Neuron
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| - | '''Neurosis''', also known as '''psychoneurosis''' or '''neurotic disorder''', is a "catch all" term that refers to any mental imbalance that causes [[distress]], but, unlike a [[psychosis]] or some [[personality disorders]], does not prevent or affect rational thought. It is particularly associated with the field of [[psychoanalysis]], which is one school of thought in [[psychology]] or [[psychiatry]]. | + | A '''neuron''' (also known as a '''neurone''' or '''nerve cell''') is an [[Electricity|electrically]] excitable [[cell (biology)|cell]] that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical [[Signal (biology)|signaling]]. Chemical signaling occurs via [[synapse]]s, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form [[Neural network|networks]]. Neurons are the core components of the [[nervous system]], which includes the [[brain]], [[spinal cord]], and peripheral [[ganglia]]. A number of specialized types of neurons exist: [[sensory neuron]]s respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the [[Sense|sensory organs]] that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain. [[Motor neuron]]s receive signals from the brain and spinal cord, cause [[muscle contraction]]s, and affect [[gland]]s. Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord. |
| - | ==History== | + | |
| - | ''Neurosis'' was coined by the Scottish doctor [[William Cullen]] in 1769 to refer to "disorders of sense and motion" caused by a "general affection of the [[nervous system]]". For him, it described various nervous disorders and symptoms that could not be explained physiologically. It derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "νεῦρον" (''[[neuron]]'', "nerve") with the suffix ''-osis'' (diseased or abnormal condition). The term was however most influentially defined by [[Carl Jung]] and [[Sigmund Freud]] over a century later. It has continued to be used in contemporary theoretical writing in psychology and philosophy. | + | |
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| - | The American [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) has eliminated the category of "Neurosis", reflecting a decision by the editors to provide descriptions of behavior as opposed to hidden psychological mechanisms as diagnostic criteria., and, according to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, it is "no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis". These changes to the DSM have been controversial. | + | |
| == See also == | == See also == | ||
| - | *''[[Neurotica]]'' | + | * [[atom]] |
| - | *''[[The Defeat of Baudelaire: A Psychoanalytical Study of the Neurosis of Charles Baudelaire]]'' (1931) by René Laforgue | + | * [[Artificial neuron]] |
| + | * [[Bidirectional cell]] | ||
| + | * [[Biological neuron model]] | ||
| + | * [[Compartmental neuron models]] | ||
| + | * [[Connectome]] | ||
| + | * [[Dogiel cell]] | ||
| + | * [[List of animals by number of neurons]] | ||
| + | * [[Neuronal galvanotropism]] | ||
| + | * [[Neuroplasticity]] | ||
| + | * [[Growth cone]] | ||
| + | * [[Sholl analysis]] | ||
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A neuron (also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling. Chemical signaling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells. Neurons connect to each other to form networks. Neurons are the core components of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. A number of specialized types of neurons exist: sensory neurons respond to touch, sound, light and numerous other stimuli affecting cells of the sensory organs that then send signals to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons receive signals from the brain and spinal cord, cause muscle contractions, and affect glands. Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord.
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See also
- atom
- Artificial neuron
- Bidirectional cell
- Biological neuron model
- Compartmental neuron models
- Connectome
- Dogiel cell
- List of animals by number of neurons
- Neuronal galvanotropism
- Neuroplasticity
- Growth cone
- Sholl analysis
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "Neuron" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
