 Insurrection de l’lnstitut Amphibe, 222 Integrity retiring from Office, 258 Introduction of Citizen Yolpone and his suite at Paris, 269 Introduction of the Pope to the Convocation at Oxford, 356 Invisibles (Les), 568 Ireland, Samuel, 451 Irish Fortune Hunters, 1 Irish Gratitude, 6 Irish Volunteers, 6 Jack a both sides, 14 Jansen, the Dancing Master, 369 Jeffrey, Mr. 413 Jeffries, Hon. Miss, 374 Jeffs, Miss, 23 Jekyll, Mr. 202, 233, 258 Jekyl, Col. 445 Jenkinson, Mr. 44, 155 —See Liver- pool, Lord Jenner, Dr. 519 Jersey, Lady, 523 Jervis, Sir John, 161 —See St. Vincent Johnes, Rev. Samuel, 24 John Bull, 126, 130, 149, 157, 158, 165,212, 264, 283, 307 John Bull baited by the Dogs of Excise, 44 John Bull bothered, 93 John Bull ground down, 124 John Bull and his dog Faithful, 148 John Bull evading the Hat Tax, 169 John Bull and the Alarmist, 283 John Bull and the Sinking Fund, 332 John Bull offering little Boney fair Play, 227 John Bull taking a Luncheon, 208 John Bull’s Progress, 103 Johnston, General, 394 Johnston, Lady Cecilia, 374, 390, 392, 394 Jones, Gale, 134 Jones, Tyrwhitt, 243, 257, 258, 267, 291 I Jones, Mrs. of Swansea, 566 j Jordan, Mrs. 80, 121, 176, 314, 632 Josephine, the Empress, 281, 324 490 INDEX. Jubilee (The), 8 Judge Thumb, 13 Keen-sighted Politician warming his Imagination, 129 Kemble, Mr. 451, 516, 567 Kenyon, Lord, 127, 424 Keppel, Admiral, 2, 3, 7 Kick at the Broad Bottoms, 335 Kien Long, the Emperor, 88 King (the) of Brobdingnag and Gulliver, 286, 288 Kinnaird, Lord, 303 Kirkcudbright, Lord, 257, 502, 512, 523 Knave (the) wins all, 65 Knight, Mr. Payne, 451 Lady Godiva, 416 Lady putting on her cap, 409 Lafayette, Gen. 269 Landing of Sir John Bull and his Family at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 46 Lansdowne, Marquis of, 19, 21, 23, 36, 39, 77, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 132, 140, 141, 155, 186, 199, 202, 209, 257, 291 [Large Boots], 467 Lauderdale, Lord, 114, 118, 119, 132, 147, 155, 162, 187, 199, 290, 314, 322, 323, 328, 332, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 344, 349, 351, 354 Lavater’s Physiognomy of Fox, 199 Lawrence, Dr. 159, 290 Law Chick (The), 253 Leaving otf Powder, 117 Le Brun, 250 Le Marchant, Sir Denis, 375 Leinster, Duke of, 207 Lewis, Mr. 516 Lieutenant-Governor Gallstone in- spired by Alecto, 50 Life of William Cobbett, written by himself, 358 —365 Light expelling darkness, 119 Lilliputian Substitutes equipping for Public Service, 260 Lincoln, Bishop of, 339 Lion’s Share (The), 161 Little Music (A), 579 Liverpool, Lord, 314, 332, 340, 343, 351 355 Llandaff, Lord, 379, 525 Lonsdale, Lord, 69 London Corresponding Society alarmed, 197 London, Bishop of, 366 Long, Sir C. 140 Lord of the Vineyard, 12 Lord Longbow, the alarmist, dis- covering the miseries of Ireland, 182 Loss of the Faro Bank, 423 Lothian, Marquis of, 47 Loughborough, Lord, 23, 47, 92, 127, 132, 135, 140, 258 Louis XVI. of France, 29, 64, 79 Lover’s Dream, 115 Loyal Address, 349 Loyal Souls, 445 Loyal Toast (The), 173 Lyon, Mrs. 507 Lyoness (A), 507 Macartney, Lord, 