Karl Popper
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"Unlimited tolerance must lead to the disappearance of tolerance. If we extend unlimited tolerance even to those who are intolerant, if we are not prepared to defend a tolerant society against the onslaught of the intolerant, then the tolerant will be destroyed, and tolerance with them. — In this formulation, I do not imply, for instance, that we should always suppress the utterance of intolerant philosophies; as long as we can counter them by rational argument and keep them in check by public opinion, suppression would certainly be unwise. But we should claim the right to suppress them if necessary even by force; for it may easily turn out that they are not prepared to meet us on the level of rational argument, but begin by denouncing all argument; they may forbid their followers to listen to rational argument, because it is deceptive, and teach them to answer arguments by the use of their fists or pistols. We should therefore claim, in the name of tolerance, the right not to tolerate the intolerant." --The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) by Karl Popper, Vol. 1 (in note 4 to Chapter 7). 'Popper's way of dealing with the impasse in the philosophy of language is rather similar; language is no more than a kind of spectacles through which one looks at the world: "one shouldn't waste one's life in spectacle-cleaning or in talking about language ... To be only interested in language is a philosophical mistake ... leading to scholasticism"' --Allott, 2012 Optimism is a moral duty --attributed to Karl Popper |
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Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-born British philosopher, academic and social commentator. One of the 20th century's most influential philosophers of science, Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method in favour of empirical falsification. According to Popper, a theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can (and should) be scrutinised with decisive experiments. Popper was opposed to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, namely "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy".
In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism that he believed made a flourishing open society possible. His political philosophy embraced ideas from major democratic political ideologies, including socialism/social democracy, libertarianism/classical liberalism and conservatism, and attempted to reconcile them.
Bibliography
- The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge, 1930–33 (as a typescript circulating as Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie; as a German book 1979, as English translation 2008), Template:ISBN
- The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1934 (as Logik der Forschung, English translation 1959), Template:ISBN
- The Poverty of Historicism, 1936 (private reading at a meeting in Brussels, 1944/45 as a series of journal articles in Econometrica, 1957 a book), Template:ISBN
- The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945 Vol 1 Template:ISBN, Vol 2 Template:ISBN
- Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics, 1956/57 (as privately circulated galley proofs; published as a book 1982), Template:ISBN
- The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism, 1956/57 (as privately circulated galley proofs; published as a book 1982), Template:ISBN
- Realism and the Aim of Science, 1956/57 (as privately circulated galley proofs; published as a book 1983), Template:ISBN
- Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 1963, Template:ISBN
- Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972, Rev. ed., 1979, Template:ISBN
- Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography, 2002 [1976]. Template:ISBN (Template:ISBN)
- The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism (with Sir John C. Eccles), 1977, Template:ISBN
- In Search of a Better World, 1984, Template:ISBN
- Die Zukunft ist offen (The Future is Open) (with Konrad Lorenz), 1985 (in German), Template:ISBN
- A World of Propensities, 1990, Template:ISBN
- The Lesson of this Century, (Interviewer: Giancarlo Bosetti, English translation: Patrick Camiller), 1992, Template:ISBN
- All Life is Problem Solving, 1994, Template:ISBN
- The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality (edited by Mark Amadeus Notturno) 1994. Template:ISBN
- Knowledge and the Mind-Body Problem: In Defence of Interaction (edited by Mark Amadeus Notturno) 1994 Template:ISBN
- The World of Parmenides, Essays on the Presocratic Enlightenment, 1998, (Edited by Arne F. Petersen with the assistance of Jørgen Mejer), Template:ISBN
- After The Open Society, 2008. (Edited by Jeremy Shearmur and Piers Norris Turner, this volume contains a large number of Popper's previously unpublished or uncollected writings on political and social themes.) Template:ISBN
- Frühe Schriften, 2006 (Edited by Troels Eggers Hansen, includes Popper's writings and publications from before the Logic, including his previously unpublished thesis, dissertation and journal articles published that relate to the Wiener Schulreform) Template:ISBN
Filmography
- Interview Karl Popper, Open Universiteit, 1988.
See also
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- Calculus of predispositions
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Critique of psychoanalysis
- Evolutionary epistemology
- Liberalism in Austria
- Popper legend
- Positivism dispute
- Predispositioning theory
- Poper Scientific Stand up
- Situational logic
