Josephine Baker

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J’ai deux amours
mon pays et Paris

--"J'ai deux amours" (1930)

"Born in St Louis in 1906, Baker travelled to France as a dancer in La Revue Negre. According to biographer Lynn Haney, the show’s producer had been advised by the Cubist artist, Fernand Leger, to bring an all-black show to Paris. ‘Give them the Negroes,’ Leger told Andre Daven, after he had seen an exhibition of African sculpture at the Exposition des Arts Decoratifs. ‘Only the Negroes can excite Paris.’ " --Exotica: Fabricated Soundscapes in a Real World (1999) by David Toop

"She made her entry entirely nude except for a pink flamingo feather between her limbs; she was being carried upside down and doing the splits on the shoulder of a black giant. Midstage he paused, and with his long fingers holding her basket-wise around the waist, swung her in a slow cartwheel to the stage floor, where she stood. . . . She was an unforgettable female ebony statue. A scream of salutation spread through the theater. Whatever happened next was unimportant. The two specific elements had been established and were unforgettable-her magnificent dark body, a new model that to the French proved for the first time that black was beautiful, and the acute response of the white masculine public in the capital of hedonism of all Europe-Paris." --Paris Was Yesterday, 1925–1939 (1972) by Janet Flanner

Josephine Baker, photo by Lucien Waléry

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Josephine Baker (1906 – 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer and actress. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. She was the first black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of the Tropics.

During her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. Her performance in the revue Un vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties.

Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in St. Louis, Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She raised her children in France.

She aided the French Resistance during World War II and was named a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle. Baker sang: "I have two loves, my country and Paris."

Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the civil rights movement. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.

On 30 November 2021, she was interred in the Panthéon in Paris, the first black woman to receive one of the highest honors in France. As her resting place remains in Monaco Cemetery, a cenotaph was installed in vault 13 of the crypt in the Panthéon.