88 Macdonald, Solicitor- General, 20, 23 Mack, General, 304 Macklin, Mr. 443 Mackintosh, Sir J. his character of Pitt, 305 ; of Canning, 343 Maden, Sir Fred. 451 Maecenas in pursuit of the Fine Arts, 560 Magnanimous Ally (The), 256 Magnanimous Minister (The), chas tising Russian perfidy, 315 Mahon, Colonel, 195, 289 Mainwaring, Mr. 143 Making Decent, 310 “ Malagrida,” Lord, 202 Malagrida driving Post, 77 Malcolm, Rev. J. P. on Dress, 385 j Malmesbury, Lord, 156; Extracts from his Diary, 351 ; his Embassy to Paris, 156 Mamaluck et Hussard Republican, 226 Mamaluke Chief, supposed representation of, 228 Man of Importance, 239 Maniac Ravings, 279 Manners, General, 465 Manners, Lady Gertrude, 404 Manners, Lady Louisa, 578 Mansfield, Lord, 308 Mara, Madame, 23 March to the Bank, 25 Margaret’s Ghost, 376 Marie Antoinette, 64 Market Day, 36 Markham, Archbishop, 5 Marlborough, Duke of, 237, 377 Marriage of Cupid and Psyche, 432 Mars, 232 Martin, Mr. 267 Martinique captured, 161 INDEX 491 Mary of Buttermere, 522 Maseres, Baron, 329 Mason, the Poet, 451 Matins at D—wn—ng College, Cambridge, 580 Matrimonial Harmonics, 539 Matthews, Admiral, 379* Matthews, Col. S. 57 Matthews, Hon. George, 525 Matthews, Hon. Montague, 499, 525 Mawbey, Sir J. 23, 38 Meeting of the Monied Interest, 216 Meeting of Unfortunate Citoyens, 197 Mellish, Mr. 327 Melville, Lord, account of, 303, 320 —See Dundas Mental Energy, 509. Metallic Tractors, 506 Midas transmuting all into Paper, 168 Middlesex Election, 1804, 291. Military Caricaturist, 447 Military Sketch of a Gilt Stick, 460 MiUer, Mr. 89 Minifie, Mrs. Margaret, 376, 377 Mitchell, Mr. 551 Mitford, Sir John, 259 Modern Belle going to the Rooms at Bath, 414 Modern Elegance, 400 Modern Grace, 431 Moira, Lord, 47, 182, 184, 195, 216, 229, 239, 257, 294, 299, 302, 308, 309, 310, 311, 314, 319, 323, 328, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 351, 355, 527 Monkey race in Danger, 241 Monsey, Dr. Messenger, 379 Moore, Peter, 329 Monstrosities of 1799, 452 Monstrous Craws at a New Coalition Feast, 24 Montagu, Rt. Hon. Fred. 39 Monuments lately discovered on Salisbury Plain, 373 More Pigs than Teats, 311 “ Morlands,” Exhibition of, 551 Morning after Marriage, 33 Morning Promenade upon the Cliff, Brighton, 544 Morning Ride, 289 Morris, Captain, 441, 505 Mother Goose of Oxford, 552 Mount- Edgcumbe, Lady, 374, 388, 424 Mulgrave, Lord, 341 My Poll and my Partner Joe, 420 Napier, Hon. George, 466 Napier, Sir Chas. 466 Napier, Sir Wm. 466 Napoleon, Emperor, 308, 336, 353, 356 ; Coronation of, 294—See Buonaparte Nassalen, Count, 433 National Assembly petrified, 55 National Parachute, 264 Natural Crop, 371 Nauticus, 477 Necker, 214 Neither War nor Peace, 16 Nelson, Lord, 154,207*, 208,211, 498 Nelson’s Victory, 209 Nelson, armorial ensigns of, 211 New Dynasty (The), 338 New Pantheon of Democratic Mythology, 230 New Speaker (The) between the Hawks and Buzzards, 253 New Way to pay the National Debt, 18 News from Calabria, 324 Nicholas, Mr. 173 Nicholls, Mr. 184, 194, 199, 206, 216, 229, 234, 257,258, 261,262, 264 