Masochism in Modern Man
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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"Compared with the masculine masochism that of women shows a somewhat attenuated, one could almost say anemic character. It is more of a trespassing of the bourgeois border, of which one nevertheless remains aware, than an invasion into enemy terrain. The woman's masochistic phantasy very seldom reaches the pitch of savage lust, of ecstasy, as does that of the man. Even the orgy in the phantasy does not ascend in so steep a curve. There is nothing in it of the wildness of the chained Prometheus, rather something of Ganymede's submission. One does not feel anything of the cyclonelike character that is so often associated with masculine masochism, that blind unrestricted lust of self-destruction. The masochistic phantasy of woman has the character of yielding and surrender rather than that of the rush ahead, of the orgiastic cumulation, of the self-abandonment of man."--Masochism in Modern Man (1941) by Theodor Reik "But what about the reports to show that there arose new temptations for the saints, ascetics, and monks from their very fasting and penitential exercises? The history of the ascetics of the old Church tells us that the fight against the spirit of unchastity was frequently not successful. Saint Jerome describes his suffering from sensuality in the loneliness of the desert, with nothing but scorpions and wild animals as companions despite his exhaustion from hunger. The self-castigations grew heavier with all these saints and ascetics; Benedict rolling himself in thorn hedges, Macarius sitting naked on an ant-hill, Anthony flagellating himself incessantly. In vain. The impure spirit returned by the very detour of masochistic satisfaction."--Masochism in Modern Man (1941) by Theodor Reik "German folklore tells many tales of the peculiar behavior of the foolish yet clever lad Till Eulenspiegel. This rogue used to feel dejected on his wanderings whenever he walked downhill striding easily, but he seemed very cheerful when he had to climb uphill laboriously. His explanation of his behavior was that in going downhill he could not help thinking of the effort and toil involved in climbing the next hill. While engaged in the toil of climbing he anticipated and enjoyed in his imagination the approach of his downhill stroll. One feels tempted to see in such strange behavior a paradox reminiscent of masochism, an expression of worldly wisdom. It sounds like a reminder to keep one’s chin up in hardships and worries and not to become presumptuous in times of ease and comfort."--Masochism in Modern Man (1941) by Theodor Reik "There is a Christian legend about the monk Basilius whom the Pope had excommunicated."--Masochism in Modern Man (1941) by Theodor Reik |
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Masochism in Modern Man (1941) is a book by Theodor Reik.
It argues that patients who engage in self-punishing or provocative behavior do so in order to demonstrate their emotional fortitude, induce guilt in others, and achieve a sense of "victory through defeat."
Originally titled Aus Leiden Freuden. Masochismus und Gesellschaft.
Also published in English as Masochism in Sex and Society.
Index
