Semantics
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| [[Image:Sign and signifier as imagined by de Saussure.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Signified]] (concept) and [[signifier]] (sound-image) as imagined by [[Ferdinand de Saussure|de Saussure]]]] | [[Image:Sign and signifier as imagined by de Saussure.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Signified]] (concept) and [[signifier]] (sound-image) as imagined by [[Ferdinand de Saussure|de Saussure]]]] | ||
| {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | {| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5" | ||
| - | | style="text-align: left;" | "[[Nothing]] is more usual than for [[philosophy|philosopher]]s to encroach on the province of [[grammar]]ians, and to engage in disputes of [[word]]s, while they imagine they are handling [[controversies]] of the deepest importance and concern." - [[Philosophers encroaching on the province of grammarians|David Hume]] | + | | style="text-align: left;" | |
| + | "[[Nothing]] is more usual than for [[philosophy|philosopher]]s to encroach on the province of [[grammar]]ians, and to engage in disputes of [[word]]s, while they imagine they are handling [[controversies]] of the deepest importance and concern." - [[Philosophers encroaching on the province of grammarians|David Hume]] | ||
| + | <hr> | ||
| + | "Two twentieth-century American linguists have been particularly influential in shaping a "[[linguistics]] without [[meaning]]": [[Leonard Bloomfield]] and [[Noam Chomsky]]." --''[[Semantics: Primes and Universals]]'' (1996) by Anna Wierzbicka | ||
| |}[[Image:The Big Swallow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[linguistics]] series.<br> | |}[[Image:The Big Swallow.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This page '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is part of the [[linguistics]] series.<br> | ||
| <small>Illustration: a close-up of a [[mouth]] in the film ''[[The Big Swallow]]'' (1901)</small>]] | <small>Illustration: a close-up of a [[mouth]] in the film ''[[The Big Swallow]]'' (1901)</small>]] | ||
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| Most theorists refer to the relation between a sign and its objects, as always including any manner of objective reference, as its ''[[denotation]]''. Some theorists refer to the relation between a sign and the signs that serve in its practical [[interpretation]] as its ''[[connotation]]'', but others restrict the application of ''semantics'' to the [[denotative aspect]], using other terms or completely ignoring the [[connotative aspect]]. | Most theorists refer to the relation between a sign and its objects, as always including any manner of objective reference, as its ''[[denotation]]''. Some theorists refer to the relation between a sign and the signs that serve in its practical [[interpretation]] as its ''[[connotation]]'', but others restrict the application of ''semantics'' to the [[denotative aspect]], using other terms or completely ignoring the [[connotative aspect]]. | ||
| - | + | ==Further reading== | |
| - | + | *''Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics'' (1933) - [[Alfred Korzybski]] | |
| + | *''[[Metaphors We Live By]]'', a 1980 book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson on conceptual metaphors | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *[[List of semantics subjects]] | *[[List of semantics subjects]] | ||
| *[[The semantics of taste]] | *[[The semantics of taste]] | ||
| *[[Phonosemantics]] | *[[Phonosemantics]] | ||
| - | *[[Semantic web]] | + | *[[People don't just eat food, but also words]], a dictum by Alfred Korzybski |
| - | *''[[Metaphors We Live By]]'' | + | |
| - | *[[People don't just eat food, but also words]] by [[Korzybski]] | + | |
| *[[Semantic similarity]] | *[[Semantic similarity]] | ||
| - | *''[[Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics]]'' (1933) - [[Alfred Korzybski]] | + | *[[Map–territory relation]] |
| - | *[[The Map Is Not the Territory]] (2001) - Alan Woods, Ralph Rumney | + | |
| - | *[[The map-territory relation]] | + | |
| {{GFDL}} | {{GFDL}} | ||
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"Nothing is more usual than for philosophers to encroach on the province of grammarians, and to engage in disputes of words, while they imagine they are handling controversies of the deepest importance and concern." - David Hume "Two twentieth-century American linguists have been particularly influential in shaping a "linguistics without meaning": Leonard Bloomfield and Noam Chomsky." --Semantics: Primes and Universals (1996) by Anna Wierzbicka |
Illustration: a close-up of a mouth in the film The Big Swallow (1901)
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Semantics (Greek sēmantikos, giving signs, significant, symptomatic, from sēma, sign) refers to the aspects of meaning that are expressed in a language, code, or other form of representation. Semantics may also denote the theoretical study of meaning in systems of signs.
Though terminology varies, writers on the subject of meaning generally recognize two sorts of meaning that a significant expression may have: (1) the relation that a sign has to objects and objective situations, actual or possible, and (2) the relation that a sign has to other signs, most especially the sorts of mental signs that are conceived of as concepts.
Most theorists refer to the relation between a sign and its objects, as always including any manner of objective reference, as its denotation. Some theorists refer to the relation between a sign and the signs that serve in its practical interpretation as its connotation, but others restrict the application of semantics to the denotative aspect, using other terms or completely ignoring the connotative aspect.
Further reading
- Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics (1933) - Alfred Korzybski
- Metaphors We Live By, a 1980 book by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson on conceptual metaphors
See also
- List of semantics subjects
- The semantics of taste
- Phonosemantics
- People don't just eat food, but also words, a dictum by Alfred Korzybski
- Semantic similarity
- Map–territory relation