Nicol, Mrs. 380 Nightly Visitors at St. Anne’s Hill, 207 Noble Lord (A) on an approaching Peace, 21 Norfolk, Duke of, 36, 39, 114, 118, 119, 122, 127, 143, 155, 173, 184, 185, 198, 199, 206, 209, 216,229, 257, 258, 261,262, 290, 291, 299, 332, 342, 344, 355, 371, 391, 394 Norfolk, Duke of, at the Hackney Meeting, 143 North, Sir Dudley, 174 North, Lord, 2, 12 , 15, 16, 20, 28, 31, 32, 35 North, Mr. Brownlow, 528 Northumberland, Duke of, 217, 329, 567 Notorious Characters, No. I, 451 Nugent, Lord, 345 Nuptial Bower, 164 Nursery (The), 268 O’Connor, Arthur, 207, 269, 314 Ogilvie, Mr. 207 Oh ! listen to the voice of Love, 458 Oh ! that this too solid flesh would melt, 421 | Old Encore at the Opera, 564 Old English Gentleman pestered by servants wanting places, 355 492 INDEX. Old Maid on a Journey, 530 Onslow, Earl, 132 Onslow, Tommy, 502 Operatical Reform, 448 Opening of the Budget, 157 Opposition Telegraphs, 202 Orange, William, Prince of, 29, 247, 433 Orde, Sir J. 154 Orleans, Duke of, 18, 207 Ornaments of Chelsea Hospital, 379 Ostend, Expedition to, 202 Overthrow of the Republican Babel, 354 Oxford University, election of Chancellor in, 356, 366 Pacific entrance of Earl Wolf into Blackhaven, 69 Pacific Overtures, 314 Pactia de Rhodes, 227 Paddy on Horseback, 1 Paille D’Avoine, 372 Paine, Tom, 54, 91 Pair of Polished Gentlemen, 499 Pandora opening her Box, 352 PantagueTs victorious return to the Court of Gargantua, 110 Parasols for 1795, 405 Paris Beau (A), 108 Paris Belle (A), 107 Parisot, Mademoiselle, 448 Parr, Dr. 249, 257 Patent Bolsters, 385 Patriotic Regeneration, 118 Patriots deciding a point of honour, 331 Patriotic Petitions on the Peace Convention, 350 Patriots amusing themselves, 74 Pattern Staff, 474 Patteson, Rev. E. 451 Paul, Emperor, 256 Pauli, Mr. 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 336, 350 Peep at Christie’s, 429 Peep into the Shakespeare Gallery, 382 Pen-etration, 470 Penn, John, Esq. 470 Percival, Mr. 214, 340, 341, 351, 352, 354, 355 Perkins, Dr. 506 Perring, Rev. Mr. 382 Perry, Mr. E. S. 6, 365 Peter Pindar’s Epistle to Lord Lonsdale, 69 ; quotations from, 23, 31, 120, 378 Peter III. of Russia, 256 Petit Souper a la Parisienne, 87 Petre, Lord and Lady, 368 Petty, Lord Henry, 299, 305, 310e 311, 312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319, 321, 323,335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 344, 349, 350, 355, 366 — See Lansdowne Petty Professor of Modern History, 5 74 Phaeton Alarmed, 340 Phantasmagoria, 272 Phoenix Park offered to Grattan, 6 Physical Aid, or Britannia recovered from a Trance, 275 Pic-nic Society, 516 Pic-nic Orchestra, 517 Pig in a Poke, 38 Pigs possessed, (The) 337 Pig’s Meat, 206 Pillars of the Constitution, 342 Pinch of Cephalic, 510 Pitt, Mr. 18, 20 , 22, 23, 27, 28, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44, 51, 57, 58, 68, 72, 76, 77, 82, 86*, 92, 93, 96, 100*, 102, 110, 118, 119, 121, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 175, 178, 184, 198, 201, 206,214, 249, 258, 262, 264, 290, 293, 295, 298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 307, 314, 316, 340, 35], 366 Pitt, Mr. his affection for his nieces, 146 ; proposal of marriage to, 164