Adam, 431 Aggression, see Death instinct Alacoque, Marie, as masochist, 414 Anthony, St., as religious masochist, 78, 351, 359 Armenians, as national masochists, 322 Ascension, its part in the masochistic phantasy, 337 Astarte, Syrian goddess, 210 Atrides, curse of, of masochistic nature, 262 Augustine, St., 405 on religious masochism, 293 Australian natives, masochistic traits of, 127- 28, 247 Auto-sadism, 171 Basilidians, as religious masochists, 358 Basilius, as religious masochist, 164-65 Baudelaire, Charles, as masochist, 55, 77 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 224 as social masochist, 218, 329, 392-93, 421 Benedict, St., as religious masochist, 351 Benoît, Pierre, V Atlantide, 240 n. Bible passages, indicating sublimated masochism of Christianity, 345-47, 353 Birch, as attribute of perverted scene, 204 Brunhild, 210 Castration, as cause of masochistic anxiety, 126-28, 428 Catherine of Siena, St., Dialogo, on religious masochism, 351 as religious masochist, 351, 414 Cervantes, Miguel de, Don Quixote, as product of masochistic phantasies, 209, 316* 3“ Chesterton, Gilbert K., 313 Childbirth, favoring masochistic inclination, 214 Christ, as religious masochist, 86, 342-48, 352, 3Π Christianity, early and medieval, as religious mass-masochism, 337, 340-42, 352, 353* 431 Cinderella, as social masochist, 328 Circumcision, meaning of, 127-28 Clement of Alexandria, 355 Cyprian, 354-58 Death instinct, as dominating instinct, } i ~ 32· 187-88, 303 û i woman. 2to Defloration, favoring masochistic inclination, 2I4 Dickens, Charles, A Tale of Two Cities, as product of masochistic phantasy, 387 Dictator, power of, explained, 183-84 Dostoyevski, Feodor M., The Brothers Karamazov, as product of masochistic phantasies, 393 describes masochistic characters, 12, 77, 293 as masochist, 393 Dream, as possible life, 277-91 Education, task of, 107 Emotions, sexual effect of, 27-28 Eros, see Love instinct Erotogenic masochism, 24-30 defined, 25-28 Freud's definition inadequate, 29-30 no masochism, 188, 374 Eusebius, as religious masochist, 359 Exhibitionism, relation to masochism, 47*48, 72-73 Falstaff, as masochistic character, 80 Feminine masochism, 15-24 based on fear of castration, 22 compared to homosexuality, 22 defined, 15-16, 23-24 impotency of addicts, 21 origin in father fixation, 21 term rejected, 212 Femininity, relation to masochism, 197-211, 212, 214 Fenichel, Otto, rejects theory of death instinct, 32 Flagellation, a masochistic practice, 78, 123, 414 Flaubert, Gustave, 359 France, Anatole, describes religious masochist, 78 on pride, 390 Francis, St., as religious masochist, 209, 350 Freud, Sigmund, 382 on anxiety, 116 on culture, 107 on difference between male and female masochism, 223 on "failure through success," 424 on femininity and masochism, 197, 203, 205-06, 212 435 INDEX Freud, Sigmund (Cont.) on guilt-feeling, 388, 400 η. on masochism, 4-35, 86, 171-72, 175-76, 360 on Michelangelo’s M o ses, 178-79 on “moral” masochism, 292, 295 on need for punishment, 401, 404 on negative therapeutic reaction of masochist, 406-07 on neurosis, 369, 373 on origin of sexual excitement, 25 on relation of emotion to tension, 101-02 on relation of masochism to sadism, 116 T h e E c o n o m ic P ro b le m o f M a so c h ism , 21η. O b sessio n a l A c tio n s a n d R e lig io u s R ite s , 293 T h e P re d isp o sitio n to O b sessio n a l N e u r o s is, 375 n· W i t a n d its R e la tio n to th e U n c o n sc io u s , 103 n. Frustration, as precondition of masochism, 172-73, 178, 180 Fur, as attribute of perverted scene, 204 Gandhi, Mohandas K., his Non-Violence Program as sublimated masochism, 86 Ganymede, 216 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 200, 250, 337, 420 describes sublimated masochism, 414-15 F a u st, 200 n., 273-74, 414-15, 431 Ip h ig e n ia in T a u r is , 393 L illy 's P a rk , 204 W a n d e r e r 's N i g h t S o n g , 189 η. Goldscheider, Alfred, on nature of pain, 27 Groups, as social masochists, 78-79 Gueux, as national masochists, 258 Gulliver, 130 Haggard, Henry Rider, S h e , 240 n. Heine, Heinrich, 210 High boots, as attribute of perverted scene, 204 Hindu fakirs, as religious masochists, 78 Homosexuality, relation to masochism, 204-07, 2 * 5 » 371 Horney, Karen, on masochism as wooing of love, 139, 156 on masochistic need for increased suffering, 412 on narcissistic nature of masochism, 