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A. de Herz, Adolf Loos, Adoption, African-American LGBT community, African-American women in the civil rights movement, Alice Patrick, Alicia Parla, André Daven, Andrea Stuart, Anna Ludmilla, Anne Anlin Cheng, Anne Bouillon, Années folles, Anthony Russell (American singer), April 12, April in Paris Ball, Arkadia Records, Art Deco, Asbury Park, New Jersey, Associated Negro Press, Ava Cherry, Bennetta Bullock Washington, Beyoncé, Billy Arnold (bandleader), Billy King (comedian), Bisa Butler, Black and tan clubs, Black Is King, Blackface in contemporary art, Blaxit, Boris Lipnitzki, Cabaret, Carousel of Variety, Cavalcade of Jazz, Charles H. Turpin, Charleston (dance), Chasing a Rainbow: The Life of Josephine Baker, Chestnut Valley, Chocolate Kiddies 1925 European tour, Cinema Rialto, Clarissa Burton Cumbo, Clémence Botino, Cross-dressing, Dainty Smith, Danny Elfman, Dar Al Basha, Dar el Bacha, David Spada, Diana Ross, Dolly Rudeman, Dolores (Ziegfeld girl), Donnell Turner, Don't Touch Me Tomato, Dordogne, Ebertfest, El ministerio del tiempo, Elio Crovetto, Emma Hope, Evelyn Dove, Fasia Jansen, Féral Benga, Fernand Coppieters, Frères Séeberger, Gabriel Bouillon, Gabriele Fritsch-Vivié, George Chakravarthi, Georges Simenon, Grace Kelly, Gunnar Torhamn, Hayes, Hillingdon, Helen DeMacque, Henry Kulka, History of music in Paris, Isa and Jutta Günther, Ismay Andrews, James Baldwin, Jan Broekhuis, Jazz Hot, Jean Omer, Jean Starr, Jean Weidt, Jeremy Siskind, Jett Adore, Jillian Hervey, Jimmy Davis (songwriter), Jo Baker (singer), Joaquín La Habana, Johnny Bergh, Johnny Hudgins, Josie Woods, Judy Garland, Julia Bullock, June 3, Justin Pieris Deraniyagala, Karl Hagenauer, Kazoo (magazine), Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History, Kevyn Aucoin, Kniže & Comp., La Toya Jackson, Lady Bird Cleveland, Lancel (company), Laszlo Alexandru, Le pompier des Folies Bergères, Leighla Whipper, Leonard Harper (producer), Let's Dance (German season 10), Lew Payton, LGBT culture in Paris, LGBT culture in St. Louis, Lili Reynaud-Dewar, Lillian Yarbo, Lily Pastré, Lottie Gee, Lovecraft Country (TV series), Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, Lucita Covera, Luis Buñuel, Mae West, Maïmouna Doucouré, Manse Hotel, Marawa Ibrahim, Maria Austria, Mary Ann Pollar, Mary Curtis Ratcliff, Maureen Chadwick, May 20, May, Maya Widmaier-Picasso, Mbissine Thérèse Diop, Media portrayals of bisexuality, Miki Sawada, Mill Creek Valley, Missouri, Mistinguett, Monaco Cemetery, Monopol Hotel, Katowice, Montmartre, Moulin Rouge, Muriel Millard, Myrtle Watkins, National Hotel (Miami Beach, Florida), Nika King, Notable American Women, 1607–1950, October 1925, Ollie Stewart, Olympia (Paris), Overseas Press Club (radio program), Pál Funk, Panthéon, Paris between the Wars (1919–1939), Paris, Parisian Pleasures, Pat Cleveland, Paulette Coquatrix, Pierre Bénichou, Pierre Monteux, Quicksand (Larsen novel), Rainbow Honor Walk, Raunch aesthetics, Recipients of the Croix de Guerre, René Compère, Robert De Kers, Rodrigo Moya (photographer), Ruth Virginia Bayton, Sasha Velour, Seine, Serbian pop, Sex worker, Shea Couleé, Shelby Ivey Christie, Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed, Sidney Bechet, Sir Lady Java, Siren of the Tropics, Sofka Nikolić, Stanislas Ostroróg, Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg, Stefan Weintraub, Stella Bloch, Steppenwolf (novel), Strictly Come Dancing (series 13), Striptease, Ten on Every Finger, The French Collection, The Führer and the Tramp, The Griot Museum of Black History, The Wicked + The Divine, The Woman from the Folies Bergères, Théâtre de l'Étoile (Champs-Élysées), Una casa in cima al mondo, Victoria Platt, Wal-Berg, Weimar Republic, Werkstätte Hagenauer Wien, Women in music, Women on US stamps, Zaidee Jackson, Zora Neale Hurston

[edit]