character of, 305 ; and Sheridan, 293 Pity the Sorrows of a Poor Old Man, 144 Pizarro contemplating the Product of his new Peruvian Mine, 244 Plaisirs du Menage, 367 Plumper for Pauli, 330 Plum-pudding in danger, 295 Political Amusements for young Gentlemen, 259 Political Banditti assailing the Saviour of India, 31 Political Candour, 305 Political Dreamings, 262 Political Mathematician shaking the broad-bottomed Hemispheres, 336 Political Ravishment, 167 Polonius, 123 Pope (The), 328 Popham, Sir Home, 202 Porson, Professor, 451 Portland, Duke of, 6, 12, 14, 351, 335, 341, 355, 526 INDEX. 493 Portrait of an Irish Chief, 438 Posting- in Ireland, 535 Posting- in Scotland, 537 Posting- to the Election, 327 Power of Beauty, 390 Praetor Urbanus, 224 Preliminaries of Peace, 261 Preparing for the Grand Attack, 263 Presages of the Millenium, 127 Presentation ( The) , or the Wise Men’s Offering, 142 Price, Dr. 45, 58 Priestley, Dr. 57, 58, 74, 91, 101, 102, 106 Prince William of Orange, 433 Prince of the Old School, 469 Princess Royal, 170, 171 Princesses (The), 78, 288, 302 Progress of the Toilet, 570—572 Promenade in Famille (La), 176 Protection of the King’s Person, Bill for, 143 Provis, Miss, 443 Proof (A) of the refined feelings of an amiable Character, 153 Promised hon-ors of the French Invasion, 155 Prophets of the Hebrews, 116 Prussia, King of, 315 Pulteney, Sir William, 195, 216 Punch cures the Gout, the Cholic, and the Tisick, 453 Push-pin, 439 Pylades and Orestes, 433 Quassia, triumph of, 318 Queen Charlotte, 288, 302, 368—See Charlotte Queensberry, Duke of, 47, 257, 439, 523 Questions and Commands, 34 Rake’s Progress at the University, 545—549 Raw Weather, 556 Real Cause of the present High Price of Provisions, 122 Reception in Holland, 247 Reception of the Diplomatique and his suite at the Court of Pekin, 88 Reconciliation (The), 302 Reeves, John, 139,365 Regency Bill, 47 Reid, Major, 446 Republican Attack (The), 132 Republican Hercules defending his Country, 163 Republican Rattlesnake fascinating the Bedford Squirrel, 136 Retribution—Tarring and Feathering, 137 Reynolds, Sir J. 380, 392, 443 Regardez Moi, 370 Richmond, Duke of, 2, 7, 19, 23, 44, 140; his Head, 155 Riflemen, French, 227 Rights of Man, 54 Robinson, Mrs. 372, 378 Robson, Mr. 267 Rockingham, Marquis of, 2, 6 Roche, Sir Boyle, 6 Rodney introducing de Grasse, 3 Rodney, Admiral, 3, 4 Rolle, Mr. 28 Rolliad, Extract from the, 38 Rose, Sir George, 37, 44 Rosiere, M., 448 Ross, Colonel, 89 Royal Bull-fight (The), 141 Royal Lounger, 479 Rumford, Count, 459, 520 Russia, 126 Russia, Catherine of, 29, 51, 76 Rutland, Duchess of, 404 Sad Sloppy Weather, 555 Salute (The), 442 Salisbury, Lord, 123, 170, 288, 372, 523 Salisbury, Lady, 372, 515, 516, 517, 523 Sampson overcome by a Philistian, 379** Sandwich Carrots ! Dainty Sand- wich Carrots, 427 Sandwich, Lord, 3, 36, 427 Sans Culottes feeding Europe with the bread of liberty, 95 