72, 82 η. on weakness of masochist, 74 n., 159, 163 n., 368 Humperdinck, Engelbert, H a n se l u n d G re te l, 228 Hybris, 318, 395 Ihering, Rudolf von, 157 436 Immortality, its part in the masochistic phantasy, 337-38 Indulgence, ecclesiastical, 126 Istar, Babylonian goddess, 210 Jerome, St., 75 η. as religious masochist, 78, 351 Jewish prophets, 342-44, 395 Jews, 179, 343-44» 34<> as national masochists, 258-59, 322, 396 η., 419» 431-32 Job, as social masochist, 137-38, 145, 395 Judaism, as religious masochism, 342 Ju s T a lio n is, see Talion, Law of Kali, Hindu goddess, 209 Kleist, Heinrich von, D ie M a rq u ise v o n O ------, 282 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 414 his definition of masochism, 4 Lampl de Groot, Jeanne, on masochism of the woman, 235-40 on narcissistic nature of masochism, 72, 81 Lao-tse, 163 n. Leoncavallo, Ruggiero, P a g lia cci, 80 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, N a th a n th e W ise , 312 Libido, a masculine instinct, 217 Louis XIV, 120 Love instinct, as dominating instinct, 30-32, 187-88 in woman, 219 Luther, Martin, 345 Macarius, St., as religious masochist, 351, 359 Maccabbees, 355 Mahler, Gustav, 415 as social masochist, 329 Man, masochism of the, 197-211 compared to female masochism, 216-29, 243 Mania, compared to masochism, 132 Maria Magdalena di Pazzi, as masochist, 414 Martyrs, Christian, as religious masochists, 77- 78, 327» 342» 349-59» 4H - i6, 43<> Masculine masochism, term rejected, 212 Masochism, addict always an optimist, 421 n. anticipation in, 133-35, 2^9» 273» 274» 2®^» 381, 397, 401-02 anxiety as psychic CTuse of, 64-67, 97-105, 113-28, 191, 206, 249, 260, 376-77, 428 cannibalistic phantasies in, 227-28 capacity for suffering precondition, 383 characteristic elements of, 43-83 constitutional predisposition to, doubtful, 112 INDEX 437 Masochism (Cont.) counter-weight against education, 425-26 creative, 392-94 culture, relation to, 382-98, 432-33 “deadlock situation” of, 411-12 defiance as psychic cause of, 143-46, 156- 65, 208, 210-11, 225, 243, 245-46, 374- 75» 4*9-33 defined, 4-5, 24, 67, 189-93 demonstrative feature of, 72-83, 136-46, 244-45, 252-53, 255, 257-58 distortion as psychic cause of, 152-58, 207,
- 37-38» 252
“economics” of, 128-31, 243, 260-61 enjoyment as primary aim of, 28, 190-92, 267-72, 401, 428 exhibitionism, relation to, 47-48, 72-73 “failure through success,*' a form of, 424-
- 3
father fixation in, 19-21, 204-05, 207, 2x0- II, 223, 227, 292 femininity, relation to, 197-211, 212, 214 guilt-feelings as psychic cause of, 205, 208, 218-19, *49» 2 S5* 265-66, 272, 400-01, 408-09, 428 homosexual factor in, 204-07, 265, 371 humility of addict, 257-60 impatience as psychic factor of, 108, n o , 120, 191 mental, 4 most frequent sexual perversion, 6, 214, 383 mother fixation in, 23-24, 173-78, 207, 209-11, 225-29 narcissism distinct from, 73-74, 82 narcissistic offense as psychic cause of, 234- 37, *44-49, *Ji, *53, *56 need for increased suffering, 412-14, 415- 18 “negative ambition” of addict, 256-57 negative therapeutic reaction of addict, 405- I I neurosis, relation to, 368-74, 375, 378-79, 4**-*3 not a primary instinct, 187-89 origin in infancy, 15, 24-25, 45-46, 178- 81, 201-02, 227-29, 374 pain as anticipated punishment in, 9-10, 12- 14, 22, 68-71, 123-24, 126, 128-29, 206- 08, 226, 235, 243, 249, 253, 260, 390, 401-05 phantasy an element of, 44-58, 99-101, 176, 178-83, 186, 190, 201-02, 204, 227-29, 254-55, *69-74» 390, 4*1-**» 430 pleasure v e r s u s anxiety in, 64-68, 96, 109- 10, 119-20, 121-24, 131-35, 160, 219, 2 ' 7* 376 Masochism (Cont.) pride as factor in, 233-42, 248-49, 258-63, 389-90, 396, 419-20 provocative feature of, 84-91, 404 psychic processes of, 95-165 reflexive phase of, as frontier between masochism and sadism, 172-76 rehabilitation as psychological aim of, 245- 49. *54- 55» *57-6i, 274 representative examples of, 40-42 restricted capacity for love of addict, 249- 54 reversal as psychic cause of, 147-52, 156- 57, 160, 200-03, 207, 258, 428 “ritual” of, 50-54, 125, 162, 223 sadism, relation to, 29-30, 85-86, 115, 159, 169-86, 202, 217, 227-28, 261, 268, 371, 379-80, 384-85, 4*8, 430, 43* shapes social behavior, 299-304 social masochism, relation to, 79-80, 277,
