Lady Justice
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| - | {{dablink|"Lady Justice" and "Lord Justice" are also titles for judges on the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]].}} | + | '''Lady Justice''' (''Justitia''), the Roman goddess of [[Justice]], who is equivalent to the Greek goddess [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]], is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems. |
| - | [[File:HK Central Statue Square Legislative Council Building n Themis s.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=blindfolded lady with sword in right hand held vertically down to floor, and a set of balance scales in her left hand held neck high|[[Themis]] armed with sword and scales]] | + | |
| - | '''Lady Justice''' ({{lang-la|Justitia}}), the Roman goddess of [[Justice]], who is equivalent to the Greek goddess [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]], is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems.<ref>Hamilton, Marci. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ox4_vqFCjcEC&pg=PA296&dq=%22lady+justice%22+symbol&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=uXb8Se-IC4GuyATlm5SPBg God vs. the Gavel]'', page 296 (Cambridge University Press 2005): “The symbol of the judicial system, seen in courtrooms throughout the United States, is blindfolded Lady Justice.”</ref><ref>Fabri, Marco. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AwwH0F8iC9QC&pg=PA137&dq=%22lady+justice%22+symbol&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=uXb8Se-IC4GuyATlm5SPBg The challenge of change for judicial systems]'', page 137 (IOS Press 2000): “the judicial system is intended to be apolitical, its symbol being that of a blindfolded Lady Justice holding balanced scales.”</ref> | + | |
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| ==Depiction== | ==Depiction== | ||
| The personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness dates back to ancient Egypt and the Goddess Maat, and later Isis. The Roman Empire replaced the ancient Egyptian legal system with its own laws but adopted the image of a female goddess: '''Justitia''' has frequently been depicted as a [[matron]] carrying a [[sword]] and [[weighing scale|scales]], and wearing a [[blindfold]]. Her modern [[iconography]], which frequently adorns [[courthouse]]s and [[courtroom]]s, conflates the attributes of several goddesses who embodied Right Rule for Greeks and Romans, blending Roman blindfolded [[Fortuna (mythology)|Fortuna]] (luck) with Hellenistic Greek [[Tyche]] (fate), and sword-carrying [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] (vengeance). | The personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness dates back to ancient Egypt and the Goddess Maat, and later Isis. The Roman Empire replaced the ancient Egyptian legal system with its own laws but adopted the image of a female goddess: '''Justitia''' has frequently been depicted as a [[matron]] carrying a [[sword]] and [[weighing scale|scales]], and wearing a [[blindfold]]. Her modern [[iconography]], which frequently adorns [[courthouse]]s and [[courtroom]]s, conflates the attributes of several goddesses who embodied Right Rule for Greeks and Romans, blending Roman blindfolded [[Fortuna (mythology)|Fortuna]] (luck) with Hellenistic Greek [[Tyche]] (fate), and sword-carrying [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] (vengeance). | ||
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| ==Blindfold== | ==Blindfold== | ||
| - | Lady Justice is often depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents objectivity, in that justice is (or should be) meted out objectively, without fear or favor, regardless of identity, money, power, or weakness; [[Blind justice (concept)|blind justice]] and blind [[impartiality]]. The earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered.<ref>See "The Scales of Justice as Represented in Engravings, Emblems, Reliefs and Sculptures of Early Modern Europe" in G. Lamoine, ed., ''Images et representations de la justice du XVie au XIXe siecle (Toulouse: University of Toulose-Le Mirail, 1983)" at page 8.</ref> | + | Lady Justice is often depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents objectivity, in that justice is (or should be) meted out objectively, without fear or favor, regardless of identity, money, power, or weakness; [[Blind justice (concept)|blind justice]] and blind [[impartiality]]. The earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered. |
| - | Justitia was only commonly represented as "blind" since about the end of the fifteenth century. The first known representation of blind Justice is [[Hans Gieng]]'s 1543 statue on the ''[[Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Berne)|Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen]]'' (Fountain of Justice) in [[Berne]].<ref>[[:File:Berner Iustitia.jpg|Image of Lady Justice in Berne]].</ref> | + | |
| + | Justitia was only commonly represented as "blind" since about the end of the fifteenth century. The first known representation of blind Justice is [[Hans Gieng]]'s 1543 statue on the ''[[Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Berne)|Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen]]'' (Fountain of Justice) in [[Berne]]. | ||
| - | Instead of using the [[Janus]] approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. For example, atop the [[Old Bailey]] courthouse in [[London]], a statue of Lady Justice stands without a blindfold;<ref>[[:File:Proc 65824 DSC 0056 jpg.jpg|Image of Lady Justice in London]].</ref> the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant.<ref>Colomb, Gregory. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=trgG0BAQ4xkC&pg=PA50&dq=Justice+and++%22without+a+blindfold%22&ei=c3z8Sdg9lujMBJC2uf4G Designs on Truth]'', page 50 (Penn State Press, 1992).</ref> Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, weighing competing claims in each hand. An example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].<ref>[[:File:JMR-Memphis1.jpg|Image of Lady Justice in Memphis]].</ref> | + | Instead of using the [[Janus]] approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. For example, atop the [[Old Bailey]] courthouse in [[London]], a statue of Lady Justice stands without a blindfold; the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant. Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, weighing competing claims in each hand. An example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. |
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Lady Justice (Justitia), the Roman goddess of Justice, who is equivalent to the Greek goddess Dike, is an allegorical personification of the moral force in judicial systems.
Depiction
The personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness dates back to ancient Egypt and the Goddess Maat, and later Isis. The Roman Empire replaced the ancient Egyptian legal system with its own laws but adopted the image of a female goddess: Justitia has frequently been depicted as a matron carrying a sword and scales, and wearing a blindfold. Her modern iconography, which frequently adorns courthouses and courtrooms, conflates the attributes of several goddesses who embodied Right Rule for Greeks and Romans, blending Roman blindfolded Fortuna (luck) with Hellenistic Greek Tyche (fate), and sword-carrying Nemesis (vengeance).
Justitia's attributes parallel those of the Hellenic deities Themis and Dike. Themis was the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom, in her aspect as the personification of the divine rightness of law. However, the mythological connection is not a direct one. A more appropriate comparison is Themis' daughter Dike, who was imagined carrying scales:
- "If some god had been holding level the balance of Dike"
is an image in a surviving fragment of Bacchylides's poetry.
Justitia is most often depicted with a set of scales typically suspended from her left hand, upon which she measures the strengths of a case's support and opposition. She is also often seen carrying a double-edged sword in her right hand, symbolizing the power of Reason and Justice, which may be wielded either for or against any party.
Blindfold
Lady Justice is often depicted wearing a blindfold. The blindfold represents objectivity, in that justice is (or should be) meted out objectively, without fear or favor, regardless of identity, money, power, or weakness; blind justice and blind impartiality. The earliest Roman coins depicted Justitia with the sword in one hand and the scale in the other, but with her eyes uncovered.
Justitia was only commonly represented as "blind" since about the end of the fifteenth century. The first known representation of blind Justice is Hans Gieng's 1543 statue on the Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen (Fountain of Justice) in Berne.
Instead of using the Janus approach, many sculptures simply leave out the blindfold altogether. For example, atop the Old Bailey courthouse in London, a statue of Lady Justice stands without a blindfold; the courthouse brochures explain that this is because Lady Justice was originally not blindfolded, and because her “maidenly form” is supposed to guarantee her impartiality which renders the blindfold redundant. Another variation is to depict a blindfolded Lady Justice as a human scale, weighing competing claims in each hand. An example of this can be seen at the Shelby County Courthouse in Memphis, Tennessee.