+{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
+| style="text-align: left;" |
+J’ai deux amours<br>
+[[United States|mon pays]] et [[Paris]]
+--"[[J'ai deux amours (song) |J'ai deux amours]]" (1930)
+<hr>
+"Born in St Louis in 1906, [[Josephine Baker|Baker]] travelled to France as a dancer in ''[[Revue nègre|La Revue Negre]]''. According to biographer [[Lynn Haney]], the show’s producer had been advised by the Cubist artist, [[Fernand Leger]], to bring an all-black show to Paris. ‘Give them the Negroes,’ Leger told [[Andre Daven]], after he had seen an exhibition of [[African sculpture]] at the [[International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts|Exposition des Arts Decoratifs]]. ‘Only the Negroes can excite Paris.’ " --''[[Exotica: Fabricated Soundscapes in a Real World]]'' (1999) by David Toop
+<hr>
+"She made her entry entirely nude except for a pink flamingo feather between her limbs; she was being carried upside down and doing the splits on the shoulder of a [[Joe Alex|black giant]]. Midstage he paused, and with his long fingers holding her basket-wise around the waist, swung her in a slow cartwheel to the stage floor, where she stood. . . . She was an unforgettable female ebony statue. A scream of salutation spread through the theater. Whatever happened next was unimportant. The two specific elements had been established and were unforgettable-her magnificent dark body, a new model that to the French proved for the first time that black was beautiful, and the acute response of the white masculine public in the capital of hedonism of all Europe-Paris." --''[[Paris Was Yesterday, 1925–1939]]'' (1972) by [[Janet Flanner]]
+|}
 [[Image:Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston to an Art Deco-styole background.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Josephine Baker]], photo by Lucien Waléry]]
 {{Template}}
-'''Josephine Baker''' ([[June 3]], [[1906]] - [[April 12]], [[1975]]) was an American-born dancer, actress and singer. She was given the nicknames "[[Black Venus]]", "Black Pearl", and "Creole Goddess". She became a citizen of [[France]] in [[1937]].
+'''Josephine Baker''' (1906 – 1975) was an American-born [[French dancer]], [[French singer|singer]] and [[French actress|actress]]. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France. She was the first black woman to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film ''[[Siren of the Tropics]]''.
-In [[1926]] she had become an "overnight sensation" with her [[La Revue nègre]] at the [[Folies Bergère]]  with her suggestive "banana dance", in which she wore a skirt made of [[banana]]s (and little else).
+During her early career, Baker was among the most celebrated performers to headline the revues of the ''[[Folies Bergère]]'' in [[Paris]]. Her performance in the revue ''[[Un vent de folie]]'' in 1927 caused a sensation in the city. Her costume, consisting of only a short skirt of artificial bananas and a beaded necklace, became an iconic image and a symbol both of the [[Jazz Age]] and the [[Roaring Twenties]].
-She was so well known and popular that even the [[Nazism|Nazis]], who occupied France during [[World War II]] were hesitant to cause her harm. In turn, this allowed Baker to show her loyalty to her adopted country by participating in the [[French Resistance]].  After the war, Baker was awarded by the French government for her [[underground]] activity.
+Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the "Black Venus", the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a [[French nationality law#Dual citizenship|French national]] after her marriage to French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937. She raised her children in France.