- 93-305» 307-09, 311-1*, 317, 3*o, 334-
35, 349- 5*, 384, 4*8-*9. 43* solitary, 80-81 suicide as form of, 423-24 suspense factor as element of, 59-71, 97-106, 113-14, 115-28, 267, 401, 411, 430 “synchronization” of masochistic scenes, 51- 52, 208 tenacity of addict, 418-21, 428 therapeutic problems, 375-81 threats as cause of, h i time element as evaluation basis of, 268-72 unconscious, 88 universal symptom, 9, 418 verbal, 52-53 see Erotogenic m.; Feminine m.; Man, m. of the; Mass-masochism; Moral m.; Social m.; Woman, m. of the Masochistic sabotage, 87-88, 141-42, 158, 211,
- 56-57
“Masochistic tests,” 134 Mass-masochism, 183-84, 341-42 Menninger, Karl A., considers martyrs sexual masochists, 349 on death instinct, 33 on narcissistic nature of masochism, 72, 81 on suicide as masochistic act, 423 Menstruation, favoring masochistic inclination,
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Messiah idea, as part of masochistic phantasy, 338, 34*. 395-96, 431 Meyer, H., on self-hate of Jews, 396 n. Michelangelo, M o ses, interpreted by S. Freud, 178-79 Milton, John, on music, 65 Mohammedan dervishes, as religious masochists, 78 INDEX Mohammedans, as religious masochists, 337 Montgomery, Florence, M is u n d e r s to o d , as product of masochistic phantasies, 316 Morality, defined, 292 Moral masochism, 9-13 as desire for punishment, 9-10, 12, 14 as need for punishment, xo origin, 10-11 term rejected, 292-93 see Social masochism Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 224 Nacht, Sacha, on anxiety, 116 n. on ‘'economics** of masochism, 128-30 on masochism of the woman, 213-15 on suspense factor in masochism, 65 n. on therapeutic problems of masochism, 379 L e M a s o c h ism , 116 n. Napoleon I, ix, 219 Narcissism, defined, 233-34 Nates, as erogenous zone, 17-18 Neurosis, defined, 369, 372 guilt-feeling in, 373 masochism, relation to, 116-18, 368-74, 375, 378-79» 4*2-23 negative therapeutic reaction in, a masochistic trend, 405-1x Nietzsche, Friedrich, 397 T h u s S p a k e Z a r a th u s tr a , 6 0 Oedipus situation, 22-23, *05, *°9 of woman, 225, 228-29 Ouspensky, P. D., A N e w M o d e l o f th e U n iverse, 285 n. Pachomius, St., as religious masochist, 359 Pain, nature of, 26-27 Paradox, defined, 344-46 Passive movement, enjoyment of, of sexual nature, 27 Paul St., 355 as religious masochist, 293, 353, 396 Paulus the Great, as religious masochist, 358 Penis, as carrier of aggression, 217 its part in female masochistic phantasy, 227,
- 34-36, 238-39
Pillarists, as religious masochists, 78 Plato, 263, 293-94 Poetry, "psycho-analyzed,** 282-83 Priestley, John B., D a n g e ro u s C o rn e r , 285 n. M id n ig h t in th e D e se rt, 285 n. Primitive urge, man’s, 3 Prometheus, as masochistic character, 157, 159, 163, 216, 413 Protomasochism, defined, 32 Psychoanalysis, explains masochism, 4-5 Punishment, as stimulus to new crimes, 404-05 Puritan, masochistic traits of, 417 4 3 8 Rado, Sandor, on masochism of the woman,
- 13
