Karl Marx
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| + | "I am nothing but I must be everything" (Ich bin nichts, und ich müßte alles sein) --''[[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]]'' (1843) by Karl Marx | ||
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| + | "[[Karl Marx|[M]arx]] would have called [[Gustave Flaubert|Flaubert]] a [[bourgeois]] in the politico-economic sense and Flaubert would have called Marx a bourgeois in the spiritual sense; and both would have been right since, Flaubert was a well-to-do gentleman in physical life and Marx was a [[philistinism|philistine]] in his attitude towards the arts" --[[Gustave Flaubert|Nabokov]] in ''[[Lectures on Literature]]''. | ||
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| + | Karl Marx, on the pages of the ''[[Rheinische Zeitung]]'' fought for freedom of expression against Prussian censorship and made a rather idealist, legal defense for the Moselle peasants' customary [[common land|right of collecting]] [[firewood]] in the forest (this right was at the point of being criminalized and privatized by the state). It was Marx's inability to penetrate beneath the legal and polemical surface of the latter issue to its materialist, economic, and social roots that prompted him to critically study political economy. See [[gleaning]], [[theft by finding]], [[rural poverty]] | ||
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| + | [[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[politics]] series.<br><small>Illustration:''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1831, detail) by [[Eugène Delacroix]].</small>]] | ||
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| - | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/{{PAGENAMEE}}] [Apr 2007] | + | '''Karl Marx''' (1818 – 1883) was a [[German philosopher]], [[political economy|political economist]], and [[revolutionary]]. Marx addressed a wide range of issues; he is most famous for his analysis of history, summed up in the opening line of the introduction to the ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto]]'' (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of [[class struggle]]s." Marx believed that [[capitalism]] would be replaced by [[socialism]] which in turn would bring upon [[communism]]. |
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| + | Marx was both a scholar and a political activist, often called the father of communism. Sometimes, he argued that his analysis of capitalism revealed that capitalism was destined to end because of unsolvable problems within capitalism: | ||
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| + | :"The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.|(''The Communist Manifesto'')" | ||
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| + | Other times, he argued that capitalism would end through the organized actions of an international working class: "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence." (from [[The German Ideology]]) | ||
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| + | While Marx was a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence was given added impetus by the victory of the [[Marxist]] [[Bolsheviks]] in the Russian [[October Revolution]], and there are few parts of the world which were not significantly touched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. The relation of Marx to "[[Marxism]]" is a point of controversy. While some argue that his ideas are discredited, Marxism is still very much influential in [[academic]] and [[political]] circles. In his book "Marx's 'Das Kapital'" (2006), biographer [[Francis Wheen]] reiterates [[David McLellan]]'s observation that since Marx's ideas had not triumphed in the West "..it had not been turned into an official ideology and is thus the object of serious study unimpeded by government controls.". | ||
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| + | ==Selected bibliography== | ||
| + | * ''[[The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law]]'', 1842 | ||
| + | * ''[[Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right]]'', 1843 | ||
| + | * ''[[On the Jewish Question]]'', 1843 | ||
| + | * ''[[Notes on James Mill]]'', 1844 | ||
| + | * ''[[Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844]]'', 1844 | ||
| + | * ''[[The Holy Family (book)|The Holy Family]]'', 1845 | ||
| + | * ''[[Theses on Feuerbach]]'', 1845 | ||
| + | * ''[[The German Ideology]]'', 1845 | ||
| + | * ''[[The Poverty of Philosophy]]'', 1847 | ||
| + | * ''[[Wage Labour and Capital]]'', 1847 | ||
| + | * ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Manifesto of the Communist Party]]'', 1848 | ||
| + | * ''[[The Class Struggles in France]]'', 1850 | ||
| + | * ''[[The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon]]'', 1852 | ||
| + | * ''[[Grundrisse]]'', 1857 | ||
| + | * ''[[A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]'', 1859 | ||
| + | * ''[[Writings on the U.S. Civil War]]'', 1861 | ||
| + | * ''[[Theories of Surplus Value]]'', 3 volumes, 1862 | ||
| + | * ''[[Value, Price and Profit]]'', 1865 | ||
| + | * [[Capital, Volume I|''Capital'', Volume I]] (''Das Kapital''), 1867 | ||
| + | * ''[[The Civil War in France]]'', 1871 | ||
| + | * ''[[Critique of the Gotha Program]]'', 1875 | ||
| + | * ''Notes on Wagner'', 1883 | ||
