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-	{{Template}}	+	#redirect[[List of literary movements ]]
-	'''Poetry groups and movements or schools''' may be self-identified by the poets that form them or defined by critics who see unifying characteristics of a body of work by more than one poet. To be a 'school' a group of poets must share a common style or a common ethos. A commonality of form is not in itself sufficient to define a school; for example, [[Edward Lear]], [[George du Maurier]] and [[Ogden Nash]] do not form a school simply because they all wrote [[limerick]]s.	+
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-	There are many different 'schools' of poetry. Some of them are described below in approximate chronological sequence. The subheadings indicate broadly the century in which a style arose.	+
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-	===Prehistoric===	+
-	The '''[[Orature|Oral tradition]]''' is too broad to be a strict school but it is a useful grouping of works whose origins either predate writing, or belong to cultures without writing. These include the [[wikt:saga|saga]]s of which ''[[Beowulf]]'' is the most widely known.	+
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-	===Elizabethan and Shakespearian===	+
-	The '''[[Metaphysical poets]]'''.	+
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-	The '''[[Cavalier poet]]s'''.	+
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-	===Eighteenth century===	+
-	'''[[Classicism|Classical poetry]]''' echoes the forms and values of [[classical antiquity]]. Favouring formal, restrained forms, it has recurred in various [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] schools since the eighteenth century Augustan poets such as [[Alexander Pope]]. The most recent resurgence of Neoclassicism is religious and politically reactionary work of the likes of [[T. S. Eliot]].	+
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-	'''[[Romanticism]]''' started in late 18th century Western Europe. Wordsworth's and Coleridge's 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads is considered by some as the first important publication in the movement. Romanticism stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and the rejection of established social conventions. It stressed the importance of "nature" in language and celebrated the achievements of those perceived as heroic individuals and artists. Romantic poets include [[William Blake]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Lord Byron]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], and [[John Keats]] (those previous six sometimes referred to as the Big Six, or the Big Five without Blake); other Romantic poets include [[James Macpherson]], and [[Robert Southey]].	+
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-	===Nineteenth century===	+
-	'''[[Pastoral]]ism''' was originally a [[Hellenistic]] form, that [[romanticism|romanticized]] rural subjects to the point of unreality. Later pastoral poets, such as [[Edmund Spenser]], [[Christopher Marlowe]], and [[William Wordsworth]], were inspired by the classical pastoral poets.	+
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-	The '''[[Parnassian poets|Parnassians]]''' were a group of late 19th-century [[France|French]] poets, named after their journal, the ''[[Parnasse contemporain]]''. They included [[Charles Leconte de Lisle]], [[Théodore de Banville]], [[Sully-Prudhomme]], [[Paul Verlaine]], [[François Coppée]], and [[José María de Heredia]]. In reaction to the looser forms of romantic poetry, they strove for exact and faultless workmanship, selecting exotic and classical subjects, which they treated with rigidity of form and emotional detachment.	+
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-	'''[[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolism]]''' started in the late nineteenth century in France and [[Belgium]]. It included [[Paul Verlaine]], [[Tristan Corbière]], [[Arthur Rimbaud]], and [[Stephane Mallarmé]]. Symbolists believed that art should aim to capture more absolute truths which could be accessed only by indirect methods. They used extensive metaphor, endowing particular images or objects with symbolic meaning. They were hostile to "plain meanings, declamations, false sentimentality and matter-of-fact description".	+
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-	'''[[Modernist poetry]]''' is a broad term for poetry written between 1890 and 1970 in the tradition of [[Modernism]]. Schools within it include [[Imagism]] and the [[British Poetry Revival]].	+
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-	The '''[[Fireside Poets]]''' (also known as the '''Schoolroom''' or '''Household Poets''') were a group of 19th-century [[United States|American]] poets from [[New England]]. The group is usually described as comprising [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[William Cullen Bryant]], [[John Greenleaf Whittier]], [[James Russell Lowell]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.]], who were the first American poets whose popularity rivaled that of [[British poets]], both at home and abroad.	+