-===  Rise to fame ===
-After a short while she was the most successful American entertainer working in France &mdash; where as in the [[United States|U.S.]], she would have suffered the [[racism|racial]] prejudices common to the era. [[Ernest Hemingway]] called her ''" ... the most sensational woman anyone ever saw."'' In addition to being a musical star, Baker also starred in three films which found success only in Europe: the [[silent film]] ''[[Siren of the Tropics]]'' (1927), ''[[Zouzou]]'' (1934) and ''[[Princesse Tamtam]]'' (1935). Although Josephine Baker is often credited as a movie star, her starring roles ended with ''Princesse Tamtam'' in 1935.
-At this time she also scored her greatest song hit, "''[[J'ai deux amours]]''" (1931) and became a muse for contemporary authors, painters, designers, and sculptors including [[Langston Hughes]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Pablo Picasso]], and [[Christian Dior]].
+She aided the [[French Resistance]] during [[World War II]] and was named a Chevalier of the ''[[Légion d'honneur]]'' by General [[Charles de Gaulle]]. Baker sang: "I have two loves, my country and Paris."
-Under the management of Giuseppe Pepito Abatino &mdash; a Sicilian stonemason who passed himself off as a Sicilian [[count]], Baker's stage and public persona, as well as her singing voice, went through a transformation. In 1934 she took the lead in a revival of [[Jacques Offenbach]]'s 1875 opera ''[[La créole]]'' at the [[Théâtre Marigny]] in the [[Champs-Élysées]] of Paris, which premiered in December of that year for a six month run. In preparation for her performances she went through months of training with a vocal coach.
+Baker refused to perform for [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]] audiences in the United States and is noted for her contributions to the [[civil rights movement]]. In 1968, she was offered unofficial leadership in the movement in the United States by [[Coretta Scott King]], following [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassination]]. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her children.
-In the words of [[Shirley Bassey]], who cited Baker as her primary influence, ''" ... she went from a 'petite danseuse sauvage' with a decent voice to 'la grande diva magnifique' ... I swear in all my life I have never seen, and probably never shall see again, such a spectacular singer and performer."''
+On 30 November 2021, she was interred in the [[Panthéon]] in Paris, the first black woman to receive one of the highest honors in France. As her resting place remains in [[Monaco Cemetery]], a [[cenotaph]] was installed in vault 13 of the crypt in the Panthéon.
-Baker was so well known and popular with the French that even the [[Nazism|Nazis]], who occupied France during [[World War II]], were hesitant to cause her harm. In turn, this allowed Baker to show her loyalty to her adopted country by participating in the [[French Resistance|Underground]], smuggling intelligence to the resistance in Portugal coded within her sheet music. After the war, for her underground activity, Baker was awarded the [[Croix de Guerre]] and the [[Légion d'Honneur]] by General [[Charles de Gaulle]], and also the [[Rosette of the Résistance]].
-Despite her popularity in France, she never obtained the same reputation in America. Upon a visit to the United States in 1936, she starred in a failed version of the ''[[Ziegfeld Follies]]'' (being replaced by [[Gypsy Rose Lee]] later in the run) her personal life similarly suffered, and she went through six marriages, some legal, some not. During this time, when Baker returned to the United States, she was allegedly at a dinner party and began to speak in French as well as English with a French accent. An African-American maid was reputed to tell her, ''"Honey, you is full of shit. Speak the way yo' mouth was born."'' She had the woman fired.