Schwallenberg, Madame, 23, 386 Scientific Researches ! New Discoveries in Pneumaticks, 520 Scotch Harry’s News, 79 Scotch Pony, commonly called a Gal- loway, 461 Scott, Sir Walter, quotations from, 174, 198 Scott, Sir William, 202, 356, 365, 366 Search Night, or State Watchmen, 184 Sensibility’s Tear, 441 Shakespeare sacrificed, 380 Shakspeare Autographs, 451 Shakspeare Gallery, 380 Shadow of a Duke, 406 494 INDEX Shelburne. Lord, 7, 11, 14, 100* Sheridan, Mr. 20, 35, 36, 48, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58, 74, 77, 92, 95, 96, 101, 102, 106, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 132, 137, 139, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 155, 159, 160, 162, 165, 168, 172, 173, 175, 178, 184, 208, 209, 210, 229,244, 253,257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 273, 275, 283, 291, 293, 298, 299, 305, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 319, 323, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 344, 349, 350, 351, 423, 441, 516, 532, 533 Sheridan’s attack on Pitt, 293 ; his speech in Westminster Hall, 244 ; conversation with Ireland, 451 Sheridan, Mrs. 392 Sheridan, Tom, 527 Shippen, Mr. 303 Shrine at St. Anne’s Hill, 199 Shuckborough, Sir John, 192, 210, 216, 233 Siddons, Mrs. 516, 567 Sidmouth, 198, 299, 302, 307, 308, 310, 311, 313, 314, 317, 319,320, 322, 323, 328, 332, 335, 336, 337, 339, 349, 351, 355, 366 Siege de la Colonne de Pompee, 220 Sieyes, M. 250 Sin, Death, and the Devil, 86* Sinclair, Sir John, 214, 216, 229, 255 Skateing, Elements of, 540—543 Skeffington, Sir Lumley, 257, 471, 472, 499, 523 Sketch of the interior of St. Stephen’s as it now stands, 265 Sketch of a Monument of Disappointed Justice, 322 Slice of Gloster Cheese (A), 407 Sleep Walker (The), 13 Slough of Despond, 90 Smelling out a Rat, 45 Smithson, Sir Hugh, 216 Smyth, Professor, 574 Sneyd, Dr. 416 “ So Skiffy Skipton, with his wonted grace,” 472 Soldier’s Return, 60 Sound of the Horn, 550 Southey the Poet, 174 Southey, Rev. Cuthbert, 174 Sovereignty of the People, 198 Spanish Patriots attacking the French banditti, 348 Spanish Bull Fight, 346 Speaker (The), 311 Spencer, Earl, 337, 344 Spencer and a Threadpaper, 393 Sphere (A) Projecting against a Plane, 72 Spooner, Mr. 523 Spouting, 395 Squall (A), 576 St. Anne’s Hill, 199 St. Cecilia, 392 St. George, Chevalier de, 375 St. George and the Dragon, 4 St. George’s Volunteers charging down Bond Street, 183 St. Lucia taken, 161 St. Vincent, Earl of, 154, 166, 208, 291, 302, 328, 337, 339, 340, 343, 344, 350, 351, 355 Stael, Madame de, 164 Stafford, Marquis of, 290, 366, 560 Staggering Bobs, a Tale for Scotch- men, 437 Stahremberg, Count, 270 Standing Dish at Boodle’s, 464 Standish, Sir Frank, 464 Stanhope, Earl, 56, 106, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 122, 127, 132, 1 146, 155, 162, 165, 187, 216, 25. 