Interactive media
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| - | '''Multimedia''' is [[media (communication)|media]] and [[content (media and publishing)|content]] that uses a combination of different [[content format|content forms]]. This contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of [[Writing|text]], [[Sound|audio]], [[image|still images]], [[animation]], [[Footage|video]], or [[interactivity]] content forms. | + | '''Interactive media''' normally refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user’s actions by presenting content such as text, graphics, animation, video, audio, games, etc. |
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| - | Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by [[information|information content]] processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia devices are [[electronic media]] devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from [[mixed media]] in [[fine art]]; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for [[interactive media|interactive multimedia]]. [[Hypermedia]] can be considered one particular multimedia application. | + | |
| ==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
| - | ===History of the term=== | + | Though the word ''media'' is plural, the term is often used as a singular noun. |
| - | The term ''multimedia'' was coined by singer and artist Bob Goldstein (later '[[Bobb Goldsteinn]]') to promote the July 1966 opening of his "LightWorks at L'Oursin" show at [[Southampton]], Long Island. Goldstein was perhaps aware of a British artist named Dick Higgins, who had two years previously discussed a new approach to art-making he called "intermedia." | + | |
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| - | On August 10, 1966, Richard Albarino of [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] borrowed the terminology, reporting: “Brainchild of songscribe-comic Bob (‘[[Washington Square (song)|Washington Square]]’) Goldstein, the ‘Lightworks’ is the latest ''multi-media'' music-cum-visuals to debut as discothèque fare.” Two years later, in 1968, the term "multimedia" was re-appropriated to describe the work of a political consultant, David Sawyer, the husband of Iris Sawyer—one of Goldstein’s producers at L’Oursin. | + | |
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| - | In the intervening forty years, the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s, the term referred to presentations consisting of [[Multi-Image|multi-projector slide shows]] timed to an audio track. However, by the 1990s 'multimedia' took on its current meaning. | + | |
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| - | In the 1993 first edition of McGraw-Hill’s ''Multimedia: Making It Work'', Tay Vaughan declared “Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video that is delivered by computer. When you allow the user – the viewer of the project – to control what and when these elements are delivered, it is ''interactive multimedia''. When you provide a structure of linked elements through which the user can navigate, interactive multimedia becomes ''hypermedia''.” | + | |
| - | The German language society, [[Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache]], decided to recognize the word's significance and ubiquitousness in the 1990s by awarding it the title of 'Word of the Year' in 1995. The institute summed up its rationale by stating "[Multimedia] has become a central word in the wonderful new media world" | + | Interactive media is related to the concepts [[interaction design]], [[new media]], [[interactivity]], [[human computer interaction]], [[cyberculture]], [[digital culture]], and includes specific cases such as, for example, [[interactive television]], interactive narrative, [[interactive advertising]], [[algorithmic art]], [[videogames]], [[social media]], [[ambient intelligence]], [[virtual reality]] and [[augmented reality]]. |
| - | In common usage, ''multimedia'' refers to an electronically delivered combination of media including video, still images, audio, text in such a way that can be accessed interactively. Much of the content on the web today falls within this definition as understood by millions. Some computers which were marketed in the 1990s were called "multimedia" computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. That era saw also a boost in the production of [[education software|educational]] [[multimedia application CD-ROM]]s. | + | An essential feature of interactivity is that it is mutual: user and machine each take an active role (see [[interaction]]). Most [[interactive computing]] systems are for some human purpose and interact with humans in human contexts.<ref name="Dix">{{Cite book | last1 = Dix | first1 = Alan | last2 = Finlay | first2 = Janet | last3 = Abowd | first3 = Gregory D. | last4 = Beale | first4 = Russell | authorlink = Alan Dix et al. | title = Human-computer interaction. 3rd edn. | publisher = Pearson Education | year = 2004 | page = xvi | isbn = 0-13-046109-1, 9780130461094. }}</ref> Manovich complains that ‘In relation to computer-based media, the concept of interactivity is a tautology. .... Therefore, to call computer media “interactive” is meaningless – it simply means stating the most basic fact about computers.’.<ref name="Manovich">{{Cite book | last = Manovich | first = Lev | Hello there joshua:)! link = Lev Manovich | title = The Language of New Media | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2001 | page = 55}}</ref> Nevertheless the term is useful to denote an identifiable body of practices and technologies. |
| - | ===Word usage and context=== | + | Interactive media are an instance of a computational method influenced by the sciences of cybernetics, autopoeisis and system theories, and challenging notions of reason and cognition, perception and memory, emotions and affection. |
| - | Since media is the plural of medium, the term "multimedia" is used to describe multiple occurrences of only one form of media such as a collection of [[CD|audio CDs]]. This is why it's important that the word "multimedia" is used exclusively to describe '''multiple forms''' of media and content. | + | |