| + | * [[Capital, Volume II|''Capital'', Volume II]] (posthumously published by Engels), 1885 | ||
| + | * [[Capital, Volume III|''Capital'', Volume III]] (posthumously published by Engels), 1894 | ||
| + | * [[Marx and Engels on the United States]] (posthumously published by Progress Publishers, Moscow), 1979 | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Old Major (Animal Farm)|Old Major]] ([[Animal Farm]]) | ||
| + | * [[Karl Marx House]] | ||
| + | * [[Marx Memorial Library]] | ||
| + | * [[Marx’s method]] | ||
| + | * [[Marx's notebooks on the history of technology]] | ||
| + | * [[Marxian Class Theory]] | ||
| + | * [[Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx]] | ||
| + | * [[Pre-Marx socialists]] | ||
| + | * [[Karl Marx in film]] | ||
| + | * ''[[Marx Reloaded]]'' | ||
| + | * [[Democracy and Totalitarianism (book)]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Canon]] | ||
| + | {{GFDL}} | ||
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"I am nothing but I must be everything" (Ich bin nichts, und ich müßte alles sein) --Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (1843) by Karl Marx "[M]arx would have called Flaubert a bourgeois in the politico-economic sense and Flaubert would have called Marx a bourgeois in the spiritual sense; and both would have been right since, Flaubert was a well-to-do gentleman in physical life and Marx was a philistine in his attitude towards the arts" --Nabokov in Lectures on Literature. Karl Marx, on the pages of the Rheinische Zeitung fought for freedom of expression against Prussian censorship and made a rather idealist, legal defense for the Moselle peasants' customary right of collecting firewood in the forest (this right was at the point of being criminalized and privatized by the state). It was Marx's inability to penetrate beneath the legal and polemical surface of the latter issue to its materialist, economic, and social roots that prompted him to critically study political economy. See gleaning, theft by finding, rural poverty |
Illustration:Liberty Leading the People (1831, detail) by Eugène Delacroix.
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Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary. Marx addressed a wide range of issues; he is most famous for his analysis of history, summed up in the opening line of the introduction to the Communist Manifesto (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." Marx believed that capitalism would be replaced by socialism which in turn would bring upon communism.
Marx was both a scholar and a political activist, often called the father of communism. Sometimes, he argued that his analysis of capitalism revealed that capitalism was destined to end because of unsolvable problems within capitalism:
- "The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.|(The Communist Manifesto)"
Other times, he argued that capitalism would end through the organized actions of an international working class: "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence." (from The German Ideology)
While Marx was a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence was given added impetus by the victory of the Marxist Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution, and there are few parts of the world which were not significantly touched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. The relation of Marx to "Marxism" is a point of controversy. While some argue that his ideas are discredited, Marxism is still very much influential in academic and political circles. In his book "Marx's 'Das Kapital'" (2006), biographer Francis Wheen reiterates David McLellan's observation that since Marx's ideas had not triumphed in the West "..it had not been turned into an official ideology and is thus the object of serious study unimpeded by government controls.".
Selected bibliography
- The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law, 1842
- Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, 1843
- On the Jewish Question, 1843
- Notes on James Mill, 1844
- Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, 1844
- The Holy Family, 1845
- Theses on Feuerbach, 1845
- The German Ideology, 1845
- The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847
- Wage Labour and Capital, 1847
- Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848
- The Class Struggles in France, 1850
- The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, 1852
- Grundrisse, 1857
- A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, 1859
- Writings on the U.S. Civil War, 1861
- Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes, 1862
- Value, Price and Profit, 1865
- Capital, Volume I (Das Kapital), 1867
- The Civil War in France, 1871
- Critique of the Gotha Program, 1875
- Notes on Wagner, 1883
- Capital, Volume II (posthumously published by Engels), 1885
- Capital, Volume III (posthumously published by Engels), 1894
- Marx and Engels on the United States (posthumously published by Progress Publishers, Moscow), 1979
See also
- Old Major (Animal Farm)
- Karl Marx House
- Marx Memorial Library
- Marx’s method
- Marx's notebooks on the history of technology
- Marxian Class Theory
- Mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx
- Pre-Marx socialists
- Karl Marx in film
- Marx Reloaded
- Democracy and Totalitarianism (book)