290, 299, 309, 320, 322, 533 Stanhope, Earl, Marriage of j. Daughter, 146 Stanhope, Lady Hester, 164 Staunton, Sir George, 88 State of the War, 241 State Jugglers, 39 State Waggoner and John Bull, 298 Statistical History of Scotland, 214 Steevens, George, 380 Storm Rising ; the Republican flotilla in Danger, 175 Sturt, Mr. 139, 235, 257 Substitutes for Bread, 135 Sultan (The), 29 Supplementary Militia, 133 Surrender of Ulm (The), 304 Sussex, Duke of, 449 Suwarrow-Romniskoy, Field Marshal, Count, 240, 256 Swan-Sea Venus, 566 “Swinish Multitude,” 110, 206 Sydney, Lord, 22, 36, 39, 44 Symptoms of deep thinking, 466 Tables Turned (The), 166 Taking Physic, 481 Tales of Wonder, 514 Talleyrand, Prince, 75, 282, 284, 308, 314, 323, 324, 338 INDEX, 495 Taming of the Shrew, 5 1 Tarleton, Col. 216, 261 Taylor, Michael Angelo, 96, 106, 114, 119, 165, 159, 160, 162, 168, 172, 187, 206, 210, 215, 216, 229, 253, 261,262, 290 Taylor, Mr. marries Lord Stanhope’s Daughter, 146 Taylor, Mr. W. Stanhope, 146 Teignmouth, Lord, 89 Temperance enjoying a frugal meal, 86 Temple, Lord, 259, 290, 308, 811, 314, 319, 323, 327, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 344, 345, 350, 354, 355, 356, 357, 366 Tentanda via est qua me quoque possiin tollere humo, 366 Thanet, Lord, 299 Theatrical Mendicants relieved, 567 Theatrical Bubble, 532 Thelwall, Mr. 134, 155, 159, 162, 365 Theologie a la Turque, 225 There’s more ways than one, 27 Thirty Years have I lived in this Parish of Covent Garden, &c. 450 Tholdal, Mr. 520 Thornhill, Mr. 38 Thorndon Hall, entertainment at, 368 Thornton, Colonel, 406 thoughts on the English Government, 139 hree (The) Mr. Wiggins’s, 535 fhunderer (The), 378 Thurlow, Lord Chancellor, 2, 23, 27, 30, 35, 36, 39, 42, 43, 44, 68, 82, 86* Thicknesse, Philip, 60 Tichfield, Marquis of, 341 Tierney, Mr. 174, 175, 184, 190, 199, 201, 206,210, 215, 216, 229, 233, 255, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262,265, 273, 291, 293, 305, 310, 311, 313, 314, 336, 337, 340, 344, 855 Tiddy-Doll, the great French Ginger- bread Baker, drawing out a new Batch of Kings, 309 Titianus Redivivus, 443 Tirailleur Frangais, et cheval leger de l’Armee du Pacha de Rhodes, 227 Toasting Muffins, 67 Toilet, Progress of the, 570—572 Tollemache, Lady Grace, 578 Tom Paine’s nightly Pest, 91 Tomline, Dr. 146 Tooke, Mr. William, 259 Tooke, Horne, 57, 58, 106, 162, 184, 189, 216, 259, 263, 291, 311, 313, 314, 325, 327, 330, 333, 336, 338, 339, 344, 350, 354, 357 ; sketch of his life, 259 Topham, Major, 37, 378 Townshend, Lord John, 37 Townshend, Colonel, 473, 476 Townshend, Mr. 355 Treason and Sedition Bills, 139, 143 Tree of Liberty—with the Devil tempting John Bull, 200 Tree of Liberty must be planted immediately, 168 Triumph of Quassia, 318 Triumphal Procession of little Pauli the Tailor upon his new Goose, 325 Trotter’s Memoirs of Fox, Extracts from, 269, 310, 319 TroisMagots, 389 True British Tar, 121 True Reform of Parliament, 357 Tub for the Whale, 212 Turner, Sir Charles, 153 Twin Stars, Castor and Pollux, 235 Twopenny Whist, 413 Ulm, surrender of, 304 Uncorking Old Sherry, 293 Uniform (A) Whig, 70 Union Club (The), 257 United Irishmen in Training, 204 United Irishmen upon Duty, 205 United Irishmen, Society of, 207 University, Rake’s Progress