-'Her 1935-36 US performances received poor reviews, with the New York Times going so far as to call her a "Negro wench." Baker returned to Paris in 1937, married Frenchman Jean Lion, and became a French citizen and permanent expatriate.'
-[http://www.gibbsmagazine.com/Josephine%20Baker.htm]
-In January 1966 she was invited by [[Fidel Castro]] to perform at the [[Teatro Musical de La Habana]] in [[Havana]], [[Cuba]]. Her spectacular show in April of that year led to record breaking attendance.
-In 1973, Josephine Baker opened at Carnegie Hall to a standing ovation.
 ==Linking in in 2023==
-[[A. de Herz]], [[Adolf Loos]], [[Adoption]], [[African-American LGBT community]], [[African-American women in the civil rights movement]], [[Alice Patrick]], [[Alicia Parla]], [[André Daven]], [[Andrea Stuart]], [[Anna Ludmilla]], [[Anne Anlin Cheng]], [[Anne Bouillon]], [[Années folles]], [[Anthony Russell (American singer)]], [[April 12]], [[April in Paris Ball]], [[Arkadia Records]], [[Art Deco]], [[Asbury Park, New Jersey]], [[Associated Negro Press]], [[Ava Cherry]], [[Bennetta Bullock Washington]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Billy Arnold (bandleader)]], [[Billy King (comedian)]], [[Bisa Butler]], [[Black and tan clubs]], [[Black Is King]], [[Blackface in contemporary art]], [[Blaxit]], [[Boris Lipnitzki]], [[Cabaret]], [[Carousel of Variety]], [[Cavalcade of Jazz]], [[Charles H. Turpin]], [[Charleston (dance)]], [[Chasing a Rainbow: The Life of Josephine Baker]], [[Chestnut Valley]], [[Chocolate Kiddies 1925 European tour]], [[Cinema Rialto]], [[Clarissa Burton Cumbo]], [[Clémence Botino]], [[Cross-dressing]], [[Dainty Smith]], [[Danny Elfman]], [[Dar Al Basha]], [[Dar el Bacha]], [[David Spada]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Dolly Rudeman]], [[Dolores (Ziegfeld girl)]], [[Donnell Turner]], [[Don't Touch Me Tomato]], [[Dordogne]], [[Ebertfest]], [[El ministerio del tiempo]], [[Elio Crovetto]], [[Emma Hope]], [[Evelyn Dove]], [[Fasia Jansen]], [[Féral Benga]], [[Fernand Coppieters]], [[Frères Séeberger]], [[Gabriel Bouillon]], [[Gabriele Fritsch-Vivié]], [[George Chakravarthi]], [[Georges Simenon]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Gunnar Torhamn]], [[Hayes, Hillingdon]], [[Helen DeMacque]], [[Henry Kulka]], [[History of music in Paris]], [[Isa and Jutta Günther]], [[Ismay Andrews]], [[James Baldwin]], [[Jan Broekhuis]], [[Jazz Hot]], [[Jean Omer]], [[Jean Starr]], [[Jean Weidt]], [[Jeremy Siskind]], [[Jett Adore]], [[Jillian Hervey]], [[Jimmy Davis (songwriter)]], [[Jo Baker (singer)]], [[Joaquín La Habana]], [[Johnny Bergh]], [[Johnny Hudgins]], [[Josephine Baker (disambiguation)]], [[Josephine Baker Day (redirect to section "Civil rights activism")]], [[Josie Woods]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Julia Bullock]], [[June 3]], [[Justin Pieris Deraniyagala]], [[Karl Hagenauer]], [[Kazoo (magazine)]], [[Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History]], [[Kevyn Aucoin]], [[Kniže & Comp.]], [[La Toya Jackson]], [[Lady Bird Cleveland]], [[Lancel (company)]], [[Laszlo Alexandru]], [[Le pompier des Folies Bergères]], [[Leighla Whipper]], [[Leonard Harper (producer)]], [[Let's Dance (German season 10)]], [[Lew Payton]], [[LGBT culture in Paris]], [[LGBT culture in St. Louis]], [[Lili Reynaud-Dewar]], [[Lillian Yarbo]], [[Lily Pastré]], [[List of African-American arts firsts]], [[List of female entertainers of the Harlem Renaissance]], [[List of figures