Mental disorder  

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	Mental illness is distinct from the legal concept of [[insanity]].		Mental illness is distinct from the legal concept of [[insanity]].
		+	==History==
		+	{{Main|History of mental disorders}}
		+
		+	===Ancient civilizations===
		+	Ancient civilizations described and treated a number of mental disorders. The Greeks coined terms for [[melancholy]], [[hysteria]] and [[phobia]] and developed the [[humorism]] theory. Mental disorders were described, and treatments developed, in Persia, Arabia and in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]].
		+
		+	===Europe===
		+	====Middle Ages====
		+	Conceptions of madness in the Middle Ages in Christian Europe were a mixture of the divine, diabolical, magical and humoral, as well as more down to earth considerations. In the early modern period, some people with mental disorders may have been victims of the witch-hunts but were increasingly admitted to local workhouses and jails or sometimes to private madhouses. Many terms for mental disorder that found their way into everyday use first became popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		+
		+	====Eighteenth century====
		+	By the end of the 17th century and into the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], madness was increasingly seen as an organic physical phenomenon with no connection to the soul or moral responsibility. Asylum care was often harsh and treated people like wild animals, but towards the end of the 18th century a [[moral treatment]] movement gradually developed. Clear descriptions of some syndromes may be rare prior to the 19th century.
		+
		+	====Nineteenth century====
		+	[[Industrialization]] and population growth led to a massive expansion of the number and size of insane asylums in every Western country in the 19th century. Numerous different [[classification of mental disorders|classification schemes]] and diagnostic terms were developed by different authorities, and the term [[psychiatry]] was coined, though medical superintendents were still known as alienists.
		+
		+	====Twentieth century====
		+	The turn of the 20th century saw the development of [[psychoanalysis]], which would later come to the fore, along with [[Kraepelin]]'s classification scheme. Asylum "inmates" were increasingly referred to as "patients", and asylums renamed as hospitals.
		+
		+	===Europe and the U.S.===
		+	In the 20th century in the United States, a mental hygiene movement developed, aiming to prevent mental disorders. Clinical psychology and social work developed as professions. [[World War I]] saw a massive increase of conditions that came to be termed "[[Combat stress reaction|shell shock]]".
		+
		+	[[World War II]] saw the development in the U.S. of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM). The [[International Classification of Diseases]] (ICD) followed suit with a section on mental disorders. The term [[stress (biological)|stress]], having emerged out of [[endocrinology]] work in the 1930s, was increasingly applied to mental disorders.
		+
		+	[[Electroconvulsive therapy]], [[insulin shock therapy]], [[lobotomy|lobotomies]] and the "[[neuroleptic]]" [[chlorpromazine]] came to be used by mid-century. An [[antipsychiatry]] movement came to the fore in the 1960s. [[Deinstitutionalization]] gradually occurred in the West, with isolated [[psychiatric hospitals]] being closed down in favor of [[community mental health services]]. A [[consumer/survivor movement]] gained momentum. Other kinds of [[psychiatric medication]] gradually came into use, such as "[[antidepressants|psychic energizers]]" and [[lithium pharmacology|lithium]]. [[Benzodiazepines]] gained widespread use in the 1970s for anxiety and depression, until dependency problems curtailed their popularity.
		+
		+	Advances in [[neuroscience]] and [[genetics]] led to new research agendas. [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]] was developed. The DSM and then ICD adopted new criteria-based classifications, and the number of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion. Through the 1990s, new SSRI [[antidepressant]]s became some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. Also during the 1990s, a [[recovery model]] developed.
		+
	== See also ==		== See also ==
	*[[Antisocial personality disorder]]		*[[Antisocial personality disorder]]

---

Revision as of 20:50, 27 June 2011

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A mental illness is a psychiatric disorder that results in a disruption in a person's thinking, feeling, moods, and ability to relate to others. Psychiatrists generally attribute mental illness to organic/neurochemical causes that can be treated with psychiatric medication, psychotherapy, lifestyle adjustments and other supportive measures. Compare rational-emotive therapy.

Mental illness is distinct from the legal concept of insanity.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient civilizations 1.2 Europe 1.2.1 Middle Ages 1.2.2 Eighteenth century 1.2.3 Nineteenth century 1.2.4 Twentieth century 1.3 Europe and the U.S. 2 See also

History

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Ancient civilizations

Ancient civilizations described and treated a number of mental disorders. The Greeks coined terms for melancholy, hysteria and phobia and developed the humorism theory. Mental disorders were described, and treatments developed, in Persia, Arabia and in the medieval Islamic world.

Europe

Middle Ages

Conceptions of madness in the Middle Ages in Christian Europe were a mixture of the divine, diabolical, magical and humoral, as well as more down to earth considerations. In the early modern period, some people with mental disorders may have been victims of the witch-hunts but were increasingly admitted to local workhouses and jails or sometimes to private madhouses. Many terms for mental disorder that found their way into everyday use first became popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Eighteenth century

By the end of the 17th century and into the Enlightenment, madness was increasingly seen as an organic physical phenomenon with no connection to the soul or moral responsibility. Asylum care was often harsh and treated people like wild animals, but towards the end of the 18th century a moral treatment movement gradually developed. Clear descriptions of some syndromes may be rare prior to the 19th century.

Nineteenth century

Industrialization and population growth led to a massive expansion of the number and size of insane asylums in every Western country in the 19th century. Numerous different classification schemes and diagnostic terms were developed by different authorities, and the term psychiatry was coined, though medical superintendents were still known as alienists.

Twentieth century

The turn of the 20th century saw the development of psychoanalysis, which would later come to the fore, along with Kraepelin's classification scheme. Asylum "inmates" were increasingly referred to as "patients", and asylums renamed as hospitals.

Europe and the U.S.

In the 20th century in the United States, a mental hygiene movement developed, aiming to prevent mental disorders. Clinical psychology and social work developed as professions. World War I saw a massive increase of conditions that came to be termed "shell shock".

World War II saw the development in the U.S. of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) followed suit with a section on mental disorders. The term stress, having emerged out of endocrinology work in the 1930s, was increasingly applied to mental disorders.

Electroconvulsive therapy, insulin shock therapy, lobotomies and the "neuroleptic" chlorpromazine came to be used by mid-century. An antipsychiatry movement came to the fore in the 1960s. Deinstitutionalization gradually occurred in the West, with isolated psychiatric hospitals being closed down in favor of community mental health services. A consumer/survivor movement gained momentum. Other kinds of psychiatric medication gradually came into use, such as "psychic energizers" and lithium. Benzodiazepines gained widespread use in the 1970s for anxiety and depression, until dependency problems curtailed their popularity.

Advances in neuroscience and genetics led to new research agendas. Cognitive behavioral therapy was developed. The DSM and then ICD adopted new criteria-based classifications, and the number of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion. Through the 1990s, new SSRI antidepressants became some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. Also during the 1990s, a recovery model developed.

See also

• Antisocial personality disorder
• Illness
• Irrationality
• Madness and Civilization
• Obsession
• Unreason
• Psychopathy