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-	===Twentieth century===	+
-	The '''[[Imagism|Imagists]]''' were (predominantly young) poets working in England and America in the early 20th century, including [[F. S. Flint]], [[T. E. Hulme]], and [[H.D.|Hilda Doolittle]] (known primarily by her initials, H.D.). They rejected [[Romanticism|Romantic]] and [[Victorian era|Victorian]] conventions, favoring precise imagery and clear, non-elevated language. [[Ezra Pound]] formulated and promoted many precepts and ideas of Imagism. His "In a Station of the Metro" (Roberts & Jacobs, 717), written in 1916, is often used as an example of Imagist poetry:	+
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-	:The apparition of these faces in the crowd;	+
-	:Petals on a wet, black bough.	+
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-	The '''[[Objectivist poets|Objectivists]]''' were a loose-knit group of second-generation Modernists from the 1930s. They include [[Louis Zukofsky]], [[Lorine Niedecker]], [[Charles Reznikoff]], [[George Oppen]], [[Carl Rakosi]], and [[Basil Bunting]]. Objectivists treated the poem as an object; they emphasised sincerity, intelligence, and the clarity of the poet's vision.	+
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-	The '''[[Beat generation]]''' poets met in New York in the 1940s. The core group were [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Allen Ginsberg]], and [[William Burroughs]], who were joined later by [[Gregory Corso]].	+
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-	The '''[[Confessionalism (poetry)|Confessionalists]]''' were American poets of a style that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. They drew on personal history for their [[artistic inspiration|inspiration]]. Poets in this externally labelled group include [[Sylvia Plath]], [[Anne Sexton]], [[John Berryman]], and [[Robert Lowell]].	+
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-	The '''[[New York School]]''' was an informal group of American poets active in 1950s [[New York City]] whose work was said to be a reaction to the [[Confessionalism|Confessionalist movement]].	+
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-	The '''[[Black Mountain poets]]''' (also known as the '''Projectivists''') were a group of mid 20th century [[postmodernism|postmodern]] poets associated with [[Black Mountain College]] in the [[United States]].	+
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-	The '''[[San Francisco Renaissance]]''' was initiated by the Objectivist [[Kenneth Rexroth]] and [[Madeline Gleason]] in Berkeley in the late 1940s. It included [[Robert Duncan]], [[Jack Spicer]] and [[Robin Blaser]]. They were consciously experimental and had close links to Black Mountain and the Beat poets.	+
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-	'''[[Movement (literature)|The Movement]]''' was a group of English writers including [[Kingsley Amis]], [[Philip Larkin]], [[Donald Alfred Davie]], [[D. J. Enright]], [[John Wain]], [[Elizabeth Jennings]] and [[Robert Conquest]]. Their tone is anti-romantic and rational. The connection between the poets was described <!--by Conquest--> as 'little more than a negative determination to avoid bad principles'&mdash;excess, in terms of theme and stylistic devices.	+
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-	The '''[[British Poetry Revival]]''' was a loose poetic movement during the 1960s and 1970s. Its was a [[Modernism|modernist]] reaction to the conservative [[Movement (literature)|Movement]].	+
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-	The '''[[Hungry generation]]''' was a group of about 40 poets and artists known as [[Hungryalists]] in West Bengal, India during 1961-1965 who revolted against the colonial canons in Bengali poetry and wanted to go back to their roots. The movement was spearheaded by [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]], [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], [[Samir Roychoudhury]], [[Subimal Basak]], [[Falguni Ray]] and [[Tridib Mitra]].	+
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-	The '''[[Martian poetry|Martian poets]]''' were English [[Surrealism|Surrealists]] of the 1970s and early 1980s including [[Craig Raine]] and [[Christopher Reid]]. Through the heavy use of curious, exotic and humorous metaphors, Martian Poetry aimed to break the grip of 'the familiar' in English poetry, by describing ordinary things as if through the eyes of a Martian. For instance, books are described by Raine as:	+
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-	:''mechanical birds with many wings''	+
-	:''perch on the hand''	+
-	:''cause the eyes to melt''	+