from the Harlem Renaissance]], [[List of French people]], [[List of horror television series with LGBT characters]], [[List of last words (20th century)]], [[List of LGBT Catholics]], [[List of music museums]], [[List of people on the postage stamps of the United States]], [[List of Private Passions episodes (2000–2004)]], [[List of theatres in Hamburg]], [[List of Timeless characters]], [[List of wax figures displayed at Madame Tussauds museums]], [[List of years in jazz]], [[Lottie Gee]], [[Lovecraft Country (TV series)]], [[Lucas Museum of Narrative Art]], [[Lucita Covera]], [[Luis Buñuel]], [[Mae West]], [[Maïmouna Doucouré]], [[Manse Hotel]], [[Marawa Ibrahim]], [[Maria Austria]], [[Mary Ann Pollar]], [[Mary Curtis Ratcliff]], [[Maureen Chadwick]], [[May 20]], [[May]], [[Maya Widmaier-Picasso]], [[Mbissine Thérèse Diop]], [[Media portrayals of bisexuality]], [[Miki Sawada]], [[Mill Creek Valley]], [[Missouri]], [[Mistinguett]], [[Monaco Cemetery]], [[Monopol Hotel, Katowice]], [[Montmartre]], [[Moulin Rouge]], [[Muriel Millard]], [[Myrtle Watkins]], [[National Hotel (Miami Beach, Florida)]], [[Nika King]], [[Notable American Women, 1607–1950]], [[October 1925]], [[Ollie Stewart]], [[Olympia (Paris)]], [[Overseas Press Club (radio program)]], [[Pál Funk]], [[Panthéon]], [[Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)]], [[Paris]], [[Parisian Pleasures]], [[Pat Cleveland]], [[Paulette Coquatrix]], [[Pierre Bénichou]], [[Pierre Monteux]], [[Quicksand (Larsen novel)]], [[Rainbow Honor Walk]], [[Raunch aesthetics]], [[Recipients of the Croix de Guerre]], [[René Compère]], [[Robert De Kers]], [[Rodrigo Moya (photographer)]], [[Ruth Virginia Bayton]], [[Sasha Velour]], [[Seine]], [[Serbian pop]], [[Sex worker]], [[Shea Couleé]], [[Shelby Ivey Christie]], [[Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed]], [[Sidney Bechet]], [[Sir Lady Java]], [[Siren of the Tropics]], [[Sofka Nikolić]], [[Stanislas Ostroróg]], [[Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg]], [[Stefan Weintraub]], [[Stella Bloch]], [[Steppenwolf (novel)]], [[Strictly Come Dancing (series 13)]], [[Striptease]], [[Ten on Every Finger]], [[The French Collection]], [[The Führer and the Tramp]], [[The Griot Museum of Black History]], [[The Wicked + The Divine]], [[The Woman from the Folies Bergères]], [[Théâtre de l'Étoile (Champs-Élysées)]], [[Una casa in cima al mondo]], [[Victoria Platt]], [[Wal-Berg]], [[Weimar Republic]], [[Werkstätte Hagenauer Wien]], [[Women in music]], [[Women on US stamps]], [[Zaidee Jackson]], [[Zora Neale Hurston]], [[
+[[A. de Herz]], [[Adolf Loos]], [[Adoption]], [[African-American LGBT community]], [[African-American women in the civil rights movement]], [[Alice Patrick]], [[Alicia Parla]], [[André Daven]], [[Andrea Stuart]], [[Anna Ludmilla]], [[Anne Anlin Cheng]], [[Anne Bouillon]], [[Années folles]], [[Anthony Russell (American singer)]], [[April 12]], [[April in Paris Ball]], [[Arkadia Records]], [[Art Deco]], [[Asbury Park, New Jersey]], [[Associated Negro Press]], [[Ava Cherry]], [[Bennetta Bullock Washington]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Billy Arnold (bandleader)]], [[Billy King (comedian)]], [[Bisa Butler]], [[Black and tan clubs]], [[Black Is King]], [[Blackface in contemporary art]], [[Blaxit]], [[Boris Lipnitzki]], [[Cabaret]], [[Carousel of Variety]], [[Cavalcade of Jazz]], [[Charles H. Turpin]], [[Charleston (dance)]], [[Chasing a Rainbow: The Life of Josephine Baker]], [[Chestnut Valley]], [[Chocolate Kiddies 1925 European tour]], [[Cinema Rialto]], [[Clarissa Burton Cumbo]], [[Clémence Botino]], [[Cross-dressing]], [[Dainty Smith]], [[Danny Elfman]], [[Dar Al Basha]], [[Dar el Bacha]], [[David Spada]], [[Diana