Reich, Wilhelm, on "deadlock situation** in masochism, 411 on defiance element in masochism, 158, 413 on love and death instincts, 32, 192 on masochism as wooing of love, 89, 139, 250 on nature of masochism, 63, 112, 128, 147 on relationship between masochism and exhibitionism, 74 on self-depreciation of masochist, 368 on therapeutic problems of masochism, 379 Reik, Theodor, bibliography, 434 A u s L e id e n F re u d e n , 329 D e r S c h r e c k e n , 103 η., 266 η. F la u b e r t a n d h is T e m p ta tio n o f S a in t A n th o n y , 3 G e s tä n d n is z w a n g u n d S tr a fb e d ü r fn is , 266 η. S u r p ris e a n d th e P s y c h o a n a ly s t, 103 n., 133 n., 200 n. T h e U n k n o w n M u r d e r e r , 404 n. Resurrection, its part in the masochistic phantasy, 337-38, 339, 34*, 396, 431 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, as masochist, /2-73, 77 Russell, Bertrand, T h e A n a ly s is o f M in d , 3 Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 204 Sachs, Hanns, on superego, 218-19 Sadger, J., on erogenous zones, 25 on psychic causes of masochism, 112 Sadism, defined, 31-32, 244, 308 masochism, relation to, 29-30, 85-86, 115, 159, 169-86, 202, 217, 227-28, 261, 268, 371, 384-85, 4*8, 430, 43* psychic, of American woman, 214 re-emerges during recovery, 379-80 of the woman, 217 Saints, as religious masochists, 349-52, 419, 430 Salome, 210 Schauffier, Robert H., 362 Schiller, Friedrich von, 422 Schjelderup, Harald K., considers martyrs sexual masochists, 349 Schnitzler, Arthur, 330 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 187, 397, 432 Self-derision, as social masochism, 79-80, 157- 38, 396 η. Self-hate, as masochistic trait, 396 n. Self-pity, as sign of disintegrating masochism, 412 Sexual life, shapes attitude towards society,
- 98-99
Sexual synergism, in masochism, 25, 29-30 Shakespeare, William, describes masochistic characters, 29 j INDEX 439 Shakespeare, William (Cont.) on insight of insane, 290 η. K in g R ic h a r d H l, 206 T h e M e r c h a n t o f V e n ic e , 234-35 Shaw, George Bernard, on morality, 292 Simeon Stylites, as religious masochist, 78, 3 j 6 Simon of Kyrene, 358 Social masochism, 277-363 aim of, 245, 257-58, 272-74, 306-10, 311- 24, 325-32, 334-35» 336-42» 347. 374*75 attenuating influence of personal misfortune, 380-81 culture, relation to, 387-94 demonstrative feature of, 74-80, 312-13, 356-59 "destiny-neurosis,** 371 Fate as father-substitute, 304-05 guilt-feelings as psychic cause of, 287, 292, 295» 307-08, 310-11, 313, 318-19, 323, 331, 333, 335» 347, 373» 3**» 388-89, 396 n. male compared to female, 243 of a nation, 183, 396-97, 4*9» 431-32 need for punishment in, 286-91, 306-07, 311, 388, 396-97 neurosis, relation to, 334, 336, 370-71, 373- 74 phantasy, an element of, 57-58, 295-97, 313-17, 321-25, 327. 330-33. 337-42, 347, 352- 55, 395-97 psychic causes of, 164-65, 208-09, 333 religious, 183, 218, 335*42 sadistic origin of, 296-97, 333, 385, 389 shapes sexual life, 300-03 suspense factor as element of, 320, 323, 323, 330-31, 334, 336, 335-56, 395-96 of the woman, 218, 224 Sockman, Ralph W., 345 Solomon Ecclesiastes, 262 Spencer, Herbert, 3 Sphinx, 23, 210 Stekel, Wilhelm, on masochism, 147 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 417 Suffering, an element of life, 382-98 as psychic luxury, 389-90, 393» 433 as psychic necessity, 389-90, 392-95 productive suffering, 395-96 Suicide, its psychological nature elucidated, 423-24 Superego, as moral tribunal, 218, 225 Swift, Jonathan, 363 Talion, Law of, 13, 22, 128, 404 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 296 Tantalus, in suspense situation, 106, 109, 136 Teresa di Jesu, as masochist, 414 Tertullian, 213, 253 on early Christians, 353-55, 357 Thersites, as provocative masochist, 86, 136 Till Eulenspiegel, a masochistic character, 109- 10, 114, 136 Tolstoi, Leo N., describes masochistic characters, 12, 77 Turandot, 210 Waterman, A. W., on therapy of masochism, 379 Whip, as attribute of perverted scene, 204 Woman, masochism of the, 212-29 compared to masochism of the man, 213- 15, 216-29, 243 guilt-feelings as psychic cause of, 218-19 product of education, 216-17 sexuality, 217-18, 224-26 social masochism, 218, 224 Xanthia, as religious masochist, 358