-	:''or the body to shriek without pain''	+
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-	The '''[[Language School|Language]]''' poets were ''avant garde'' [[United States poetry|United States poets]] from the last quarter of the 20th century. Their approach started with the modernist emphasis on method. They were reacting to the poetry of the Black Mountain and Beat poets. The poets included: [[Leslie Scalapino]], [[Bruce Andrews]], [[Charles Bernstein]], [[Ron Silliman]], [[Barrett Watten]], [[Lyn Hejinian]], [[Bob Perelman]], [[Michael Palmer]], [[Rae Armantrout]], [[Carla Harryman]], [[Clark Coolidge]], [[Steve McCaffery]], [[Hannah Weiner]], [[Susan Howe]], [[Tina Darragh]], and [[Fanny Howe]].	+
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-	[[Postmodern literature|Post-modernism]] was a reaction to [[modernism]]. One of the largest developments of postmodern poetry is [[performance poetry]], named in the early 1980s by [[Hedwig Gorski]] to describe her poems written for oral performance only and not for publication in print form. The [[genre]] splintered into other types of [[Speech|oral]] performance poems, such as [[spoken word]], [[slam]], neo-[[verse drama]], sound poetry, and [[def poetry]].	+
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-	==Alphabetic list==	+
-	This is a '''list of poetry groups and movements''' that have pages in Wikipedia.	+
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-	'''''NB''''': The validity of any grouping is in no sense warranted by the way it is talked about in secondary sources. And some groups (notably [[surrealism]]) may not only be important outside poetry, but even become better known for something else, rightly and wrongly.	+
-	<!---The duplication of wikilinks already made above is delberate because it is believed that some readers will work directly from this alphabetic list rather than the chronological list above.--->	+
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-	* [[Absurdism]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Aestheticism]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Beat Generation|The Beats]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Black Arts Movement]]	+
-	* [[Black Mountain poets]]	+
-	* [[British Poetry Revival]]	+
-	* [[Canadian Poetry Association]]	+
-	* [[Cairo poets]]	+
-	* [[Cavalier poet]]	+
-	* [[Chhayavaad]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Churchyard poets]]	+
-	* [[Confessionalism (poetry)|Confessionalists]]	+
-	* [[Cyclic Poets]]	+
-	* [[Dadaism]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Deep image]]	+
-	* [[Della Cruscans]]	+
-	* [[Dymock poets]]	+
-	* [[The poets of Elan]]	+
-	* [[Fireside Poets]]	+
-	* [[Fugitives]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Generation of '27]]	+
-	* [[Georgekreis]]	+
-	* [[Georgian poets]]	+
-	* [[Goliard]]	+
-	* [[The Group]]	+
-	* [[Harlem Renaissance]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Harvard Aesthetes]]	+
-	* [[Hungry generation]]	+
-	* [[Imagism]]	+
-	* [[Lake Poets]]	+
-	* [[Language poets]]	+
-	* [[Los Contemporáneos]]	+
-	* [[Metaphysical poets]]	+
-	* [[Misty Poets]]	+
-	* [[Modernist poetry]], [[List of English-language first and second generation Modernist writers]]	+
-	* [[Movement (literature)|The Movement]]	+
-	* [[Negritude]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[New Apocalyptics]]	+
-	* [[New Formalism]]	+
-	* [[New York School]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[The Nineties Poets of Jordan]]	+
-	* [[Objectivist poets|Objectivists]]	+
-	* [[Others group of artists]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Parnassian poets]]	+
-	* [[La Pléiade]]	+
-	* [[Performance Poetry|Performance poetry]]	+
-	* [[Poetic transrealism]]	+
-	* [[Postmodern Bangla Poetry]]	+
-	* [[Rhymer's Club]]	+
-	* [[Rochester Poets]]	+
-	* [[San Francisco Renaissance]]	+
-	* [[Scottish Renaissance]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Sicilian School]] (courtly love in medieval Sicily)	+
-	* [[Sons of Ben]]	+
-	* [[Southern Agrarians]] (not just poetry)	+
-	* [[Spasmodic poets]]	+
-	* [[Spectra (book)|Spectrism]]	+
-	* [[Surrealism]] (not just poetry), [[list of surrealist poets]]	+
-	* [[Symbolism]] (not just poetry), [[Symbolist Poets]]	+
-	* [[Uranian poetry]]	+
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-	==References==	+
-	''This article is a synthesis of material from other Wikipedia articles linked above.''	+
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-	==See also==	+
-	*[[List of literary movements]]	+
-	{{Schools of poetry}}	+
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-	[[Category:Poetry movements|*]]	+
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-	[[de:Literarische Gruppe]]	+
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-	{{GFDL}}	+

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Current revision

1. redirectList of literary movements