Ross]], [[Dolly Rudeman]], [[Dolores (Ziegfeld girl)]], [[Donnell Turner]], [[Don't Touch Me Tomato]], [[Dordogne]], [[Ebertfest]], [[El ministerio del tiempo]], [[Elio Crovetto]], [[Emma Hope]], [[Evelyn Dove]], [[Fasia Jansen]], [[Féral Benga]], [[Fernand Coppieters]], [[Frères Séeberger]], [[Gabriel Bouillon]], [[Gabriele Fritsch-Vivié]], [[George Chakravarthi]], [[Georges Simenon]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Gunnar Torhamn]], [[Hayes, Hillingdon]], [[Helen DeMacque]], [[Henry Kulka]], [[History of music in Paris]], [[Isa and Jutta Günther]], [[Ismay Andrews]], [[James Baldwin]], [[Jan Broekhuis]], [[Jazz Hot]], [[Jean Omer]], [[Jean Starr]], [[Jean Weidt]], [[Jeremy Siskind]], [[Jett Adore]], [[Jillian Hervey]], [[Jimmy Davis (songwriter)]], [[Jo Baker (singer)]], [[Joaquín La Habana]], [[Johnny Bergh]], [[Johnny Hudgins]], [[Josie Woods]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Julia Bullock]], [[June 3]], [[Justin Pieris Deraniyagala]], [[Karl Hagenauer]], [[Kazoo (magazine)]], [[Kevin Hart's Guide to Black History]], [[Kevyn Aucoin]], [[Kniže & Comp.]], [[La Toya Jackson]], [[Lady Bird Cleveland]], [[Lancel (company)]], [[Laszlo Alexandru]], [[Le pompier des Folies Bergères]], [[Leighla Whipper]], [[Leonard Harper (producer)]], [[Let's Dance (German season 10)]], [[Lew Payton]], [[LGBT culture in Paris]], [[LGBT culture in St. Louis]], [[Lili Reynaud-Dewar]], [[Lillian Yarbo]], [[Lily Pastré]], [[Lottie Gee]], [[Lovecraft Country (TV series)]], [[Lucas Museum of Narrative Art]], [[Lucita Covera]], [[Luis Buñuel]], [[Mae West]], [[Maïmouna Doucouré]], [[Manse Hotel]], [[Marawa Ibrahim]], [[Maria Austria]], [[Mary Ann Pollar]], [[Mary Curtis Ratcliff]], [[Maureen Chadwick]], [[May 20]], [[May]], [[Maya Widmaier-Picasso]], [[Mbissine Thérèse Diop]], [[Media portrayals of bisexuality]], [[Miki Sawada]], [[Mill Creek Valley]], [[Missouri]], [[Mistinguett]], [[Monaco Cemetery]], [[Monopol Hotel, Katowice]], [[Montmartre]], [[Moulin Rouge]], [[Muriel Millard]], [[Myrtle Watkins]], [[National Hotel (Miami Beach, Florida)]], [[Nika King]], [[Notable American Women, 1607–1950]], [[October 1925]], [[Ollie Stewart]], [[Olympia (Paris)]], [[Overseas Press Club (radio program)]], [[Pál Funk]], [[Panthéon]], [[Paris between the Wars (1919–1939)]], [[Paris]], [[Parisian Pleasures]], [[Pat Cleveland]], [[Paulette Coquatrix]], [[Pierre Bénichou]], [[Pierre Monteux]], [[Quicksand (Larsen novel)]], [[Rainbow Honor Walk]], [[Raunch aesthetics]], [[Recipients of the Croix de Guerre]], [[René Compère]], [[Robert De Kers]], [[Rodrigo Moya (photographer)]], [[Ruth Virginia Bayton]], [[Sasha Velour]], [[Seine]], [[Serbian pop]], [[Sex worker]], [[Shea Couleé]], [[Shelby Ivey Christie]], [[Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed]], [[Sidney Bechet]], [[Sir Lady Java]], [[Siren of the Tropics]], [[Sofka Nikolić]], [[Stanislas Ostroróg]], [[Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg]], [[Stefan Weintraub]], [[Stella Bloch]], [[Steppenwolf (novel)]], [[Strictly Come Dancing (series 13)]], [[Striptease]], [[Ten on Every Finger]], [[The French Collection]], [[The Führer and the Tramp]], [[The Griot Museum of Black History]], [[The Wicked + The Divine]], [[The Woman from the Folies Bergères]], [[Théâtre de l'Étoile (Champs-Élysées)]], [[Una casa in cima al mondo]], [[Victoria Platt]], [[Wal-Berg]], [[Weimar Republic]], [[Werkstätte Hagenauer Wien]], [[Women in music]], [[Women on US stamps]], [[Zaidee Jackson]], [[Zora Neale Hurston]]
+==See also==
+*[[African-American cinema]]
+*[[African-American dance]]
+*[[African-American music]]
 {{GFDL}}

Josephine Baker

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