atthe,545 —549 Y Committee framing a Report, 10 Valley of the Shadow of Death, 347 Yalletort, Lord, 516, 517, 523 Van Butchell, Martin, 384 Vancouver, Captain, and his brother, 154 Vansittart, Mr. 260, 310, 332 —See Bexley Venetian Secret, 443 Venus a la Coquille, 566 Venus attired by the Graces, 496 Venus, trying on the Cestus of, 394 Vestal of -93, 394 Very slippy weather, 559 Vestris, the Dancing Master, 370 Vices overlooked in the New Procla- mation, 80 Vienna, Convention of, 315 View of Newmarket Heath, 563 View of the Hustings in Covent Garden, 329 Vimiera, battle of, 350 Visit to Piccadilly, 40 K 496 INDEX, Visiting the Sick, 319 Voluptuary under the horrors of di- gestion, 85 “ Vortigern and Rowena,” 451 Vulture of the Constitution, 41 Waithman, Alderman, 350 Wales, Prince of, 18, 24, 28, 32, 33, 48, 65, 80, 85, 115, 124, 142, 155, 170, 202, 257, 289, 302, 312, 319, 372, 375, 378, 435, 480, 523 Wall, Governor, 521 Walpole, Sir Robert, anecdote of, 303 Walpole, Lord, 337 Walpole, Horace, 5, 375, 400 Walpole, Gen. 232, 261, 262 Walse (La), Le Bon Genre, 569 Waltzer de Mouchoir, 457 War, 15, 16 Wardie, Col. 352, 354, 357 Warley Common, review on, 368 Warren, Admiral, 208 Watson, Mr. 89, 413 Watson, Col. 450 Weather, Pictures of the, 553—559 Weird Sisters, 68 Welch Tandem, 531 Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 300 Wellington, Duke of, 201, 350 West, Benj. R.A., 443 W st r Just-asses a Braying, 9 Westminster Conscripts under the Training Act, 323 Westminster Hunt, 35 Westminster Scrutiny, 214 Westmoreland, Earl, 132 What a Cur ’tis, 128 What can little T O do? 502 Whig Club, 139, 173, 198 Whitbread, Mr. 318, 320, 329, 335, 337, 339, 340, 344, 351, 354, 355, .357 Whiteford, Caleb, 551 Whitworth, Lord, 279 Wide Awake, 562 Wife or no Wife, 32 Wilkes, Mr. 2, 161, 162, 259 Wilberforce, Mr. 49, 127, 140, 160, 164, 172, 201, 272, 290, 298, 302, 305, 320, 352 Windham, Mr. 140, 145, 159, 160, 262, 290, 293, 298, 299, 305, 308, 310, 311, 313, 314,319, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 344, 349, 350, 351,352, 355,-366 Windham, head of, 155 Windy Weather, 558 Windsor, Mrs. 489 Wine Duty, or the Triumph of Bacchus and Silenus, 149 Wirtemberg, Prince of, 170, 171 Wirtemberg, King of, 408 Wishart, Mr. 353, 354 Witch upon a Mount’s Edge, 388 Wolcot, Dr.—See Peter Pindar Wolf, death of the, 140 Wolfe, General, 19 Woodbridge, Robert, 385 Woodfall, the Printer, 259 Woollett, the artist, 380 Worn out Patriot, 355 Wounded Lion, 303 Wray, Sir Cecil, 57, 58 Wright, Sir Sampson, 379** Wycombe, Earl of, 504 Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams, 23, 40, 366, 390 ; and his brothers, 501 Wynn, Lady, 40 Yarmouth, Lord, 323 York, Duke of, 60, 61, 62, 63, 80, 100, 110, 170, 207, 352, 354, 445 York, Duchess of, 40, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71 York, Archbishop of, 366 York, Charles, 260 York Minuet, 62 York Reverence, 63 THE END. G. NORMAN, PRINTER, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN,

r GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3 3125 01161 5248 n