| - | The term "multimedia" is also ambiguous. Static content (such as a paper book) may be considered multimedia if it contains both pictures and text or may be considered interactive if the user interacts by turning pages at will. Books may also be considered non-linear if the pages are accessed non-sequentially. The term "video", if not used exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. ''[[Video]]'' is often used to describe the file format, delivery format, or presentation format instead of ''"[[footage]]"'' which is used to distinguish motion photography from ''"[[animation]]"'' of [[Artistic rendering|rendered]] motion imagery. Multiple forms of information content are often not considered modern forms of presentation such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of information content with single methods of information processing (e.g. non-interactive audio) are often called multimedia, perhaps to distinguish [[:wiktionary:static|static]] media from [[:wiktionary:active|active]] media. In the [[Fine arts]], for example, [[Leda Luss Luyken]]'s [[ModulArt]] brings two key elements of musical composition and film into the world of painting: variation of a theme and movement of and within a picture, making ''ModulArt'' an [[interactive]] multimedia form of art. [[Performing arts]] may also be considered multimedia considering that performers and [[theatrical property|props]] are multiple forms of both content and media. | + | Any form of interface between the [[end user]]/[[audience]] and the medium may be considered interactive. Interactive media is not limited to [[electronic media]] or digital media. [[Board game]]s, [[pop-up book]]s, [[gamebook]]s, [[flip book]]s and [[constellation wheel]]s are all examples of [[printed]] interactive media. Books with a simple [[table of contents]] or [[Index (publishing)|index]] may be considered interactive due to the [[non-linear]] control mechanism in the medium, but are usually considered non-interactive since the majority of the [[user experience]] is non-interactive reading.<ref>[[Media psychology]] is the newest emerging dimension of media theory applied to interactive media. http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/sfischo/MEDIADEF-2.html</ref> |
| - | The ''[[Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache]]'' chose ''Multimedia'' as [[Word of the year (Germany)|German Word of the Year]] 1995. | + | ==Academics== |
| + | Interactive Media Communications is quickly becoming a sought-after university degree.{{fact|date=May 2012}} Seen in both undergraduate and masters programs (such as [http://www.quinnipiac.edu/ms-interactive-media Quinnipiac University's Master of Science in Interactive Media]), these programs offer an academic path that is focused on new media theories and practices in a changing digital and media consumption landscape. | ||
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| - | *[[Relâche]], a multimedia show avant la lettre | + | * [[Collective intelligence]] |
| - | ==See also== | + | * [[Digital art]] |
| - | *[[Cross media]] | + | * [[Digital media]] |
| - | *[[Multimedia literacy]] | + | * [[Information theory]] |
| - | *[[New media art]] | + | * [[Immersive virtual reality]] |
| - | *[[Postliterate society]] | + | * [[Interactive advertising]] |
| - | *[[Web documentary]] | + | * [[Interactive art]] |
| + | * [[Internet think tanks]] | ||
| + | * [[International Interactive Communications Society]] | ||
| + | * [[Mass collaboration]] | ||
| + | * [[Mass media]] | ||
| + | * [[Media Psychology]] | ||
| + | * [[Media theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Multimedia]] | ||
| + | * [[New media art]] | ||
| + | * [[Social media]] | ||
| + | * [[User-generated content]] | ||
| + | * [[Video game|Video Game]] | ||
| + | * [[Artmedia]] | ||
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
Revision as of 21:43, 3 April 2013
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Interactive media normally refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user’s actions by presenting content such as text, graphics, animation, video, audio, games, etc.
Terminology
Though the word media is plural, the term is often used as a singular noun.
Interactive media is related to the concepts interaction design, new media, interactivity, human computer interaction, cyberculture, digital culture, and includes specific cases such as, for example, interactive television, interactive narrative, interactive advertising, algorithmic art, videogames, social media, ambient intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality.
An essential feature of interactivity is that it is mutual: user and machine each take an active role (see interaction). Most interactive computing systems are for some human purpose and interact with humans in human contexts.<ref name="Dix">Template:Cite book</ref> Manovich complains that ‘In relation to computer-based media, the concept of interactivity is a tautology. .... Therefore, to call computer media “interactive” is meaningless – it simply means stating the most basic fact about computers.’.<ref name="Manovich">Template:Cite book</ref> Nevertheless the term is useful to denote an identifiable body of practices and technologies.
Interactive media are an instance of a computational method influenced by the sciences of cybernetics, autopoeisis and system theories, and challenging notions of reason and cognition, perception and memory, emotions and affection.
Any form of interface between the end user/audience and the medium may be considered interactive. Interactive media is not limited to electronic media or digital media. Board games, pop-up books, gamebooks, flip books and constellation wheels are all examples of printed interactive media. Books with a simple table of contents or index may be considered interactive due to the non-linear control mechanism in the medium, but are usually considered non-interactive since the majority of the user experience is non-interactive reading.<ref>Media psychology is the newest emerging dimension of media theory applied to interactive media. http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/sfischo/MEDIADEF-2.html</ref>
Academics
Interactive Media Communications is quickly becoming a sought-after university degree.Template:Fact Seen in both undergraduate and masters programs (such as Quinnipiac University's Master of Science in Interactive Media), these programs offer an academic path that is focused on new media theories and practices in a changing digital and media consumption landscape.
See also
- Collective intelligence
- Digital art
- Digital media
- Information theory
- Immersive virtual reality
- Interactive advertising
- Interactive art
- Internet think tanks
- International Interactive Communications Society
- Mass collaboration
- Mass media
- Media Psychology
- Media theory
- Multimedia
- New media art
- Social media
- User-generated content
- Video Game
- Artmedia
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Interactive media" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
